Latin 101: The words of Latin
1. Parts of speech and grammatical functions
2. How to learn Latin vocabulary
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
PARTS OF SPEECH
The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from
snowy mountains, showed them a lake and
this path, which we are traveling happily,
because our climbing is so easy. Yay!
Each word belongs to a word-type (or part of speech).
What parts of speech do we see here?
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
PARTS OF SPEECH
Definite Article
Noun
Participle
(adjective formed
from verb)
The glowing moon,
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
PARTS OF SPEECH
Preposition
Participle
Adverb
Adjective
Noun
reflecting brightly from snowy mountains,
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
PARTS OF SPEECH
Indefinite
article
Verb
Pronoun
Coordinating
conjunction
Noun
Demonstrative
adjective
showed them a lake and this path
Noun
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
PARTS OF SPEECH
(Auxiliary
verb ‘to be’)
Relative
pronoun
Personal
pronoun
Participle
Adverb
Verb (present
progressive)
which we are traveling happily
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
PARTS OF SPEECH
Subordinating
conjunction
(causal)
Adjective
(personal)
Gerund (verbal
noun)
Verb (‘to be’)
Adverb/parti
cle
Adjective
Interjection
because our climbing is so easy. Yay!
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from
snowy mountains, showed them a lake and
this path, which we are traveling happily,
because our climbing is so easy. Yay!
Words and phrases play distinct roles in the meaning of
the sentence. Each serves its own grammatical function.
What functions are played by the words and phrases
here?
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from
snowy mountains, showed (to) them a lake
and this path, which we are traveling happily,
because our climbing is so easy. Yay!
SUBJECT
MAIN VERB
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
In Latin
The glowing moon, reflecting brightly from
snowy mountains, showed them a lake and
this path, which we are traveling happily,
because our climbing is so easy. Yay!
RELATIVE CLAUSE
PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE
CAUSAL CLAUSE
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
this path, which we are traveling
DIRECT OBJECT
within relative clause
SUBJECT within
relative clause
MAIN VERB
within relative
clause
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
Our climbing is so easy.
SUBJECT
MAIN VERB
COMPLEMENT/
PREDICATE
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
IN LATIN
Noun
(proper
noun)
Participle
Adjective
Noun
Verb
Graecia capta ferum victōrem cēpit
Greece having-been-captured (her) fierce conqueror captured
SUBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
MAIN VERB
1. Parts of speech and grammatical
functions
IN LATIN
Noun
Verb ‘to
be’
Noun
Adjective
Adjective
Gerund
ōrātor est vir bonus dīcendī perītus
(An) orator is (a) man good (and) at-speaking skilled
SUBJECT
MAIN VERB
COMPLEMENT/PREDICATE
2. How to learn Latin
vocabulary
“Principal parts”: NOUNS
Nominative
singular
form
= basic
form
Genitive singular
form (“of the
farmer”)
= crucial info
Grammatical
gender
= crucial info
agricola, agricolae m.
farmer
fortūna, fortūnae f.
chance, luck, fortune
cōnsilium, cōnsiliī n.
plan, advice
Dōn’t
fōrgēt
yōūr
mācrōns!
Different
senses in
English
= crucial for
changing
contexts
2. How to learn Latin
vocabulary
“Principal parts”: VERBS
1st person
singular
present
active
indicative
(“I call”)
present
active
infinitive (“to
call”)
1st person
singular perfect
active
indicative (“I
have called/I
called”)
Why do you
think there’s no
4th principal
part for iaceō?
perfect
passive
participle
(“having
been
called”)
vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus
to call; name
dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus
to owe; to be obligated to (“I ought”)
iaceō, iacēre, iacui, —
to lie (e.g., on the ground)
2. How to learn Latin vocabulary
For the next class-meeting:
Be ready to be quizzed on vocab list at end of chs. 1 & 2.
Give a dictionary entry for rosa:
rosa, rosae f. “rose”
Give the Latin word for “be afraid”:
timeō, timēre, timuī, — “to fear, be afraid”
VOCAB FLASHCARDS:
http://www.leakyroofproductions.com/DataFiles/Shelmerdine_Latin/c
hapters_01-05/chapter_01/index.1.htm