Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676 - 1677)
Nathaniel Bacon
represents former
indentured
servants.
Governor
William Berkeley
of Jamestown
Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676 - 1677)
Nathaniel Bacon,
representa a los
antiguos sirvientes.
Governor
William Berkeley
of Jamestown
•Involved former
indentured servants
•Not accepted in
Jamestown
•Disenfranchised and
unable to receive their
land
•Gov. Berkeley would
not defend settlements
from Indian attacks
•Involucrados ex
funcionarios
contratados
•No se aceptan en
Jamestown
•Disenfranchised y no
puede recibir su tierra
•El gobernador Berkeley
no defendería los
asentamientos de
ataques de los indios
•Nathaniel Bacon acts as
the representative for
rebels
•Gov. Berkeley refused to
meet their conditions and
erupts into a civil war.
•Bacon dies, Gov.
Berkeley puts down
rebellion and several
rebels are hung
Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion
Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants
with African slaves because it was seen as a better
investment in the long term than indentured servitude.
•Nathaniel Bacon, actúa
como representante de
los rebeldes
El gobernador Berkeley
negó a cumplir sus
condiciones y estalla en
una guerra civil.
Tocino muere, el
gobernador Berkeley
pone la rebelión y varios
rebeldes se cuelgan
Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion
. Los dueños de plantaciones reemplazados gradualmente
sirvientes con los esclavos africanos, ya que fue visto como
una mejor inversión a largo plazo que la servidumbre
By Coach Ketcham
Life in the French Colonies
In most of the French colonies, the tendency was for the settlers
to merge their culture with the Indians. In this drawing, white
settlers and Indians relaxed together at Vincennes, a French
settlement established in the 1720s in what would be later known
as the state of Indiana.
8
Life in the French Colonies
En la mayor parte de las colonias francesas, la tendencia era que
los colonos para combinar su cultura con los indios. En este
dibujo, los colonos blancos y los indios se relajaron junto al
Vincennes, una colonia francesa establecida en la década de 1720,
en lo que sería más tarde conocido como el estado de Indiana.
9
Differences between French and
British colonies
New France was more than double the size
of British Colonies, yet much less
populated
British more interested in bringing settlers
in from the mother country, French more
interested in making Native Americans
French citizens. They tended to treat
Indians as equals and intermarried.
French more interested in exploiting new
lands economically
French tended to develop stronger alliances
10
with Indians
Differences between French and
British colonies
Nueva Francia fue más del doble del tamaño de las colonias británicas,
sin embargo, mucho menos poblada
Británica más interesados ​en traer colonos de la metrópoli francesa,
más interesados ​en la toma de los nativos americanos a los ciudadanos
franceses. Ellos tienden a tratar a los indios como iguales y se casaron.
Francés más interesados ​en la explotación de nuevas tierras
económicamente
Francés tiende a desarrollar alianzas más fuertes con los indios
11
The French and Indian War
1754-1763
Disputed land claims in Western Pennsylvania
in 1754 brought two of the greatest world
powers to a conflict that spread in both the
New World and in Europe.
12
The French and Indian War
1754-1763
Las reivindicaciones de tierras en disputa en
el oeste de Pennsylvania en 1754 trajo dos de
las mayores potencias del mundo a un
conflicto que se extendió tanto en el Nuevo
Mundo y en Europa.
13
French and Indian War: Alliances
Alliance - a formal agreement by two or more nations
to act together in a cause
• France,
Spain (1762),
Algonquins, and Hurons
versus
• Great Britain
and the Iroquois
French and Indian War: Alliances
Alliance - un acuerdo formal entre dos o más naciones a
actuar juntos en una causa
• France,
Spain (1762),
Algonquins, and Hurons
versus
• Great Britain
and the Iroquois
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Causes
• Conflicting claims
over vast territories
• Control over St. Lawrence,
Great Lakes, Mississippi
and Gulf waterways.
• Religious differences –
French Catholics vs.
British and Protestants
• Control over lucrative
beaver trade
• Grand Banks fishing rights
• Seething tension from prior wars
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Causes
• Afirmaciones contradictorias? Más vastos
territorios
-El control sobre St. Lawrence,? Grandes
Lagos, el Mississippi? Y cursos de agua del
Golfo.
-Las diferencias religiosas -? Católicos
franceses contra británicos y protestantes?
-El control de la lucrativa? Comercio castor
-Grandes Bancos derechos de pesca
-Tensión hirviente de las guerras anteriores
Territorial Claims
• French explorers
sent to make claims
• French expeditions
sent to remove
English settlers and
build forts
• Forts became
key focal points
during the conflict
Territorial Claims
• Exploradores francés? Enviado a hacer
afirmaciones
-Expediciones francesas? Enviados para
eliminar? Colonos ingleses y construir
fortalezas?
-Fuertes se convirtieron? Puntos focales clave?
Durante el conflicto
Native American Involvement
• Did not form large alliances
• Fought amongst themselves
• American colonists great
threat
• Treaty conflicts
• French allies: Algonquin,
Lenape, Wyandot, Ojibwa,
Ottawa, Shawnee
• British ally: Iroquois Confederacy
Native American Involvement
• No formar grandes alianzas
Luchado entre ellos
-Colonos americanos genial
• Amenaza
conflictos Tratado
-Aliados franceses: Algonquin, Lenape,
Wyandot, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee
Británico aliado: Confederación Iroquois
Commercial Interests: Beavers
• Beaver pelts sold in
Europe at 20 times
New World cost
• Large trading
companies made
fortunes
• French and English
tried unsuccessfully
to control the trade
• English trade goods
preferred by
Native Americans
Commercial Interests: Beavers
• Pieles de castor venden en? Europa en 20 veces? Nuevo
coste Mundial
• Las grandes empresas comerciales? Fortunas hechas?
• Francés e Inglés? Intentaron sin éxito? Para controlar el
comercio
• Productos de comercio inglés? Preferidos por los nativos
americanos?
Commercial Interests: Fishing
• Grand Banks one of best fishing spots
• Located off the coast
of Newfoundland
near New France
• Fished since the
arrival of the
Portuguese in
the 15th Century
Commercial Interests: Fishing
• Grand Banks, uno de los mejores lugares
de pesca
-Situado frente a la costa De Terranova
Cerca de Nueva Francia
-Pesca desde el Llegada del Portuguesa
en? El siglo 15
Tensions from Past Wars
Year
North American War
European War
Result
1689 – 1697
King William's War
1st Intercolonial War
(in Quebec)
War of the Grand Alliance
War of the League of Augsburg
Treaty of Ryswick
(1697)
1702 – 1713
Queen Anne's War
2nd Intercolonial War
War of the Spanish Succession
(1701 – 1714)
Treaty of Utrecht
(1713)
1744 – 1748
King George's War
3rd Intercolonial War
War of the Austrian Succession
War of Jenkins' Ear
(1740 – 1748)
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
(1748)
1754 – 1763
French and Indian War
4th Intercolonial War
Seven Years' War
(1756 – 1763)
Treaty of Paris
(1763)
Tensions from Past Wars
Year
North American War
European War
Result
1689 – 1697
King William's War
1st Intercolonial War
(in Quebec)
War of the Grand Alliance
War of the League of Augsburg
Treaty of Ryswick
(1697)
1702 – 1713
Queen Anne's War
2nd Intercolonial War
War of the Spanish Succession
(1701 – 1714)
Treaty of Utrecht
(1713)
1744 – 1748
King George's War
3rd Intercolonial War
War of the Austrian Succession
War of Jenkins' Ear
(1740 – 1748)
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
(1748)
1754 – 1763
French and Indian War
4th Intercolonial War
Seven Years' War
(1756 – 1763)
Treaty of Paris
(1763)
What was Life Like in 1750?
• Life expectancy: 30 in South, 40 in North
– Cholera, Small Pox, Yellow Fever,
and Malaria killed thousands
(mostly children)
• 500,000 slaves worked on
plantations in the South
• Medical treatment
non-existent,
primitive
What was Life Like in 1750?
• Esperanza de vida: 30 en el sur, 40 en el norte
de
-El cólera, la viruela, la fiebre amarilla y la
malaria Miles de muertos (La mayoría niños)
-500.000 esclavos trabajaron en Plantaciones
en el Sur
-El tratamiento médico Inexistente, Primitiva
The Combatants: Regulars
• Cavalry and cannon often
attached to regular regiments
• British - best regular army
• Lead by career
officers
• Beat militia on
open battlefields
• Britain fielded
20,000 regulars,
France around
6,000
The Combatants: Militias
• Temporary soldiers
who formed a reserve
• Normally used in a
defensive roll inside
their home territories
• Drafted, paid, and under
command of states
• 35,000 participated
• Officers elected or
politically appointed
by states
George
Washington
a British-trained
Militia Officer
The Combatants: Irregulars
•
•
•
•
•
Specialized in ambush and sniping
Independent, loyal only to their leaders
Tough fighters
Used as scouts
Roger’s Rangers and
Native Americans
best examples
34
Duquesne was claimed by the French
and the British
Duquesne (modern day
Pittsburgh) was located at the
convergence of three major
rivers, the Ohio, the Allegheny,
and the Monongahela.
Long seen by both the French
and British as the key to the rich
farmlands and settlement
opportunities in the Ohio River
Valley, both France and England
laid claim to the area.
When the British found that the
fort had been built, a young
officer by the name of George
Washington was dispatched to
warn the French to get out of the
area.
35
Fort Necessity
George Washington, a 22 year old militia officer, was
sent by the British to deliver the ultimatum to the French.
Washington constructed an outpost approximately 60
miles from Duquesne called “Fort Necessity”
36
Attack at Jumonville Glen
 The first skirmish between the
French and Washington’s men
took place not far from the fort.
 Washington and Indian allies
attacked a French position at a
location known as Jumonville
Glen. Within a few minutes, 10
Frenchmen were killed and 21
wounded.
"I fortunately escaped without
any wound, for the right wing,
where I stood, was exposed to
and received all the enemy's fire,
and it was the part where the
man was killed, and the rest
wounded. I heard the bullets
whistle, and, believe me there is
something charming in the
sound."
--George Washington
 A few days later the French
retaliated against Washington’s
position, and Washington
surrendered Fort Necessity.
 Washington became embroiled
in controversy because the
surrender document written by
an interpreter incorrectly deemed
the French diplomats instead of
combatants, making Washington
a murderer.
37
The Battles continued…
• Battle of the Great Meadows
– July 3, 1754
– Known as the Battle of Fort Necessity
– Washington constructs a weak fort near
French Fort Duquesne
– Tanaghrisson and his Native Americans
abandon Washington
– Captain de Villiers leads 700 to defeat
Washington's 300 in a short siege
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British attack on Fort Duquesne
 The next year in 1755, British
General Edward Braddock was ordered
to attack the French stronghold at Fort
Duquesne. Assigned as his aide was
George Washington.
 Braddock and his 1500 men were
confident they could take the fort, but
they were ambushed outside the gates
by French soldiers and their Native
American allies.
 During the battle, Braddock and his
staff were killed with the exception of
Washington.
 The British defeat at Fort Duquesne
was only the first of many losses
suffered during the period of 17551756.
39
Prime Minister William Pitt
The French were initially
victorious over the British
military. However this
changed dramatically
when King George III
picked new leaders to run
the British government.
William Pitt, as prime
minister, put together a
massive army of 50,000
men to fight the French,
but had to borrow a large
amount of money to do so.
40
Battle of Quebec
Wolfe (British)
The commanders
41
Montcalm (French)
The Battle of Quebec
The battle was fought outside the city of Quebec
on the “Plains of Abraham”
Wolfe had 4800 men under his command,
Montcalm, 4000
Wolfe’s men scaled cliffs protecting the city and
surprised Montcalm. Montcalm could have
evacuated the city, but elected instead to fight
Wolfe’s men
British losses in the battle were 58 killed, 600
wounded
French losses were 644 men killed or wounded
Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed in the
battle
Battle ended in a decisive British victory
42
The British victory caused the French to
surrender
Benjamin West painted this portrait of the death of Wolfe
43
Treaty of Paris 1763
 Ended the French and
Indian War
 France ceded Canada and
all land claims east of the
Mississippi River to England
 France kept the island
colony of Guadeloupe
 Spain received Louisiana
and New Orleans from the
French, Cuba was restored
to Spain
 Spain temporarily ceded
Florida to the British
44
Impact of the war
 France lost most of its overseas empire
 The size of British holdings in North America doubled
with the acquisition of Canada and territory to the
Mississippi River
 The British treasury went deep into debt to pay
expenses for the war. Eventually they tried to pay for
much of the expense of the war by taxing the Thirteen
Colonies, which led to the American Revolution
 The French sought ways to maintain the “balance of
power” in Europe by undermining Britain’s power
whenever possible. This led them later to support the
colonists in the American Revolution
 While the British saw their empire grow substantially,
they also found that it became increasingly difficult to
manage such a large territorial area
 Britain became the dominant world power at that time
45
Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763-1766
Various Indian tribes,
concerned with the number
of British soldiers entering
the Ohio River valley region,
united behind Ottawa Chief
Pontiac in an attempt to
reclaim lands for Native
Americans.
Indians were successful in
capturing eight British forts,
but were weakened when
British officers gave them
smallpox-infected blankets
during peace negotiations.
They eventually entered into
treaties with the British, and
gave up control of the lands
they’d taken.
46
Proclamation of 1763
Faced with a difficult task of
guarding an expansive
empire in the New World,
King George III issued the
Proclamation of 1763, which
restricted settlement to the
east of a line drawn at the
Appalachian Mountains.
The Proclamation also
sought to stop the
exploitative sale of Indian
land.
The purpose of the
Proclamation was to
forestall further frontier
warfare after Pontiac’s
47
Rebellion.
Albany Plan of Union
• The Albany Plan of Union, proposed by Benjamin Franklin
and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson, called for
colonial unity in the face of the coming war with
France.
• The Albany Plan of Union called for a Grand Council with
representatives from each colony.
• The Grand Council would:
- make laws
- raise taxes
- defend the colonies
• None
of the colonies approved the plan out of fear of losing
power.
* The Albany Plan of Union set an example that would
later be followed by such gatherings as the First and
Second Continental Congress.
French and Indian War: Effects
• The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, ending the war.
The Treaty of Paris
• Britain gained Canada and all of the French land east of
the Mississippi River.
• Spain gained all of the French land west of the
Mississippi River.
• Spain gave up Florida to Britain.
Prior to the French and Indian War
After the French and Indian War
The Battles continued…
• Braddock's Campaign
– Begins May 29, 1755
– Braddock tries to capture Fort Duquesne
– Benjamin Franklin provides
logistics help
– George Washington acts as
Aide-de-Camp to Braddock
– Thomas Gage participates
• Later Governor of Montreal and
leader of British in 1776
The Battles Interlude: Musket
• Inefficient precursor to modern rifle
• Bayonet equipped to repel cavalry
– Fired a heavy ¾ inch diameter lead ball only
accurate at under 100 yards
– Muzzle loading limited its rate of fire to
2 to 3 shots per minute
– Cumbersome, heavy and unreliable,
especially in rain
• Soldiers fired in unison at short range, usually
40 yards or less
Aftermath of War
• England now largest
colonial empire in the world
• The Colonists are
independence minded
under British rule
• North America most
prosperous area on earth
• The French still continue to
inhabit areas around
Quebec and Montreal
Casualties and Cost of the War
• Britain raised taxes which
led to Revolution in 1776
• Pensions paid to war
widows and disabled until
late 1880s
• War refugees frequently
died from exposure
Albany Plan of Union
• The Albany Plan of Union, proposed by Benjamin Franklin
and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson, called for
colonial unity in the face of the coming war with
France.
• The Albany Plan of Union called for a Grand Council with
representatives from each colony.
• The Grand Council would:
- make laws
- raise taxes
- defend the colonies
• None
of the colonies approved the plan out of fear of losing
power.
* The Albany Plan of Union set an example that would
later be followed by such gatherings as the First and
Second Continental Congress.
Cause
Effect
The French
and Indian
War
England and France
fight over ownership
of land in North
America.
England and France
break off diplomatic
relations.
England goes into
debt.
England wins the war.
France gives up
rights to land in
North America.
England forces
colonists to pay
taxes.
France and Native
Americans become
allies.