Invertebrates III and
Vertebrates
Phylum: Echinodermata

Deuterostomes
– radial and
indeterminate
cleavage
– Enterocoelous
– anus from
blastopore
Phylum: Echinodermata
Secondary Radial
Symmetry
 Water vascular
system

– Ambulacral groove
– Madreporite

All marine
Water Vascular System
Madreporite
 Stone Canal
 Ring Canal
 Radial Canal
 Lateral Canal
 Ampulla
 Tube Feet

Classification
 Class:
Asteroidea (Seastars)
 Class: Opiuroidea (Brittlestars)
 Class: Echinoidea (Sea Urchins,
Sand Dollars)
 Class: Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)
 Class: Holothuroidea (Sea
Cucumbers)
Class: Asteroidea
Five arms radiating
from a central disc
 Open ambulacral
groove
 Madreporite on the
aboral side
 Contain
pedicellariae or
papulae

Class: Ophiuroidea
Five thin arms
radiating from a
central disc
 Closed ambulacral
grooves
 Madreporite on the
oral side
 No suckers on tube
feet, pedicellariae
or papulae

Class: Echinoidea
No arms but have
five rows of tube
feets
 Contain spines
 Closed ambulacral
grooves
 Madreporite on the
aboral side
 Contain pedicellariae
or papulae
 Aristotle’s lantern

Class: Crinoidea
Attached to
substrate with
many branched
arms
 Open ambulacral
grooves
 No Madreporite
 No pedicellariae or
papulae

Class: Holothuroidea
Soft bodied
 Ambulacral areas
with tube feet
 Internal
Madreporite
 No pedicellariae
or papulae

Phylum: Chordata
 Deuterostomes
– radial and indeterminate cleavage
– Enterocoelous
– anus from blastopore
 Bilateral
Symmetry
 Both invertebrates and vertebrates
– Contain four anatomical features
Phylum: Chordata
Notochord
 Dorsal,
Hollow
Nerve Cord
 Pharyngeal
Slits
 Muscular,
Postanal
Tail

SubPhylum: Urochordata
Tunicates
 Sessile
 Only contains Pharynx with slits as an
adult

SubPhylum: Cephalochordata
Lancelates
 Contains all
four chordate
characters as
an adult
 Closest
relative to
vertebrates
(Amphioxus)
 Paedogenesis

SubPhylum: Vertebrata
Backbones
 Contains all
four
chordate
characters
as an adult
with
modification
 Neural Crest

– bones and
cartilage of
the skull
Vertebrate Adaptations

Living Endoskeleton
– better for larger animals

Pharynx and Efficient
Respiration
– increased metabolic rate

Advanced Nervous
System
– developed system for
distance reception

Paired Limbs
– increased movement
Chordate
Evolution
Vertebrae
 Jaws and two
sets of paired
appendages
 Teeth
 Lungs
 Legs
 Amniotic Egg
 Hair, feathers

Key Fish Characteristics
 Vertebral
Column
 Jaws and paired appendages
 Gills
 Single Circuit blood circulation
Superclass: Agnatha
Without Jaws and
Most without paired
appendages
 Class: Myxini Hagfishes
(scavengers)
 Class:
Cephalaspidomorphi
- Lampreys
(parasitic)

Superclass: Gnathostomata
With jaws
 Evolved from skeletal supports of the
pharyngeal slits

Fossil Gnathostomata

Placoderms
– Plate-skinned

Acanthodians
– Probably led to
bony fish
Class: Chondrichthyes
Class:
Chondrichthyes
 Placoid
Scales
(teeth-like)
 Several rows of
teeth
– (Not embedded in
the jaw)
Class:
Chondrichthyes
 Spiral
valve within
intestine
 Large fatty liver
 Senses
– Ampullae of Lorenzini
– Lateral Line
Class:
Chondrichthyes
 Cartilaginous
skeleton
(not primitive)
– Subclass:
Elasmobranchi
 Sharks,
Skates, Rays
– Subclass: Holostei
 Ratfish
Subclass: Elasmobranchi

Order: Selachidae
– Sharks
– Cartilagenous
skeleton
– Streamlined body
– 5-7 gill slits
Subclass: Elasmobranchi

Order: Batiformes
– Skates, Rays
– Cartilagenous
skeleton
– flattened body
– 5-6 gill slits on the
underside of the
body
Subclass: Holocephali
– Cartilagenous
skeleton
– Lack dermal scales
– Venomous spine
– single gill opening
with hard covering
Osteichthyes - Bony Fish
(Bony Skeleton)
 Class:Sarcopterygii
– Lobe-finned Fish
– Lungfish
 Class:
Actinopterygii
– Ray-finned Fish
Osteichthyes
Embedded
dermal
(ctenoid) scales
 Operculum
 Swim Bladder
 Lateral Line

Osteichthyes

Fins
–
–
–
–
–
Dorsal
Pectoral
Pelvic
Caudal
Anal
Class:Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned Fish
Subclass: Coelacanthiomorpha
 Coelocanth
– Fleshy pectoral
and anal fins
which are
supported by
bones.
Class:Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned Fish
Subclass: Dipnoi
 Lungfish
– Fleshy fins
– True lungs
Class Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Holostei
– (Primitive fish)
– Order: Lepisoteriformes Bowfins
– Order: Amiiformes - Gars
 Bowfins
 Gar

They are found in
brackish conditions.
They can use their
swim bladders to
obtain extra oxygen.
Class Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei

In this infraclass, all of the fish are
considered to be the ray-finned fish.
They have a movable maxilla and
premaxilla and modified muscles
that allow them to have a
protrusable mouth.
Class Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
Superorder:
Osteoglossomorpha
 Superorder:
Elopomorpha
 Superorder:
Clupeomorpha
 Superorder:
Ostariphysi

Superorder:
Protacanthopterygii
 Superorder:
Stenopterygii
 Superorder:
Scopelomorpha
 Superorder:
Acanthopterygii

Superorder:
Osteoglossomorpha
Bony Tongued Fish
The Bony tongue
is used to bite
against.
They are also
found in brackish
conditions. They
can use their
swim bladders to
obtain extra
oxygen.
They are snakelike
with long bodies.
Unlike land snakes,
eels are usually scale
less, although a few
species can be found
with tiny scales along
their bodies. Over
100 vertebrae form
the eel's spine, which
makes the animal
very flexible.
Superorder:
Elopomorpha
Eels
Superorder: Clupeomorpha
Clupeiformes
This is the order of rayfinned fish that includes
the herring family and
the anchovy family.
Clupeiformes are
physostomes, which
means that the gas
bladder has a pneumatic
duct connecting it to the
gut. They typically lack a
lateral line.
Superorder: Ostariphysii
These fish release an
alarm substance and
their first few
vertebrates are used
to pass sound from
the swim bladder to
the inner ear for
acute hearing. They
also have a gas
bladder.
Superorder:
Protacanthopterygii
These are fish that
lack specialization.
They are important
game fish like
Salmon and Trout
Superorder: Stenopterygii
Dragonfish are deep water fish. Many deep
sea fish are biouminescent
Superorder: Scopelomorpha

Lantern fish are deep water fish. Many
deep sea fish are bioluminescent. They
have large eyes and adipose fins.
Superorder:
Acanthopterygii
Ray-finned Fish – they make up of a
very diverse group of fish which usually
have a Pelvic fin spine present.
Evolution of the Tetrapods
Evolution of the Tetrapods
Deep Sea Fish
Deep sea fish are
among the most
elusive and unusual
looking creatures on
Earth.