• Achieving goals:
– Learning how cells work, writing an essay
• Working with others: Social
– Interacting with teachers and peers
• Managing feelings: Emotional
– Anxious before a text, sad after a bad grade

Most Comprehensive List of 21st Century Skills (C. Fadel and Collaborators)
Grace Motivation Self-esteem Ability to quickly acquire and apply new knowledge
Abnegation
Abstract problem solving
Acceptance
Accountability
Adaptability
Altruism
Applying technology
Appreciation
Appreciating beauty in the world
Appreciating others
Appreciating what I have
Assertiveness
Authenticity
Balance
Belonging
Benevolence
Bravery
Camaraderie
Care
Charisma
Charity
Cheerfulness
Citizenship
Civic-mindedness
Commitment
Curiosity
Dealing with ambiguity
Decency
Decisiveness
Decorum
Delegation
Dependability
Determination
Devotion
Diligence
Discipline
Diversity
Efficiency
Effort
Empathy
Energy
Engagement
Enthusiasm
Equanimity
Equity
Ethics
Excitement of creating something new
Executing plans, follow through
Existentiality
Exploration
Fairness
Gratitude
Grit
Growth
Happiness
Helpfulness
Heroism
Honesty
Honor
Humaneness
Humbleness / humility
Humor
Inclusiveness
Initiative
Innovation
Inquisitiveness
Insight
Inspiration
Integrity
Interconnectedness
Interdependency
Justice
Kindness
Negotiation
Observation
Oneness
Open-mindedness
Optimism
Organization
Passion
Patience
Perseverance
Persistence
Playfulness
Precision
Presence
Problem solving
Productivity
Professionalism
Project management
Prudence
Public speaking
Receptivity
Reliability
Resilience
Self-kindness
Self-reflection
Self-respect
Selflessness
Sensibility
Sharing
Social awareness
Social intelligence
Social perspective
Socialization
Speaking out, taking a stand
Spirituality
Spontaneity
Sportsmanship
Spunk
Stability
Tackling tough problems
Teamwork
Tenacity
Timeliness
Tinkering / inventing
Tolerance
Toughness
Tranquility
Trustworthiness
Common humanity
Compassion
Confidence
Conscientiousness
Consciousness
Consideration
Consistency
Cooperation
Courage
Critical thinking
Cross-cultural awareness
Feedback
Feeling awe
Flexibility
Focus
Followership
Following
Forgiveness
Fortitude
Generosity
Genuineness
Goal orientation
Leadership
Leading by example
Resourcefulness
Respect for others
Learning from mistakes and failures
Responsibility
Listening to others Results orientation
Living in harmony with nature Reverence
Living in harmony with others Risk taking
Load management Self-actualization
Love
Loyalty
Mental flexibility
Self-awareness
Self-care
Self-compassion
Mentorship
Mercy
Mindfulness
Modesty
Self-control at school
Self-control in relationships
Self-direction
Self-discipline
Truthfulness
Verve
Vigor
Virtue
Vision
Willingness to try new ideas
Wonder
Work ethic
Zeal
Zest

• Five Flowers Model (John & DeFruyt, 2015)
• Five broad domains of socio-emotional skills
• Not just 5 skills: Hierarchical model
• More specific skills in each flower
• Thousands more specific skills

• Two critical school transitions
– Into school and middle childhood: Learning the “good student” identity: A, C, and ES up
– Through adolescence: Learning the skills to form an adult identity and launch into adult world
• General “typical” developmental trends
– Versus individual trajectories

6
5
4
early gain, then slow down catching up average trajectory
5 6
Age (years)
7

Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
0.55
0.45
0.35
0.25
Agreeableness
0.15
Conscientiousness
0.05
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Age
Note: Points are observed means. Trends are quadratic regression curves (Soto, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2011).

• Most research cross-sectional
– Different kids at different ages (hard to compare)
• But we need longer-term longitudinal research
– Study same kids over time: map individual trajectories
• Much of the research conducted in
– USA, Northern Europe
– Now Brazil!
• We’ve learned much about “subjective” measures of socio-emotional skills
• But we have more work to do