The 8 Parts of Speech
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Interjection
Noun
Preposition
Pronoun
Verb
Adjectives
Proper: Florida oranges
Articles: a, an, the
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
Comparative: compares two things or people: larger
Superlative: compares more than two things or people: largest
Adjectives
describe a noun
They answer 3 questions:
Which one
How many
What kind
Examples: blue, tall, three, a, the, that
Adverbs
describe a verb, an
adjective, or another
adverb
Adverbs tell:
How
When, Where
Why and under what circumstances.
Examples: grandly, later, downstairs, because
Adverbs
The comparative form of an adverb compares two
actions or things.
Example: slower
The superlative form of an adverb compares more
than two actions or things.
Example: slowest
Conjunction
a word that joins words or groups of words in a sentence
3 Types
1. Coordinating- combine subjects, predicates and
compound sentences
Examples: and, but, or
2. Correlative- used in pairs
Examples: either, or; neither, nor
3. Subordinating- begin a subordinate clause
Examples: because, as, although, after, as though, as if, as long
as, as soon as, before, even though, if, in order that, since,
so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where,
wherever, whether, while
Interjection
Noun
a word or group of words
that expresses strong
feeling
names a person, place, thing, or
idea
Common Interjections
Aha, great, oh, phew,
Awesome, ha, oh, no,
Common: names any person, place, thing or idea
Proper: names a specific person, place, thing, or idea
Singular: names one person, place, thing, or idea
Plural: names more than one person, place, thing or idea
Collective: names a group of people or things
Possessive: names who or what has something
Concrete: a noun that you can experience with one of your
five senses
Abstract: ideas
Preposition
Pronoun
a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to
some other word in a sentence
takes the place of a noun
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
amid
among
around
as
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
by
despite
down
during
except
for
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
onto
opposite
out
outside
over
past
since
through
to
toward
under
until
up
upon
with
without
Antecedent:
Example: Jason is eleven.
He is in the sixth grade.
Jason is the noun that he refers to.
Personal: refers to people or things
Verb
Pronoun
Subject: personal pronoun used as the subject
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Object: personal pronoun used as the direct or indirect object of a verb
Examples: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
Possessive: shows ownership
Examples: my, your, her his, our, your, their, its
Indefinite: does not refer to a particular person, place, thing or idea
Examples: each, one, much, both, few, everyone, many
Reflexive and intensive: ends in self
Example: herself
Demonstrative: used as the subject
Example: This is the one.
the noun that the pronoun refers to.
Action verbs: name an action
Direct object: answers whom? or what after an
action verb
Example: Sightseers paid the fees.
Transitive: has a direct object.
Example: Shelia read a book about Africa.
Intransitive: does not have a direct object.
Example: Sheila read in a great hurry.
Indirect object: answers to whom or for whom after
an action verb
Example: Sightseers paid the guides fees.
Verb
Linking verb: connects the subject of a
sentence with a noun or adjective in the
predicate
Predicate noun/nominative: a noun that follows a
linking verb and tells what the subject is
Example: Zambia is a country.
Predicate adjective: an adjective that follows a
linking verb and tells what the subject is like
Example: Zambia is large.
Verb
Common linking verbs:
be become seem appear feel taste
grow look
Verb phrase: two verbs together
Example: I am learning.
Helping verb: 1st verb in a verb phrase
Example: I am learning.
Main verb: 2nd verb in a verb phrase
Example: I am learning.
Kinds of Sentences
Sentence: a group of words that expresses a
complete thought
2 Parts
Subject: names whom or what the sentence is
about
Predicate: tells what the subject does or has
Simple subject: one word
Simple predicate: the verb
Complete subject: includes all of the words in the
subject
Complete predicate: includes all of the words in
the predicate of the sentence
Sentences
4 Kinds of Sentences
Declarative: ends in a period and makes a
statement
Interrogative: ends with a question mark and asks
something
Exclamatory: ends with an exclamation point and
shows strong feeling
Imperative: ends with a period and commands
someone to do something
Preposition
a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to
some other word in a sentence
Prepositional phrase: a group of words that begins with a
preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun
Example: Take the book to the library.
Object of the preposition: the noun or pronoun at the end of
a prepositional phrase
Example: Take the book to the library.
Paragraph Content and Organization
Main idea: the big idea or most important idea
Topic Sentence: expresses the main idea; is usually the first sentence
of the paragraph
Supporting idea: a fact that helps to prove the main idea
Supporting detail: fact that helps to prove both the main idea and the
supporting ideas
Unifying idea: a logical flow of ideas demonstrated through the topic
sentence
Transitional words and phrases- connectors; special words that help
show how ideas are related
Example: first, last, mainly, also, although, as a result, second, in
conclusion
Extraneous/Irrelevant details: details that do not belong in the
paragraph because they do not support the topic
Redundant details: details that restate the same thing already stated
Clincher- the last sentence of the paragraph
Punctuation
Appositives
a noun that is placed next to another noun
to identify it or add information about it
Usually in commas
Example: James Madison’s wife, Dolly, was a
famous first lady.
Appositive phrase- a group of words that
includes an appositive and other words that
modify the appositive
Example: Madison, our fourth president,
held many other offices.
Semicolon-
;
Use a semicolon to join the main clauses of a compound
sentence if they are not joined by a conjunction
Example: Jason is sixteen; he will get his driver’s license
soon.
Colon:
Use a colon to indicate time, to introduce a list of items that
ends a sentence, and after the salutation of a business letter
Examples: 12:33 Dear Sir: Please send the following
students:
Homonyms
Words that sound alike or are spelled alike but
have different meanings.
Homograph: spelled alike but have different
meanings
Example: I saw the cat. The saw is broken.
Homophone: sound alike but have different
spellings and different meanings.
Example: I know you saw that. He said no.
Figurative Language
Simile: compares two things using like or as
Metaphor: compares two things without using like or as
Personification: giving animals or things human qualities
Onomatopoeia: imitates the sound it describes (boom pow)
Idioms:
Hyperbole: extreme exaggeration (your mama jokes)
Mood/Tone: the atmosphere/how the author makes you feel
Alliteration: repeating the same consonant sound over and
over (tongue twister)
Idiom: meaning is other than the literal meaning of the
words (inside out)
Elements of Fiction
Fiction: writing invented by the author
Setting: time and place of the story
Characters: protagonist and antagonist
Point of View: vantage point (1st person
or third person)
Theme: main message or moral of story
Plot: series of related events that happen
in the story
Conflict: struggle or problem between
characters in a story
The Research Process
1.Choose a topic- narrow the topic and make sure enough
information is available
2.Gather information- do research using several sources
3.Use resources effectively- create source cards and note
cards
4.Organize notes- create an outline and organize all of your
notes
5.Write the report- follow the steps in the writing process
6.Compile a bibliography- list all of the sources used in
creating the report
The Research Process
Internet- network of interconnected computer networks to transmit
data (information super highway)
Search engine: used to locate web sites on the internet (Google)
Keyword: word entered to search for web sites
Encyclopedia- a comprehensive reference work containing articles
on a wide range of subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular
field, usually arranged in alphabetical order
Dictionary- a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words,
with information given for each word, usually including meaning,
pronunciation, and etymology
Atlas- a book or bound collection of maps, sometimes with
supplementary illustrations and graphic analyses
Almanac- a usually annual reference book composed of various lists,
tables, and often brief articles relating to a particular field or many
general fields
The Research Process
The Research Process
Title page- contains info on the title and author
Index- an alphabetical list of names, places, and subjects
treated in a printed work, giving the page or pages on which
each item is mentioned
Glossary- a list of often difficult or specialized words with their
definitions often placed at the back of a book
Thesaurus- a book of synonyms, often including related and
contrasting words and antonyms
Table of contents- a list of the parts of a book or document
organized in the order in which the parts appear
Periodicals: magazine published on a regular basis
Footnotes/endnotes: citation at the end of the page
Card Catalog: cards containing information on where to find
books and information in a library
Newspaper: published on a daily basis, contains current events,
opinions and advertisements.
www: world wide web
E-mail: mail sent electronically over the internet
Database: a large collection of information usually in a computer
Plagiarize: using another author’s work as your own
Paraphrase-re-word or put into your own words
Summarize- give a brief synopsis of a passage
Legend- key to understanding a map
Sentences
Fragment: does not express a complete thought. It may be missing a
subject, a predicate, or both.
Run-on: two or more sentences incorrectly written as one sentence.
Simple: contains a main clause (can stand by itself)
Example: Nat boarded the ship.
Compound: two simple sentences, or two main clauses, combined by a
conjunction
Example: Nat boarded the ship, and the crowd waved.
Complex: has one main clause and one or more subordinate clause
(cannot stand alone)
Example: The captain spoke to Nat, who had boarded the ship.
Compound Complex: two main clauses and a subordinate clause
Example: Stacy is smart and she is going to college because she applies
herself.
The Writing Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Prewriting: collect ideas, brainstorm
Drafting: start writing
sentences/paragraphs
Revising: putt the draft into final form
Editing/Proofreading: correct errors in
grammar, publish the writing
Publishing/Presenting: type and
present writing
Sentences
Clauses and Complex Sentences
Clause: group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a
sentence or part of a sentence
2 Types of Clauses
1. Main clause (independent clause): can stand alone
Example: Mason watched television.
2. Subordinate clause (dependent clause): cannot stand alone
Example: while doing his homework.
Adjective Clause: modifies a noun or pronoun (tells which one, how
many, and what kind)
Example: The boys that won the contest are now in Hollywood.
Adverb Clause: modifies the verb in the main clause of the sentence
(tells when, where, how, why, or under what conditions)
Example: Before you can go, you have to clean up your room.