Works Cited
Primary Sources
40th Anniversary of DNA. Mar. 1993. James D. Watson Collection. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 16.27.tif. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/7QT9YN1CUKC9AIX8BARADY165HLMVLI6C3A
H9G9CF8F7Y4RKR4-00271?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000017&set_number=001075&base=GEN01>.
Added to our website's slideshow and gallery, this image shows Watson and Crick
celebrating the 40th anniversary to their co-discovery of the double helix structure
of DNA. This image is important in showing that even 40 years after the
discovery, it still has importance in the science community, and elsewhere. The
image is part of the James D. Watson in the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Library and Archives and it also is the source of many primary sources and
images included in our website.
"Achondroplasia." Children's Hospital. University of Missouri Health Care, n.d. Web. 1
Jan. 2015. <http://www.littlepeopledoc.com/images/content/CA-before.jpg>.
An image of a child before correction surgery, who suffered from
Achondroplasia. Image can be found on the "Medicine" page under Leagacy. This
is another disorder that genetics plays a role in.
Anand-Apte, Bela. Personal interview. 31 Dec. 2014.
The interview held December 31st, 2014 over the email was with Dr. Anand-Apte
from the Cleveland Clinic. She gladly answered an array of questions thoroughly.
She currently conducts research in the Ophthalmic department. She allowed
insight into the affects of genetics on departments in medicine. She explained how
research on genetics is used to further explain phenomena that occurs with the
eyes, especially due to aging. In all, Apte was very useful for the collection of
information for our project, and we are very glad that she shared her knowledge
with us.
"Angela H Ting Ph.D." Genomic Medicine Institute. Cleveland Clinic, n.d. Web. 3 Jan.
2015. <http://www.lerner.ccf.org/gmi/images/people/staff/tinga.jpg>.
This is an image of Ting at the Cleveland Clinic. The image was used next to the
description of her job. She contributed to our website project because she gladly
agreed to be interviewed by us since she is part of the Genomic research staff at
the Cleveland Clinic. The image can be found on the Interviews page under
Supplements.
Cherry red spot seen in a case of Tay Sachs disease. Developmental and Genetic
Diseases [Tay-Sachs Disease]. Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and
Research, 4 July 2014. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.jpgmonline.com/articles/2008/54/1/images/jpgm_2008_54_1_54_39
196_2.jpg>.
The image of an eye of a patient suffering from Tay-Sachs disease. The disease is
genetic, and it is discussed in the website because it shows the importance of the
study of genetics. The image can be found on "Medicine" page under Legacy.
Chou, Peter. "Francis Crick." On the Number 37. Wisdom Portal, 14 Mar. 2014. Web. 1
Apr. 2015. <http://www.wisdomportal.com/Numbers37/FrancisCrick(600x300).jpg>.
This is an image of Francis Crick with a model of the double helix structure. The
image can be found on the Home page of the website.
Crick, Francis, 1916-2004, “Letter from Francis Crick to James D. Watson,” CSHL
Archives Repository, Reference JDW/2/2/403/81, accessed November 11, 2014,
<http://libgallery.cshl.edu/items/show/34644>.
This is a copy of a letter from Francis Crick to James Watson corresponding about
the structure of DNA. This can be used as a primary source in our supplements
category to further enrich our readers.
"Dagnia Zeidlickis." New York Social Diary. David Patrick Columbia & Jeffrey Hirsch,
2014. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. <http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/partypictures/2007/benefits-birthdays-and-kick-offs>.
This image is of Dagnia Zeidlickis. The image can be found on the "Interviews"
page under "Supplements". This image adds to website by showing the viewer
who was interviewed.
Double Helix 40th Anniversary Celebration. 1993. JDW Collection Photographs. Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 14.294.tif. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/63MFDCFIEPGVCLUCEJFU6ABMXMM56M4M9
ATF1GSVADHSEDYMGU-04516?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000089&set_number=001081&base=GEN01>.
Taken from the CSHL Digital Collections, this image is part of the great archive
hosting much of James Watson's famous papers and photographs,
commemorating his journey to the great discovery. This image is in our
gallery/slideshow section of our website. The image shows that even after 40
years, the discovery of the double helix structure was still relevant, and continues
to be so till today.
"Eric Green." National Human Genome Research Institute. National Institute of Health,
2010. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.genome.gov/dmd/index.cfm?node=Photos/People/Green_Eric>.
Dr. Eric D. Green, Director of NHGRI, presents the first lecture of theCurrent
Topics in Genome Analysis 2010 lecture series. This image can be found on the
"Human Genome Project" page of the website.
The following excerpt is from the classic paper by J. Watson and F. Crick (*Nature
(1953) 191:737) in which they proposed a structure for DNA. Biochemistry 1.
Carnegie Mellon, 28 Dec. 2004. Web. 26 Dec. 2014.
<https://www.bio.cmu.edu/courses/03231/psetF04/exam2/W-C_Q.gif>.
Part of the header image for all the pages in the website, this image makes up onefourth of the collage. This is an excerpt of James Watson and Francis Crick's
famous paper proposing the idea of a double helix structure of DNA. We felt it
was important to put this image in the header because it shows the process of the
attainment of the idea and the formulation of the idea also. The idea later became
fact, and is now influential for all fields dealing with genetics.
"Francis Crick." Today in Science History. Todayinsci, 2015. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.todayinsci.com/C/Crick_Francis/CrickFrancis-Quotations.htm>.
This online resource aided our research by providing quotes which we could use,
further immersing our website viewer into the thoughts and opinions of the
scientific discoveries at that time. Quotes from this website can be found on our
website pages such as "Leading Up to 1953" or on the "Secret Code of Life".
Francis Crick and James Watson, walking along the Banks, Cambridge, England. 1953.
JDW Collection Photographs. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring
Harbor. JDW 6-001. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives. Web.
25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/63MFDCFIEPGVCLUCEJFU6ABMXMM56M4M9
ATF1GSVADHSEDYMGU-00490?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000079&set_number=001078&base=GEN01>.
A classic picture of Watson and Crick, this picture was taken in Cambridge,
England in 1953, during the time of the discovery of the double helix structure.
The image is used in out gallery/slideshow in the website. It enhances the project
because it adds more reality and allows the viewer to fully connect themselves to
the time period by looking at pictures and videos from that time. The image is part
of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives, making it
trustworthy source, being the home of much of Watson's prized papers and letter
and photographs.
Francis Crick next to a Cavendish X-Ray Tube. 1951. JDW Collection Photographs. Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 6.2.tif. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/63MFDCFIEPGVCLUCEJFU6ABMXMM56M4M9
ATF1GSVADHSEDYMGU-04185?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000030&set_number=001081&base=GEN01>.
Though our website focuses on James Watson and his contribution to genetics and
the science field with his discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, Francis
Crick should not be overlooked. He had as much of a part in the discovery as
Watson, along with other scientists in previous years who managed to set a
foundation for Watson and Crick to thrive in and come up with the discovery.
This picture shows Crick next to the X-Ray Tube in the Cavendish Laboratory.
The image can be found in our "Meet The Scientists" page of the website, under
"Historical Context".
Franklin, Rosalind. DNA A-Form. 1952. JDW Collections Photographs. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 6.8.tif. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/7QT9YN1CUKC9AIX8BARADY165HLMVLI6C3A
H9G9CF8F7Y4RKR4-00397?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000048&set_number=001075&base=GEN01>.
Along with Watson and Crick who were made famous for the discovery of the
double helix structure, Rosalind Franklin should also be given due credit and
respect. Without her X-Ray images of DNA (A and B Form), neither Watson nor
Crick would have been able to come up with the discovery so quickly. The two
famous images produced by Franklin shows the starts of the double helix
structure, but Watson and Crick were able to prove that theory. There was much
controversy over who the rightful recipient of the Nobel Prize was, but as
Franklin had already died, Watson received it.
DNA B-Form. 1952. JDW Collection Photographs. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor. 6.13.tif. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives.
Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/7QT9YN1CUKC9AIX8BARADY165HLMVLI6C3A
H9G9CF8F7Y4RKR4-00425?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000055&set_number=001075&base=GEN01>.
This image is of the DNA B-Form, more famous that the DNA A-Form. It can be
found on the pages talking about Rosalind Franklin in the website. Along with
Watson and Crick who were made famous for the discovery of the double helix
structure, Rosalind Franklin should also be given due credit and respect. Without
her X-Ray images of DNA (A and B Form), neither Watson nor Crick would have
been able to come up with the discovery so quickly. The two famous images
produced by Franklin shows the starts of the double helix structure, but Watson
and Crick were able to prove that theory. There was much controversy over who
the rightful recipient of the Nobel Prize was, but as Franklin had already died,
Watson received it.
"Gallery of X-rays of Achondroplasia." Biology Pop. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015.
<http://biologypop.com/common-cause-of-dwarfizm-achondroplasia-info/>.
This is a gallery of images of an infant with achondroplasia, which is used to
enhance the legacy "Medicine" page of our website, as achondroplasia is one of
the diseases that we focused on.
Gates, Bill. The Road Ahead. Print.
A quote taken from this book describes the complexity of DNA even to computer
scientist and millionaire Bill Gates. This quote can be seen on the thesis page.
Green, Eric. "Conversations on Health Care." Interview by Mark Masselli and Margaret
Flinter. Community Health Care Radio. Community Health Care, 13 Oct. 2014.
Web. 1 Apr. 2015. <http://www.chcradio.com/Transcripts/Episode248.pdf>.
Interviewers Mark Masselli and Margaret Flinter speak with Dr. Eric Green,
Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National
Institutes of Health. The given link is to a transcript of the radio interview. A
quote of Green from this interview can be found on the "Human Genome
Project" page of the website.
Haines, Jonathan L. "Interview with Jonathan L. Haines." Interview by Karissa Huang
and Maria Suresh. Interview with Jonathan L. Haines. Film.
This interview was conducted on the Director of the Institute for Computational
Biology and the Interim Chair of the Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics at Case Western Reserve University. Excerpts from the video
recording of the interview is all over the website. The interview helped out
research greatly because we had a knowledgeable source help us understand oneon-one the importance of Watson.
"Hans Bosch, Pat Woods, Dagnia Zeidlickis Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory's Double
Helix Medals." Patrick McMullan Company. Patrick McMullan Company, 15
Nov. 2011. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.patrickmcmullan.com/pmc_images/2011/11_November11/15/Cold_
Spring_Harbor_Laboratory's_Double_Helix_Medals/Thumbnail/tn46028_15_DO
UB1_20111115_ADV_088.JPG>.
This is an image of Zeidlickis which we used next to her description on the
"Interviews" page under Supplements. She is the Vice-President of
Communications at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. On the website, we only
show her while this picture includes the two other people also. Zeidlickis agreed
to be interviewed for our project after we emailed her supervisor Dr. Spector. She
gave the worldly aspect to Watson's affect on fields of science.
"James D. Watson." Cold Spring Harbor Oral History Collection. Ed. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Digital Archives, 2012. Web.
22 Dec. 2014. <http://library.cshl.edu/oralhistory/speaker/james-d-watson/>.
The page, another part of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory's vast database of
information, shares a one-on-one experience with many of the world renowned
scientists, one of them be James Dewey Watson. There a short biography of him
on this page, sharing in detail his achievements from the reliable source of the
laboratory itself. Linked in the website are also many short video of Watson
speaking on issues and his discovery. This page helps our website in enhancing it
with more detailed information from a more first-hand source. The videos come
with a transcription of all his words, allowing us to share his thoughts through text
along with voice and video.
James D. Watson at the first public presentation of the discovery of the structure of DNA.
1953. JDW Collection Photographs. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring
Harbor. 53-15.tif. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives. Web. 25
Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/63MFDCFIEPGVCLUCEJFU6ABMXMM56M4M9
ATF1GSVADHSEDYMGU-05885?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000029&set_number=001091&base=GEN01>.
Watching history unfold in front of your eyes is wonderful, and pictures now
allow us to do that, whether it happened yesterday, or 50 years ago. This picture is
monumental in that it shows the start of the important discovery of the double
helix structure. The image shows Watson presenting this structure to the public
for the first time. The image can be found on the Discovery page of our website.
"James Watson." Wellcome Library. Wellcome Trust, 15 Dec. 2014. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://wellcomelibrary.org/collections/digital-collections/makers-of-moderngenetics/digitised-archives/james-watson/>.
A picture of young Watson as he comes into the field of science. The image is
used in the "Meet the Scientists" under Historical Context. The image is used next
to a description and biography of Watson to enrich the readers with information
on him before delving into the science and all the importance of his discovery.
"James Watson and Model." PixGood. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.spaff.nl/spaff/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/JamesWatson3.jpg>.
This image is of James Watson holding a model of the double helix structure. This
image can be found on the Home page of our website.
James Watson: How We Discovered DNA. TED Talk. TED Conferences, n.d. Web. 4 Oct.
2014. <https://www.ted.com/talks/james_watson_on_how_he_discovered_dna#t881>.
The TED Talk featuring James Watson illustrates the process of discovering
DNA's double helix structure. Watson talks about his career after finishing high
school and how he came upon the idea of a double helix. In collaboration with
Francis Crick, they are able to make one of the biggest contributions to the
scientific field, paving the way for modern research.
"James Watson (II)." Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2015.
<http://cp91279.biography.com/Crick-and-Watson_Discovery-ofDNA_HD_768x432-16x9.jpg>.
This is a picture of James Watson in his younger years, it is used to link on the
"Meet the Scientists" page.
The James Watson papers. Wellcome Library. Wellcome Trust, 15 Dec. 2014. Web. 25
Dec. 2014. <http://wellcomelibrary.org/content/2843/23971/crick-watson1952.jpg>.
This is a picture of Watson and Crick in 1952 at the Cavendish X-Ray Lab in
Cambridge, England. They pose along with other research students. The image is
used on the thesis page in the photo gallery. It helps the viewer understand that
Watson and Crick were truly a partnership and they co-discovered the structure of
DNA.
The James Watson Papers. Wellcome Library. Wellcome Trust, 15 Dec. 2014. Web. 25
Dec. 2014. <http://wellcomelibrary.org/content/1107/23269/23868>.
This is a picture of Watson showing younger students what DNA is and showing
them the double helix structure. The image is used in the photo gallery on the
thesis page. The image shows the viewer that Watson was very much involved in
the process and continued to spread the knowledge even after.
James Watson with the Bronze Helix. 1993. JDW Collection Photographs. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 880.17.tif. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/7QT9YN1CUKC9AIX8BARADY165HLMVLI6C3A
H9G9CF8F7Y4RKR4-01260?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000147&set_number=001075&base=GEN01>.
This image is used in the thesis page in the photo gallery to show the 40th
anniversary of the double helix structure. It shows Watson standing next a bronze
statue of the double helix structure.
JDW, FHC with Double Helix Model. 1983. JDW Collection Photographs. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 16.2.tif. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/63MFDCFIEPGVCLUCEJFU6ABMXMM56M4M9
ATF1GSVADHSEDYMGU-06094?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000008&set_number=001092&base=GEN01>.
This image is used in the photo gallery in the thesis page. The image shows
Watson and Crick posing with a double helix structure. It shows their partnership
years after the discovery itself.
"Jonathan L. Haines." Crain's Cleveland Business. Crain Communications, 12 Nov.
2013. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.crainscleveland.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/storyimage/CC/20131121/FREE/
131129938/AR/0/AR-131129938.jpg&MaxW=900&MaxH=900>.
In an article titled "Case, Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals team up for
data-sharing venture", Dr. Haines is pictured because he is the department chair of
Biostatistics and Epidemiology at Case Western Reserve University. Haines
agreed to do an interview with us, and we had the great opportunity of meeting
him in person rather than holding the interview over the email. The image can be
found next to his description on our website on the "Interviews" page under
Supplements.
LaFramboise, Thomas. Personal interview. 22 Dec. 2014.
This is an email Interview with Dr. Thomas LaFramboise, Associate Professor
from the Case Western Reserve University Department of Genetics and Genome
Sciences. He helped us understand the direct impacts of genetics on today's
science fields. His influence on the website is through the knowledge he shared,
and with that how we made it more understandable for the viewer.
Mainardi, Paola Cerruti. "Cri Du Chat Syndrome." Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
1.33 (2006): 1-9. Abstract. Web. 4 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.ojrd.com/content/pdf/1750-1172-1-33.pdf>.
This paper contains information that has been used in our website, including the
pictures from the paper that can be found on the "Medicine" page of the website.
Mendel as prelate of the Augustinian order, 1880. DNA Learning Center. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.dnalc.org/content/c16/16163/16163_075prelate.jpg>.
This is an image of Gregor Mendel in 1880, part of Cold Spring Harbor's
educational learning center that provides historical and scientific information for
students all over the world to access. The picture is part of their article on Mendel
and his contribution to genetics, being the father of much of the basic genetic
information we all learn today. The picture of Mendel can be found on our
"Leading up to 1953" page under Historical Context in the website.
under Discovery page.
"125 Years Discoveries That Make a Difference 1890—Now." Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2014.
<http://discoveries.cshl.edu/>.
This page for the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory was recently made because it is
celebrating its 125th year. This page shares a timeline filled with information
encompassing the years between 1890 and today. The laboratory is proud to be
the home of many Nobel prize winning scientists, including James Watson. This
website shared different photos from the time during the discovery of the double
helix structure, and also had interesting facts unknown to the public prior to the
formation of this timeline. This website is also host to the video clip that is used
in our website to educate the viewer on what the Human Genome project really is.
Original DNA Demonstration Model (scale gives distance in Angstroms) from the 1968
book. 1968. JDW Collection Photographs. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor. 6.15.tif. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives.
Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/7QT9YN1CUKC9AIX8BARADY165HLMVLI6C3A
H9G9CF8F7Y4RKR4-00421?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000054&set_number=001075&base=GEN01>.
This legendary model made by Watson and Crick is still famous among all
scientists for its importance in genetics and its revolutionary ideas that affect
many fields of medicine and genome sciences today. The model itself can be
studied by students to see its significance and is also a piece of history from that
time that proves that discovery was needed to continue. The image is used in the
header for all pages, except the home page.
Ostrander, Elaine A., et al. "Polymorphic Repeats in the Androgen Receptor Gene:
Molecular Markers of Prostate Cancer Risk.'" Cancer Research 75.7 (2015): 1-5.
Web. 1 Apr. 2015. <http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/57/6/1194.full.pdf>.
Watson contributed to the ongoing science advancements by inputting his
knowledge into the Human Genome Project. Along with sequencing all the base
pairs, there have been other breakthroughs because of the well-funded Human
Genome Project. One such example, is the opening of doors for cancer research.
This publication shows how prostate cancer risk can now marked because of
certain repeated genes. The full paper can be found on our website on the "Human
Genome Project" page.
"An Overview of the Human Genome Project: A Brief History of the Human Genome
Project." National Human Genome Research Institute. National Institutes of
Health, 8 Nov. 2012. Web. 1 Jan. 2015. <http://www.genome.gov/12011239>.
The official website of the Human Genome Project published by the National
Institute of Health shares information on the development of the project and
which people played a major role in it. The information from this website can be
found on our "Human Genome Project" page under Legacy.
"Rosalind Elsie Franklin." National Portrait Gallery. National Portrait Gallery, 2014.
Web. 29 Dec. 2014. <http://images.npg.org.uk/800_800/7/9/mw62979.jpg>.
This is a photo of Franklin during the time of her work. She is part of our website,
because she was pivotal to the discovery, as much of her data was used by Watson
and Crick to make the discovery. The image can be found on the "A Team
without Teamwork" page under Legacy.
"Structure of DNA." Wellcome Library. Wellcome Trust, 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 25 Dec.
2014. <http://wellcomelibrary.org/content/timelines/history-of-geneticstimeline/images/1953-double-helix-250>.
This image is used in the photo gallery on "The Secret Code of Life" page under
Discovery, along with two other two other pictures. The image is of a rudimentary
drawing of the double helix structure. It shows the beginnings of the discovery
and it is great to have it on the website because viewers can now really immerse
themselves in the history.
Svenskt Pressfoto. Maurice Wilkins, Max Perutz, Francis Crick, John Steinbeck, James
Watson and John Kendrew were the Nobel Prize winners in 1962. N.d. Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives. James D. Watson Collection, Cold Spring
Harbor. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://library.cshl.edu/DNAinNY/Previews/exhibit-36.jpg>.
An image of all the recipients of the 1962 Medicine Nobel Prize award, including
Wilkins, Watson and Crick. The image can be found on the "Who's the Winner"
page under Discovery.
Templates from Crick and Watson's DNA molecular model, England, 1953. Brought To
Life. Science Museum, n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/hommedia.ashx?id=93784&size=Large>.
This image is used in the header for all the website pages except for the Home
page. The image is of a piece off of James Watson and Francis Crick's DNA
structure. This website provides pictures of history for the world today to be
immersed in the history and really learn more about the interested time period. It
is specifically made for science and medicine and allows to students and teachers
of all ages to learn a little more about a topic than from a textbook. The website is
provided by the Science Museum in London, England.
"Thomas LaFramboise." Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences. Case Western
Reserve University, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://genetics.case.edu/IMGS/facultypictures/txl80.jpg>.
This is an image of LaFramboise which is used next to his description on the
"Interview" page under Supplements. He gladly agreed to be interviewed for our
project and answered the questions via email. LaFramboise is currently an
Associate Professor at Case Western Reserve University and works under the
Genetics and Genome Sciences department.
Watson, James D., 1928-, “JDW Talk: "The Human Genome Project is Finally Under
Way" - Center for Human Genome Research, NIH (28 November 1989),” CSHL
Archives Repository, Reference JDW/2/9/1/37, accessed November 11, 2014,
<http://libgallery.cshl.edu/items/show/53643>.
This document shows the beginnings of the Human Genome Project, which is a
worldwide project to unravel all the gene sequences of the human body. This
source can be a very valuable primary source in discussing the Human Genome
Project as a legacy of the discovery of DNA.
Watson, James, Dr., and Francis Crick, Dr. "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids."
Nature. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf>.
A primary source showing the paper James Watson and Francis Crick upon their
findings of the double helix structure of DNA, this PDF formatted document
provided by the website Nature provides insight into the research and the process
through which Watson and Crick made their discovery. Having the original
information and the words said by both of the scientists adds more credibility to
the website as it also shares images and other valuable illustrations.
Watson, James D. The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the
Structure of DNA. New York: Touchstone, 1996. Print.
Written by James Dewey Watson himself, this book is an account of the events
that led up to the discovery of the structure of the DNA, which is the fundamental
material. Both Watson and Crick changed the course of biochemistry, and
received the Nobel Prize for doing so. This book explains many of the obstacles
Watson had to overcome in order to come first in the race to find the answer of
life. The book adds to the website, information that could only be given by
Watson himself and shares insight in to his world of science.
"Molecular Biology of the Gene, 1st Ed." Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and
Archives. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2007. Web. 24 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/view/action/nmets.do?DOCCHOICE=160250.xml&dvs
=1419459163293~437&locale=en_US&search_terms=dna&adjacency=N&DELI
VERY_RULE_ID=5&usePid1=true&usePid2=true>.
This is the paper written by Watson between the years 1963 and 1965 about
molecular biology, after his discovery of the double helix structure of DNA and
how and it applied to molecular genetics. This book contains parts of research
dating back to the classical era of genetics with Gregor Mendel, the DNA Era
with the importance on the molecular gene, and then finally applying the new
information to diseases and viruses and finally gene coding. This document was
found in
Watson, James D., and Andrew Berry. DNA: The Secret of Life. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 2003. Print.
The director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, James D. Watson, wrote this
book along with Andrew Berry, all about DNA. Watson talks about discoveries
before him that led to his own and how they influenced his research, including
Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance. Watson also shows the importance of DNA
in humans how it is being studied more thoroughly to create more modern
inventions such as genetically modified babies. This book greatly helped the
research on James Watson and better allowed the creation of the website to be
more accurate.
Watson and Crick at CSHL DNA Learning Center. 1990. JDW Collection Photographs.
Cold Sprirng Harbo Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 16.06.tif. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/7QT9YN1CUKC9AIX8BARADY165HLMVLI6C3A
H9G9CF8F7Y4RKR4-00401?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000049&set_number=001075&base=GEN01>.
This image shows Watson and Crick sitting next to each other in their old age,
years after the discovery. The image is used in the thesis page of the website next
to the thesis itself.
Watson and Crick with a re-creation of the model of the double helix. 1990. JDW
Collection Photographs. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor.
16.6a.tif. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives. Web. 25 Dec.
2014.
<http://archives.cshl.edu/R/63MFDCFIEPGVCLUCEJFU6ABMXMM56M4M9
ATF1GSVADHSEDYMGU-04189?func=results-jumpfull&set_entry=000031&set_number=001081&base=GEN01>.
Taken in 1990, 37 years after the discovery of the double helix, Watson and Crick
are pictured re-creating the model of the double helix and teaching the new
generation what they did to find it and how it is important today. The image can
be found in the photo gallery on the thesis page in the website.
A young James Watson holding up a model of the structure of DNA. DNA Learning
Center. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.dnalc.org/view/15544-James-Watson-with-DNA-model.html>.
The DNA Learning Center website, published by the Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, gives students access to digitally uploaded files from the Laboratory
Archives for further research. This photograph enhances our website by adding a
first hand experience to Watson and his process in making one of the biggest
scientific developments in recent history. This image can be found in the "Home"
tab of the website.
Zeidlickis, Dagnia. Personal interview. 22 Dec. 2014.
This is an Email Interview with the Vice President of Communications at Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory and Secretary to Dr. David L. Spector, Director of
Research and Professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. She helped us
understand what the CSHL does and how Watson affected the institute.
Secondary Sources
"About Jérôme Lejeune." Jérôme Lejeune Foundation. Jérôme Lejeune Foundation USA,
2013. Web. 4 Apr. 2015. <http://lejeuneusa.org/about/aboutj%C3%A9r%C3%B4me-lejeune#.VSCuxPnF8uc>.
"The Jerome Lejeune Foundation (France and the U.S.) was founded in 1996 to
carry on the work of the legendary geneticist, Jerome Lejeune. Through its
mission of research, care, and advocacy, the Jerome Lejeune Foundation serves
those with Down syndrome and other genetic intellectual disabilities in a spirit of
profound respect for their inherent human dignity, and that of all human persons"
(Jerome Lejeune Foundation). This website has aided our research by providing
us insight on the discovery of Cri du chat and the discoverer behind it. Two
images from this site can be found on the "Medicine" page under Legacy on our
website.
"All Documents and Media." It's in the Blood! A Documentary History of Linus Pauling,
Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia. Oregon State U, 2014. Web. 3 Apr. 2015.
<http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/blood/quotes/linus_pauling.html
>.
This webpage provided our research with a quote from Linus Pauling himself,
expressing his opinion on genes and heterozygosity. He believes that everyone
should know the other's genetic makeup before falling in love, to assure that the
children are safe. The quote can be found on the "Medicine" page under Legacy.
Amino acid sequence of hemoglobin. 1950. All Documents and Media. Oregon State U.
Scinegs34-9. It's in the Blood! A Documentary History of Linus Pauling,
Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
<http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/catalogue/09/scinegs34-9600w.jpg>.
Dedicated to archiving all the moments through Linus Pauling's scientific journey,
this website was rich in resources that provided our research with many first hand
images of his achievements. This is a diagram of the amino acid sequence of
normal hemoglobin showing the difference in the sixth position for sickle cell
hemoglobin. [Pauling scientific negatives collection, 34-9]. (OSU).
"Base Pairs Sequenced over Time." National Human Genome Research Institute.
National Institute of Health, 1 Oct. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.genome.gov/10001475>.
Worldwide human genome sequencing progress is shown (measured as base pairs
of finished sequence deposited with GenBank). This graph show the progress
from 1995 to 1998. The number of base pairs sequenced has gone from almost
none in 1995 to almost 200,000,000 in just three years. This graph can be found
on the "Human Genome Project" page of the website.
"Bela Anand-Apte." Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://my.clevelandclinic.org/ccf/media/Images/Eye/AnandApte_Bela_442653_120x150.jpg>.
This is an image of Apte, which is used next to her description. We emailed Apte
for an interview and she gladly replied. Apte thoroughly answered the questions
we asked. She is currently a doctor at the ophthalmic center at the Cleveland
Clinic. The image can be found on the “Interviews" page under Supplements.
"Bela Anand-Apte, MD, PhD." Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic, n.d. Web. 31 Dec.
2014.
<http://my.clevelandclinic.org/staff_directory/staff_display?doctorid=1994>.
This website was used to compile information on Apte to add in the description of
her. The text can be found on the Interviews page under Supplements.
"Bernard Sachs and Warren Tay." Wordpress. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015.
<https://maddyduplessis.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/tay-and-sachs.jpg>.
This is an image of Tay and Sachs, the first people who recognized the symptoms
of Tay Sachs disease.
Bettmann/Corbis. "James Watson and Francis Crick." The Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 2
Apr. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/08/nobelprizes-need-shakeup>.
This is a photograph of James Watson and Francis Crick after receiving their
Nobel Prizes, found on the thesis page as an introduction to the website.
"Businessman Watering DNA Wheat Helix." Illustration Source. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr.
2015. <http://www.illustrationsource.com/stock/image/514607/businessmanwatering-dna-wheat-helix/?&results_per_page=1&detail=TRUE&page=3>.
This is an artists' rendition of a businessman watering wheat DNA double helix,
which shows the impact on agriculture that DNA is seen to have. This image can
be found linked to the "Agriculture" page
"Caduceus." Clearfield County Career and Technology Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr.
2015. <http://ccctc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/caduceus-.jpg>. This is an
image of a caduceus, the major symbol of medicine which can be found linking to
the "Medicine" page.
Case Western Reserve University. "LaFramboise Lab." Department of Genetics. Ed. Case
Western Reserve University. Case Western Reserve University, n.d. Web. 31 Dec.
2014. <http://mendel.gene.cwru.edu/laframboiselab/>.
The website was used to compile information about LaFramboise which is used
the description of him on the page named "Interviews" under Supplements.
"Chromosome 22 Publication Front Cover." Wellcome Trust Sanger Institue. Genome
Research, 30 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/history/hgp/gfx/chromosome22cover_021299_np
g_1000x1330_72.jpg>.
This is the image of the front cover of the Nature issue from December 1999
announcing the decoding of the Chromosome 22. The image is used in our
website to show the consistent discoveries HGP makes, and has made since the
late twentieth century. The image can be found on our website in the "Human
Genome Project" page under Legacy. This relates to the issue because Watson
was the forerunner in establishing the project.
Cleveland Clinic. "Angela Ting, PhD." Cleveland Clinic. Ed. Cleveland Clinic.
Cleveland Clinic, 2014. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
<http://my.clevelandclinic.org/staff_directory/staff_display?doctorid=8702>.
This website provided by the Cleveland Clinic gives a brief description on Ting's
accomplishments, and what her research consists of. The information from this
page is used in our website on the Interviews page under Supplements.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Crossroads. Vimeo. Vimeo, n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2014.
<http://vimeo.com/108941630>.
This video is used in our website to give a brief yet thorough understanding about
what the Human Genome Project is. The video is made by the Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, and it shares this video with the public in celebrating its 125th
year anniversary. The video was found originally on the Discoveries page of the
CSHL's website, in the timeline they created highlighting all the honorable
discoveries since 1890.
"Cri Du Chat." COMD281-SummerWiki. Tangient, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.jornallivre.com.br/images_enviadas/sindrome-cri-du-chat-sindrome.jpg>.
This is an image taken from a website giving information on the Cri du chat
disorder. The photo is of a child who has the syndrome. This is another example
of a genetic disorder, and showing the importance of the study of genetics. The
image can be found on the "Medicine" page under Legacy in our website.
"Cri Du Chat." Cri-du-chat: Cry of a Cat. Tangient, 11 May 2007. Web. 4 Apr. 2015.
<https://runklescience.wikispaces.com/file/view/criduchat.gif/30635415/criduchat.gif>.
This is an image of an individual with the cri du chat syndrome. The image can be
found on the "Medicine" page of the website, under Legacy, in the Cri du chat
section.
"Cri-du-chat." Genetics Home Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cri-du-chat-syndrome>.
This website underlines the basics of Cri-du-chat syndrome and how it is caused
and what chromosome portion is deleted. It relates to the discovery of DNA in
that it shows how important DNA is in curing and researching genetic diseases.
"Cri-du-Chat Syndrome." Learn Genetics. U of Utah, 2015. Web. 4 Apr. 2015.
<http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/chromosomal/cdc/>.
This website aided our research in the Cri du chat disoder and provided us with 2
images which can be found on the "Medicine" page of the website, under Legacy.
Cure Tay-Sachs. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.curetaysachs.org/about.shtml>.
This website has the history of Tay-Sachs disease which we used on the
"Medicine" page.
"DNA Double Helix." Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2015. <http://blog.solvyt.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/solvyt-dna.jpg>.
This is an artist’s rendition of the DNA double helix which can be found to link
onto the "The Secret Code of Life" page.
"DNA Model." Oregon State Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2015.
<http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/nonspcoll/catalogue/picture-dnamodel600w.jpg>.
This is an image of the DNA model that decorates the front page of the website.
"DNA X-Ray Crystallography." BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2015.
<http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67218000/jpg/_67218733_photo_51_ki
ngs_cu.jpg>.
This image of Rosalind Franklin's X-Ray Crystallography shows how Watson and
Crick came to the conclusion that the DNA structure is a double helix. This image
is used to link to the "Leading Up to 1953" page.
"Dr. James Watson." Shots Health News from NPR. NPR, 19 Sept. 2012. Web. 30 Mar.
2015. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/09/19/160955379/scientists-seeupside-and-downside-of-sequencing-their-own-genes>.
Dr. James Watson looks at a reproduction of the structure of DNA, which he
helped discover, in this 1962 photograph. Decades later, Watson was one of the
first people to have his entire genome sequenced. This image can be found on the
"Meet Scientists" page.
Dr Watson, pictured with Dr Francis Crick and a model of the DNA molecule whose
structure they discovered in 1953, said women can be a distraction to academics.
Mail Online. DailyMail, 12 July 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2172894/DNA-pioneer-JamesWatson-We-cure-cancers-decade.html>.
This image is used as background for the website's "Context" page. The image is
located in a Daily Mail article about Watson and his confidence in science and its
potential to find the cure to cancer in ten years.
"The Eagle." TripAdvisor. TripAdvisoe, 2015. Web. 3 Apr. 2015. <http://mediacdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/15/7d/99/the-eagle.jpg>.
This picture is of the front of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, where Watson and
Crick first announced their discovery. The image can be found on the "Secret
Code of Life" page of our website.
"Elaine Ostrander." National Human Genome Research Institute. National Institute of
Health, 6 Jan. 2015. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. <http://www.genome.gov/12513335>.
This is an image of Elaine Ostrander the Chief & NIH Distinguished Investigator
of Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch. She is also the Head of
the Comparative Genetics Section. This picture can be found on the "Human
Genome Project" page of the website. It helps the website by adding a visual to
the author who helped write the paper about cancer research also located on the
"Human Genome Project" page of the website.
"Family Tree." Genealogy Report Samples. Ancestor Detector, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://ancestordetector.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/famtree.jpg>.
This image is of tree, usually used to represent genealogy, and finding one's place
on their family tree and knowing their roots. The image can be found on the
"Human Genome Project" page under the tab Legacy on our website. The image
is placed next to the description on genealogy.
"Family Tree DNA (Genetic Testing Equipment)." The Genographic Project. National
Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/ftdna_Sample_Punching_2-300x225.jpg>.
This image shows the equipment used to test DNA for origins and is also what is
used to answer any genealogy questions that anyone asks. The image can be
found on the "Human Genome Project" page of the website under Legacy.
Finn, Thomas. "Cleveland Clinic, University Hospitals and Case Western Collaborate on
Big Data Initiative." Health Matters. Azul Partners, 4 Dec. 2013. Web. 31 Dec.
2014. <http://hcmatters.com/2013/12/cleveland-clinic-university-hospitals-casewestern-collaborate-big-data-initiative/>.
This website was used to compile information on Haines to add in his description
on our website. A quote from this website can be found the "Interviews" page
under Supplements.
Francis Crick - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 28 Dec
2014. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/crickbio.html>
This website has a biography on Francis Crick, taken from the Nobel Prize
Foundation Website. It helped us write our shortened version of Crick's biography
which can be found on the "Team Without Teamwork" page of the website.
"Francis Crick - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 30 Dec 2014.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/crickfacts.html>
Information from this page is used on the "Who's the Winner" under Discovery.
We used a screen clipping of this page and put it on our website so that the viewer
has a reliable source from which they can get basic facts about the Nobel Prize
awarded to the recipient.
"Genetically Modified Food." Learn Genetics Utah University. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
<http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/>.
This website has a picture of how genetically modified foods are made, which is
helpful in showing how it is affected with the discovery of DNA.
Green, Tim. "Hermann Muller: A Genetics Pioneer." Know. U of Texas at Austin, 28
Sept. 2007. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.utexas.edu/know/2010/01/19/hermann_muller/>.
This website, along with providing a biography and accomplishments of Muller,
also provided us with quotes about him that are used in our website. The quotes
can be found on the "Leading Up to 1953" page of our website.
"Gregor Mendel." Bio. A&E Television Networks, 2014. Web. 27 Dec. 2014.
This website was a biography on Mendel's life through his discoveries of genetic
inheritance and his deductions from his data, on the Laws of Segregation and
Assortment. Mendel is known as the "Father of Modern Genetics" and his
contributions set forth the action packed history of genetics and curing new
diseases. This information is for a general reader and can be found in Mendel's
biography on our website, on the page "Leading Up to 1953."
Gregor Mendel." Bio. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 02 Apr. 2015.
This website provided us with a quote by Gregor Mendel. The quote can be found
on the "Leading up to 1953" page of our website. It helps our project by showing
Mendel's influence, and also points out how his work was not initially regarded as
worthy in the science field. Only later did everyone realize that Mendel had
answered major questions on inheritance.
"Gregor Mendel." Abagond. Abagond, 23 June 2011. Web. 27 Dec. 2014.
<https://abagond.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/image215.gif>.
In this image, a drawing or painting, Mendel is working in his garden with the
famous pea plants. Mendel was revolutionary in his studies of genetics, and
proved much of what we know today about heredity and the passing down of
traits in recessive and dominant manner. He controlled the situations of the pea
plants in his favor to see the desired results and learned much at the monastery
where he worked. This image can be found on the "Leading up to 1953" page
under Historical Context.
"Gregor Mendel." Biography. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2014.
<http://cp91279.biography.com/Bio_Mini-Bios_GregorMendel_SF_HD_768x432-16x9.jpg>.
This image as a link to the "Leading up to 1953" on the Historical Context page.
The image is of Gregor Mendel.
"Hair-On-Ends." Illustrated Lecture Notes on Tropical Medicine. Institute of Tropical
Medicine Antwerp, n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2015. <http://itg.contente.eu/Generated/pubx/173/mm_files/do_3429/co_68865/Cd_1037_067c.jpg>.
This website provided us with an image for sickle cell anemia, and its affects on
the brain and skull The description of the photo as said by the website itself
is '''Hair-on-ends'' image caused by bone marrow expansion in the diploic space in
chronic haemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anaemia or more commonly in
beta thalassemia major. The major trabecular spicules in the diploë are aligned
perpendicular to the inner table in an effort to support the soft outer table. Photo
ITM". The image can be found on the "Medicine" page of our website under
"Legacy".
Hermann J. Muller - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 28 Dec
2014. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/mullerbio.html>
This website is a biography of Hermann J. Muller, a leading contributor in the
advancement of ideas of genes and genetics. This was helpful to us due to him
being a great influence on James Watson. His biography can be found on the
"Leading Up to 1953" page of our website.
"Hermann J. Muller (1890-1967) Demonstrates That X Rays Can Induce Mutations."
Genome News Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1927_Muller.php>.
This website helped further underline what research Muller did and on what. It
also helped us understand what the significance of Muller's contributions is.
"Hermann Joseph Muller." EcuRed. EcuRed, n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.ecured.cu/images/thumb/a/a8/Hermann-Joseph-Muller-AmericanGeneticist-Posters.jpg/260px-Hermann-Joseph-Muller-American-GeneticistPosters.jpg>.
The image is of Muller at the time of his work known most for the studies he did
on the affects of X-ray radiation on the physical body and the genetic makeup of
the person. He is important in the upcoming of Watson and Crick because he was
an essential step in learning more about DNA. This image can be found in the
"Leading up to 1953" page under Historical Context.
"Hermann Joseph Muller American Geneticist." Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Dec. 2014. <http://media1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/08/21008-004-2FCA69C1.jpg>.
This is an image of Muller at work with his X-ray, with which he later proved that
genes were affected by radiation. This information helped Watson and Crick's
later discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. The image is a primary
source that helps the viewer better understand Muller and his contribution. The
image can be found on the "Leading up to 1953" page under Historical Context.
"Hermann Muller." Know. U of Texas at Austin, 28 Sept. 2007. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.utexas.edu/know/2010/01/19/hermann_muller/>.
This website provided a biography and overview of Muller's accomplishments
and his contributions to genetics. From this website, we used the photo of Muller
working in his lab. The picture can be found on the "Leading Up to 1953" page of
our website.
"Humane Genome Project." Bioethics Research Library at Georgetown University.
Bioethics Research Library at Georgetown University, 29 Oct. 2014. Web. 11
Nov. 2014. <https://bioethics.georgetown.edu/category/library-news/digitalcollections/>.
This is the logo for the Human Genome Project which James Watson later
established and contributed to with his discovery of the double helix structure.
This image enhances the website a legacy left by Watson still active today and
very much relevant to every day life. This image can be found on the "Legacy"
page of the website.
"Human Genome Project Image." Blogspot. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2015.
<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lh__clzLigU/TVWFMld5RI/AAAAAAAAB74/UwQTTtw9I4/s1600/1988%252C_The_Human_Genome_Projecti6eDetail.jpg>.
This is an artists' rendition of the Human Genome Project and its impact on
science. This image can be found linked to the "Human Genome Project" page.
Illustration from Medical World News article, "Sickle Cell Anemia". 3 Dec. 1971. All
Documents and Media. Oregon State U. Bio6.010.215. It's in the Blood! A
Documentary History of Linus Pauling, Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia.
Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
<http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/catalogue/13/bio6.010.215600w.jpg>.
This is an image of the chart Linus Pauling created to show the inheritance of
Sickle Cell Anemia. This website/archive is dedicated to archiving all the
moments through Linus Pauling's scientific journey, this website was rich in
resources that provided our research with many first hand images of his
achievements.
"James Watson." DNA From the Beginning. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.dnaftb.org/19/bio.html>.
This source contains a lot of background on James Watson and how he first came
to be interested in the structure of DNA. It also shows how he and Francis Crick
came up with the materials and the theory for how the structure of DNA is a
double helix. This could be used in our historical context section as background
for the discovery and how it impacted science.
"James Watson - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 11 Nov
2014. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/watsonbio.html
A picture of James Watson found on the Nobel Prize website under his biography.
This image shows Watson as a younger, closer to when he made his discovery.
This enhances the website because it a visual of what Watson looked like, helping
the reader better understand Watson. This image can be found on the "Context"
page.
James Watson - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 28 Dec
2014. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/watsonbio.html>
This website is a biography on James Watson from the Nobel Prize databases. It is
written for a general reader to gain some background knowledge on Watson and
his accomplishments. Information on it will be used to help write our biography
on the "Meet the Scientists" page of the website, where short biographies of
Watson (and Crick) can be found.
"James Watson - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 30 Dec 2014.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/watsonfacts.html>
Information from this page is used on the "Who's the Winner" under Discovery.
We used a screen clipping of this page and put it on our website so that the viewer
has a reliable source from which they can get basic facts about the Nobel Prize
awarded to the recipient.
"James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin." Chem
Heritage. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-inhistory/themes/biomolecules/dna/watson-crick-wilkins-franklin.aspx>.
This website has information about Rosalind Franklin and her contributions with
X ray crystallography to the investigation on the structure of DNA. We used it on
the legacy page to credit Rosalind Franklin.
"Learning about Achondroplasia." National Human Genome Project. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.genome.gov/19517823>.
This website has basics on how achondroplasia develops and why it does so. The
information from this website can be found on the Legacy-Medicine page of the
website, where genetics ties closely to the treatment and identification of
genetically inherited diseases.
Lee, Jane J. "The Rosalind Franklin Papers." National Geogrphic. National Geographic,
n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nationalgeographic.it/images/2013/05/20/110549800-3cd571161ee6-4049-917b-352f48f245cd.jpg>.
This is an image of Rosalind Franklin working with a microscope. This image is
added to the website along with her biography to show her importance in the
journey of the discovery.
"Linus Pauling." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/L_Pauling.jpg>.
This is an image of Linus Pauling with structures and models used in physics and
chemistry. The image is used on the "Leading up to 1953" page under Historical
Context. Pauling was a hero to Watson as Watson has mentioned many times, but
Pauling himself was trying to find the structure of DNA, thus refused to work
with Watson because he felt that Watson was not qualified.
"Linus Pauling - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 28 Dec 2014.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/paulingfacts.html>
This website has facts about Linus Pauling, who was also in the race to solve the
structure of DNA. The website includes basic facts about Linus Pauling as well as
Nobel Prize information. You can find information from this website on the
"Leading Up to 1953" page of the website.
Markel, Howard, and PBS Newshour. "February 28: The Day Scientists Discovered the
Double Helix." Scientific American. Nature America, 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 2 Jan.
2015. <http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/february-28-the-day-scientistsdiscovered-double-helix/>.
This website provides information and details on the discovery. The information
from this site can be found on the "Secret Code of Life" page under Discovery. It
contributed to our website because it gave facts in form of numbers and dates that
we did not have knowledge before.
"Maurice Wilkins." DNA From the Beginning. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.dnaftb.org/19/bio-4.html>.
This website was used to help make a description and biography on Wilkins and
his importance to the discovery of the double helix structure. Wilkins was given
the Nobel Prize for his involvement and is part of the three way share of the prize
between Watson, Crick, and himself. Wilkins worked along with Rosalind
Franklin to combine much of the data that Watson and Crick used to make their
discovery. The picture can be found on the "A Team Without Teamwork" page
under Discovery.
"Maurice Wilkins." Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ medicine/laureates/1962/wilkins.jpg>.
This is a picture of Wilkins used on the website with his bio. The image can be
found on the "A Team without Teamwork" under Discovery. Wilkins was
important to the discovery along with Watson and Crick.
"Maurice Wilkins - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 30 Dec 2014.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/wilkinsfacts.html>
Information from this page is used on the "Who's the Winner" under Discovery.
We used a screen clipping of this page and put it on our website so that the viewer
has a reliable source from which they can get basic facts about the Nobel Prize
awarded to the recipient.
McElheny, Victor K. Watson and DNA: Making A Scientific Revolution. Cambridge:
Perseus, 2003. Print.
Author Victor K. McElheny, a distinguished science reporter, writes in this book
about the importance of James Watson's discovery. He mentions many important
impacts left by the discovery of the double helix structure including the human
genome project and the writing of the textbook defining molecular biology. The
book spans from 1953 to 1988 and beyond involving the discovery of the double
helix structure to the launching of the human genome project and further.
McElheny also describes the work of other scientists involving DNA and how
Watson's contribution aided them in their research.
"Metal-Structure." Lebbeus Woods. WordPress, 30 Aug. 2010. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.
<https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/structure-of-life/>.
Metal working model used by James Watson and Francis Crick to determine the
double-helical structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. This image can be found
in the header image on all pages except the home page.
National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services. "The Francis
Crick Papers :The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953." National Library
of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014.
<http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html>.
This website provides information summarizes James Watson, Francis Crick, and
Rosalind Franklin's contributions towards the development and finding of the
double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Sponsored by the
National Institute of Heath and the U.S. National Library of Medicine, this source
is very reliable. The site also cites all the sources it used to compile the
information. The citations lead us to research other sources which held valuable
documents, primary and secondary sources, which have been used.
Newton, David E. James Watson and Francis Crick. New York: Instructional Horizons,
1992. Print. Makers of Modern Science. David E.
Newton writes numerous books and articles on science and thus is a reputed
author of the scientific world. A math and science teacher himself, Newton
educates the public with his series of books called the Makers of Modern Science,
and the "Discovery of the Double Helix and Beyond", is just one of his
publications. In this book, the discovery is put in very simple words, making it
easy for the audience to understand. The book is divided into the James Watson
and Francis Crick, sharing their contributions over the years. Newton writes first
about the early years, continues to actual process of the discovery, and then shares
the importance of the legacies left by Watson and Crick.
"Nobel Prize." Library of University of Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2015.
<https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/centcat/fac/fac_img56.html>.
This is an image of the Nobel Prize that is awarded to outstanding people in honor
of their leadership roles in the community, this can be found linking to the "Who's
the Winner?" page.
"Nobel Prize Celebration." Cole David. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.coledavid.com/images/dna-nobe.jpg>.
This is an image of Watson and Crick along with others celebrating the Nobel
Prize award, this can be found linking to the "A Team Without Teamwork" page.
"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB
2014. Web. 2 Jan 2015.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/>
The website summarizes the giving of the Nobel Prize to Watson, Crick, and
Wilkins. It was useful to us because it gave us information like the date when it
was awarded which we did not know before. The information can be found on the
"Who's the Winner" page under Discovery page.
Pastel drawing of Hemoglobin at 100 angstroms. 1964. All Documents and Media.
Oregon State U. 1964b4.1-hb100. It's in the Blood! A Documentary History of
Linus Pauling, Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
<http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/catalogue/05/1964b4.1-hb100600w.jpg>.
Part two of a two image series of pastel drawings, this shows hemoglobin at 100
angstroms. The drawing correlates to our project because it deals with the
research in sickle cell anemia, a topic focused on in our "Legacy" page. Watson
contributed to such studies by finding the double helix structure, helping the
medical field better understand genetic disorders, such as sickle cell anemia.
Pastel drawing of Hemoglobin at 20 angstroms. 1964. All Documents and Media. Oregon
State U. 1964b4.1-hb20. It's in the Blood! A Documentary History of Linus
Pauling, Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
<http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/catalogue/05/1964b4.1-hb20600w.jpg>.
Part one of a two image series, this is a pastel drawing of hemoglobin made in
1964. This is related to our project because the image correlates to the research
done on Sickle Cell Anemia and Linus Pauling's contribution to it. Watson
correlates to this because he was able to advance the genetics study with the
finding of the double helix structure, and helped the medical field too.
"Quotes by or Related to James Watson." Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA. Oregon
State University, 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
<http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/dna/quotes/james_watson.html>.
This website aided our research by providing a quote by James Watson. This
quote can be found on the "Meet the Scientists" page on our website. The quote
helped show Watson's dependency on Crick and the importance of their
collaboration. Another quote also taken from this website can be found on the "A
Team Without Teamwork" page. The quote is by Linus Pauling on Wilkins and
his contribution. A third quote from this is website is also used in our website. It
has Watson talking about Pauling and the mistake he made.
Rutherford, Adam. "He May Have Unravelled DNA, but James Watson Deserves to Be
Shunned." The Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/01/dna-james-watsonscientist-selling-nobel-prize-medal>.
This article has quotes taken from it, by us about Watson’s comments on others
who greatly helped him on his journey to discover the double helix.
Scarc. "Double Helix Structure." The Pauling Bold. WordPress, 30 Apr. 2009. Web. 30
Dec. 2014.
<http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/catalogue/13/bio
6.009.79-diagram-600w.jpg>.
This image is of the double helix printing in Watson and Crick's paper. The image
is used in the photo gallery on the "Secret Code of Life" page, under Discovery.
"Sickle Cell." Gallery Hip. Gallery Hip, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/lectures/files/images/sickle_cell
s.jpg
This is an image of a sickle shaped blood cell among normal blood cells. The
image shows how the cell could cause trouble, and also explains the name of the
disease. The image can be found on the "Medicine" page under Legacy. The
image is used to show how important genetics plays a role in everyday life and
the diseases that come with it.
"Sickle Cell Disease." SCDAA. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.sicklecelldisease.org/index.cfm?page=scd-global>.
This website has a statistic of the number of people in the US with sickle cell
disease.
"Sickle Cell Disease." Web MD. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/pain-management-sickle-celldisease#1>.
This website has basics on sickle cell disease, how it is caused and treated. Web
MD has information that is understandable to the general public and we used it on
our website to inform others about sickle cell disease and its connection to
genetics. A great legacy of Watson and the discovery of DNA, is how its can be
used to research further into genetic diseases. The information from this website
can be found on the Legacy-Medicine page of the website.
Sternberg, Steve. Double helix Unlocked Key to Life. USA Today. Gannett, 24 Feb.
2003. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/science/2003-0224-dna-cover_x.htm>.
This news article from the USA Today contributed to our research by providing
us with a quote from Francis Collins, the director of the National Institute of
Health. The quote from Collins can be found on the "Secret Code of Life" page of
our website.
Strasser, Bruno J. "Linus Pauling’s ‘‘Molecular Diseases’’: Between History and
Memory." American Journal of Medical Genetics 115.83-93 (2002): 1-11. Web. 2
Apr. 2015.
<http://biologie.unige.ch/assets/brunostrasser/Strasser_AJMG_2002.pdf>.
When it comes to Sickle Cell Anemia, one of Watson's influences, Linus Pauling,
picked up on the advancements in genetics and was able to go far in
understanding the disease. He was able to tie it to molecular genetics and help the
medical field understand how to treat the illness better. This article from the
journal "American Journal of Medical Genetics" summarizes the paper Pauling
wrote about Sickle Cell Anemia and talks on the importance of the paper that was
published. Pictures used in this article and quotes can be found on our website on
the "Medicine" page under Legacy.
"Tay-Sachs Disease." Genome Home Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/tay-sachs-disease>.
This website outlines the basics of Tay Sachs disease. The information can be
found on the Legacy-Medicine page, where we outline the importance of the
discovery of DNA on the research into modern day genetic diseases.
"Tay-Sachs Karyotype." Hinsdale. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.hinsdale86.org/staff/kgabric/Disease11/Tay%20Sachs%20DiseaseHexodaminidase%20A/Conclusion_files/image001.gif>.
This is an image of the karyotype of someone with Tay-Sachs disease, showing
the mutation in chromosome 15.
The team of scientists. BA Biology. BA Education, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.ba-education.com/for/science/dnadiscovery.html>.
This is an image of all four of the people involved in the discovery of the double
helix structure of DNA. They include Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice
Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin. This image can be found on the "Discovery" page
of the website.
"Watson and Crick." The Independent. Independent, 30 Sept. 2010. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.independent.co.uk/migration_catalog/article5250888.ece/alternates/
w620/pg-20-crick-and-watson-spl.jpeg>.
A particularly lighthearted picture among the serious topic, the image shows
Watson and Crick laughing over conversation as they sip a cup of coffee. We felt
it was important to add this image to show how their partnership grew into a
friendship and this was pivotal in the discovery of the double helix. Had they not
worked well together, it would have taken years more to figure it out. The image
can be found on the thesis page in the photo gallery.
"Watson and Crick." NOVA. PBS, 22 Apr. 2003. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/img/before-watson-crick/image-01small.jpg>.
Taken from the PBS NOVA special on genetics, this image of Watson and Crick
sitting with each other is used as a linking tab under Historical Context to lead to
the "Meet the Scientists" page.
"What Is Genealogy?" Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Sorenson Molecular
Genealogy Foundation, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.smgf.org/pages/genealogy.jspx>.
SMGF provides information on genealogy what it really is. The information from
this website is used to form a short summary about genealogy on our website. The
information can be found next to the title reading "Genealogy" on the "Human
Genome Project" page under the tab named Legacy.
"Wilkins at Work." Wikimedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/7f/Maurice_H_F_Wilkins.jpg>.
This image show Wilkins at with a machine, working up to the discovery of the
double helix. He was part of the three way share for the Nobel Prize, the other two
being Watson and Crick. His partner, Rosalind Franklin, was not given much
credit for her work in crystallography and collecting much of the data, but is now
remembered as one the most important scientists. The image can be found on "A
Team without Teamwork" under Discovery.