Name: ____________________________________________ Period: ____

Students are presented with the structural and functional aspects of cells through an analysis of a generalized cell. Each cellular component is detailed in terms of structure and function.
Important transport mechanisms, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are considered. Attention is also given to the events involved in protein synthesis, and the mechanism and importance of somatic cell division. The chapter concludes with a discussion of aging and cells, and a list of medical terminology and conditions.
1.
Name and describe the three main parts of a cell.
2.
Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.
3.
Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane.
4.
Describe the structure and functions of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles.
5.
Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
6.
Outline the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis.
7.
Discuss the states, events, and significance of cell division.
8.
Describe the cellular changes that occur with aging.
1.
Read Chapter 3; pages 48-72.
2.
Complete this packet as you read and listen to classroom lectures or discussions.
3.
Numbered items in squares; WELLNESS Questions, all Figures questions and
Checkpoint Questions are homework.
4.
Answer both of the ‘Critical Thinking Applications’ on page 18 of this packet, provide your answers on a separate sheet of paper and attach it to this packet.
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Chapter 3: Cells
Focus on Wellness…DID YOU KNOW? (Pages 48 and 70)
1.
What are phytochemicals?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.
What are some dietary changes you could make that would increase your intake of helpful phytochemicals?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
I.
A Generalized View of the Cell
OBJ: Name and describe the three main parts of a cell.
1.
_____________________________
2.
_____________________________
3.
_____________________________
CHECKPOINT:
1.
What are the general functions of the three main parts of a cell?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
II.
The Plasma Membrane
OBJ: Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.
1.
Explain the functions of the plasma membrane.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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3.
Name and describe the two types of glycoproteins found in the plasma membrane.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4.
Selective permeability:
Lipid bilayer is permeable to: a.
_____________________ b.
_____________________
Examples: __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Lipid bilayer is not permeable to:
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
Examples: __________________
__________________
Channels are formed by _______________________________________
Transporters change shape as they __________________________________________________
5.
Recognition: a.
Receptors recognize and bind to specific molecules
Examples: ________________________ b.
Enzymes __________________________________________________________ c.
Cell identity markers
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
III. Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
OBJ: Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane.
1.
Fluids- ________% of the average body a. Intracellular fluid- __________- ____________________
b. Extracellular fluid- _________
(1) _______________________- __________________________________________________
(2) _______________________- __________________________________________________
(3) _______________________- __________________________________________________
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2.
Concentration a. ____________________________________________________________________________ b. Concentration Gradient- _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
Practice:
A.
Passive Processes
1.
Diffusion: The Principle a. _____________________________________________________________________ b. Diffusion defined:
- ___________________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________________
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3.4 & 3.5, page 52:
1.
How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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2.
Osmosis a. _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________ b. Practice:
Start of experiment: Semi-permeable tube (to water) contains 20% sucrose
immersed in 100% water. Arrows moving in show start of osmosis.
1.
What substance is moving into the tube? _______________________________
2.
Is it moving ‘up the concentration gradient’ or ‘down the concentration gradient’? __________________________________
At equilibrium:
1.
Which solution has increased in volume, the sucrose in the tube or the water in the beaker? ___________________________________________
2.
What is moving up the tube? _______________________________________
At start of experiment At equilibrium
Figure 3.7, page 53:
1.
Will the fluid level in the tube continue to rise until concentrations are the same in the beaker and in the tube?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. Osmotic pressure: _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(1) Isotonic solution: ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
(2) Hypotonic solution: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Condition of bursting red blood cells known as: ___________________________
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(3) Hypertonic solution: ________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Condition of shrinkage of red blood cells known as: _______________________
Crenation Normal Hemolysis
CELL TONICITY  NOT IN YOUR TEXTBOOK
1.
What is cell tonicity? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.
What cause tonicity to occur? _____________________________________________________
3.
What are the three types of tonicity? Briefly explain what happens during each type.
(1) _________________________:
____________________________________________________________________________
(2) _________________________:
____________________________________________________________________________
(3) _________________________:
____________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3.8, page 54:
Look over and study Figure 3.8 on page 54, then answer the following question:
1.
Will a 2 percent solution of NaCl cause hemolysis or crenation in red blood cells (RBCs)? Justify your answer by explaining how you derived it.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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B.
Active Processes
1.
Active Transport a. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________
- Comes from splitting of ________________________________________________
- Changes shape of ____________________________, called a _________________
- Transports ions: ______________________________________________________
- ________ of a cell’s ATP expended on active transport
What drug can be lethal to ATP production? ______________________
Figure 3.9, page 55:
Look at Figure 3.9 on page 55 and read over the section on Active Transport on page 55 in your textbook.
1.
Explain how the sodium- potassium pump works.
______________________________________________________________________________
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2.
What is the role of ATP in the operation of the sodium-potassium pump?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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2.
Transport in Vesicles a. ___________________: small sacs formed by budding off of membranes b. Functions:
(1) ___________________________________________________________________
(2) ___________________________________________________________________ c. Two main types of vesicular transport: __________________ and ________________
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ENDOCYTOSIS
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Two types of endocytosis:
1. Phagocytosis: _____________________________________________
(1) Attachment: _______________________________________________________
(2) Phagosome formation: _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
(3) Phagosome-lysosome fusion: _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
(4) Digestion: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
What types of cells does this only occur in? ____________________________________
2. Bulk-phase Endocytosis: ____________________________________
(1) ___________________________________, forms pinocytotic vesicle that pulls in
_____________________________________________________________ to be
surrounded
(2) Vesicles __________________ of plasma membrane enter __________________
(3) Vesicles fuse with ___________________, and then _________________degrade
engulfed solutes
(4) Degraded solutes, like ____________________ and ___________________ leave
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Lysosome to be used elsewhere in the cell
EXOCYTOSIS
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Do all cells carry out exocytosis? ________________
Exocytosis is most important in these two types of cells:
(1) _________________________
Release digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, and other secretions
(2) _________________________
Releases neurotransmitters
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CHECKPOINT:
1.
What is the key difference between passive and active transport?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
IV. Cytoplasm
OBJ: Describe the structure and Functions of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles.
1.
Cytoplasm defined: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
A.
Cytosol
1. Cytosol defined: ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is cytosol composed of? ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What do the chemical reactions that occur in the cytosol help the cell with? _____________
____________________________________________________________________________
CYTOSKELETON a. Extends throughout cytosol b. Network of three different types of protein filaments:
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
– ______________________________ c. Microfilament functions:
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
d. Microvilli functions:
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
e. Intermediate filaments functions:
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
f. Microtubules functions:
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________
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B.
Organelles
Label the lettered organelles on the diagram pictured below :
A.
______________________________________
B.
______________________________________
C.
______________________________________
D.
______________________________________
E.
______________________________________
F.
______________________________________
G.
______________________________________
H.
______________________________________
I.
______________________________________
J.
______________________________________
K.
______________________________________
L.
______________________________________
M.
______________________________________
N.
______________________________________
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Describe briefly the function of each organelle listed below:
1. Centrosome:
2. Cilia:
3. Flagella:
4. Ribosomes:
5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:
6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:
7. Golgi Complex:
8. Lysosomes:
9. Peroxisomes:
10. Proteasomes:
11. Mitochondria:
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CHECKPOINT:
1.
What does cytoplasm have that cytosol does not?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.
What is an organelle?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
V. Nucleus
OBJ: Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus.
Label the lettered organelles on the diagram pictured below :
A.
______________________________________
B.
______________________________________
C.
______________________________________
D.
______________________________________
E.
______________________________________
F.
______________________________________
Describe briefly the function of nucleus below:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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CHECKPOINT:
1.
Why is the nucleus so important in the life of a cell?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
VI. Gene Action: Protein Synthesis
OBJ: Outline the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis.
1. What do the proteins made during protein synthesis determine for cells and organisms?
2.
Where in the cell and on what is the code for making proteins stored?
3.
Define protein synthesis.
A. Transcription
1. Where does this process take place in the cell?
2. What enzyme catalyzes this process?
3. Compare the three types of RNA (you may need to do some research) in the chart below:
B. Translation
1. What happens during translation?
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2. Label and color (first fill in the color key on the lower right side) the chart below:
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VII. Somatic Cell Division
OBJ: Discuss the stages, events, and significance of somatic cell division.
1. Why are body cells replaced? ______________________________________________________
A. Interphase
1. What is the first step? ________________________________________
2. What else occurs during interphase?
___________________________________________________________________________
B. Mitotic Phase
1. What becomes visible during this phase? _________________________
1. Nuclear Division: Mitosis
a. Four stages:
(1) _____________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
(2) _____________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
(3) _____________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
(4) _____________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________________
2. Cytoplasmic Division: Cytokinesis
a. Division of the _______________________________
b. Begins with formation of a _______________________ in plasma membrane that pinches
inward
VIII. Cellular Diversity
OBJ: Describe how cells differ in size and shape.
• Average humans has about 100 trillion cells of varying sizes
– Cell size is measured in micrometers (µm)
• 1 micrometer = 1 one-millionth of a meter
• Largest cell in human body is an oocyte with a diameter of 140 µm
– Average hair strands is ~100 µm in diameter
• Cells can be round, oval, flat, cube-shaped, column-shaped, elongated, star-shaped, cylindrical, or disc-shaped
– Shape is related to function
** An oocyte is a female germ cell or gamete.
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Figure 3.22, page 69:
1.
How is the shape of the cells in Figure 3.22 related to their functions?
Sperm cell:
Nerve cell:
Smooth muscle cell:
Red blood cell:
IX. Aging and Cells
OBJ: Describe the cellular changes that occur with aging
As we age our cells ability to divide is diminished.
DNA sequences that code for cell division break down.
Free radical control becomes limited.
Autoimmune responses slow down.
Critical thinking applications:
1.
Jethro loves his French fries super-sized with extra salt. He dropped Anatomy & Physiology last semester but remembers something about a pump. “Hey, I’m a big guy. I need the extra salt to power my sodium pump.” How well does Jethro remember his Anatomy & Physiology?
2.
Your friend Sam works a highly stressful job as a neurosurgeon. His diet during long, extended shifts consists mainly of chocolate and Sweet Ice Tea. He has been sick a lot and feels that his job is prematurely aging him. Your response to Sam is that he should examine his diet. Why do you respond this way?
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