Latin 101: The words of Latin 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions 2. How to learn Latin vocabulary 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions PARTS OF SPEECH The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from snowy mountains, showed them a lake and this path, which we are traveling happily, because our climbing is so easy. Yay! Each word belongs to a word-type (or part of speech). What parts of speech do we see here? 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions PARTS OF SPEECH Definite Article Noun Participle (adjective formed from verb) The glowing moon, 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions PARTS OF SPEECH Preposition Participle Adverb Adjective Noun reflecting brightly from snowy mountains, 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions PARTS OF SPEECH Indefinite article Verb Pronoun Coordinating conjunction Noun Demonstrative adjective showed them a lake and this path Noun 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions PARTS OF SPEECH (Auxiliary verb ‘to be’) Relative pronoun Personal pronoun Participle Adverb Verb (present progressive) which we are traveling happily 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions PARTS OF SPEECH Subordinating conjunction (causal) Adjective (personal) Gerund (verbal noun) Verb (‘to be’) Adverb/parti cle Adjective Interjection because our climbing is so easy. Yay! 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from snowy mountains, showed them a lake and this path, which we are traveling happily, because our climbing is so easy. Yay! Words and phrases play distinct roles in the meaning of the sentence. Each serves its own grammatical function. What functions are played by the words and phrases here? 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from snowy mountains, showed (to) them a lake and this path, which we are traveling happily, because our climbing is so easy. Yay! SUBJECT MAIN VERB DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions In Latin The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from snowy mountains, showed them a lake and this path, which we are traveling happily, because our climbing is so easy. Yay! RELATIVE CLAUSE PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE CAUSAL CLAUSE 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION this path, which we are traveling DIRECT OBJECT within relative clause SUBJECT within relative clause MAIN VERB within relative clause 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION Our climbing is so easy. SUBJECT MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT/ PREDICATE 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions IN LATIN Noun (proper noun) Participle Adjective Noun Verb Graecia capta ferum victōrem cēpit Greece having-been-captured (her) fierce conqueror captured SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT MAIN VERB 1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions IN LATIN Noun Verb ‘to be’ Noun Adjective Adjective Gerund ōrātor est vir bonus dīcendī perītus (An) orator is (a) man good (and) at-speaking skilled SUBJECT MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT/PREDICATE 2. How to learn Latin vocabulary “Principal parts”: NOUNS Nominative singular form = basic form Genitive singular form (“of the farmer”) = crucial info Grammatical gender = crucial info agricola, agricolae m. farmer fortūna, fortūnae f. chance, luck, fortune cōnsilium, cōnsiliī n. plan, advice Dōn’t fōrgēt yōūr mācrōns! Different senses in English = crucial for changing contexts 2. How to learn Latin vocabulary “Principal parts”: VERBS 1st person singular present active indicative (“I call”) present active infinitive (“to call”) 1st person singular perfect active indicative (“I have called/I called”) Why do you think there’s no 4th principal part for iaceō? perfect passive participle (“having been called”) vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus to call; name dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus to owe; to be obligated to (“I ought”) iaceō, iacēre, iacui, — to lie (e.g., on the ground) 2. How to learn Latin vocabulary For the next class-meeting: Be ready to be quizzed on vocab list at end of chs. 1 & 2. Give a dictionary entry for rosa: rosa, rosae f. “rose” Give the Latin word for “be afraid”: timeō, timēre, timuī, — “to fear, be afraid” VOCAB FLASHCARDS: http://www.leakyroofproductions.com/DataFiles/Shelmerdine_Latin/c hapters_01-05/chapter_01/index.1.htm