Republic
(a form of govt where power
resides in the people and the
govt is ruled by elected leaders
run according to law (Latin: res
publica)
First-Fifth Republic
First Republic
 Malolos
Republic
 -Malolos Congress in Barasoain Church
 President Emilio Aguinaldo
 He held office at the Malolos Cathedral
 Produced the Malolos Constitution, the
blueprint of the 1935 Philippine
Constitution, later the 1973 Philippine
Constitution and the 1987 Constitution
Second Republic
 -during
Japanese Occupation
 -most turbulent
 -President Jose P. Laurel in the Philippines
 -Commonwealth Government in the USA
(Transition Government):
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President Manuel Quezon
VP Sergio Osmena
Third Republic (1946)
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I. President Manuel Roxas
Problems:
1. Issues on Japanese collaboration
2. Hukbalahap rebellion
3. no money for reconstruction
4. unemployment
5. inflation and devaluation (inflated
circulation of money while its value is
devaluated)
Third Republic
 II.
President Elpidio Quirino (defeated
President Jose P. Laurel)
 Problems:
 1. Huklabahap
 2. Philippine dependency on US economy
because of various treaties
 3. Conflicts between Nacionalista and
Liberal Parties
Third Republic
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III. President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
-former manager of Try-Tan Bus Company; travels
from province to province
-always wore barong Tagalog
Achievements:
1. agrarian reform
2. opened the Palace to the public
3. Japan agreed to pay US$ 550 B for war
damages
4. Luis Taruc surrendered with the help of Benigno
Aquino Jr.
Third Republic
 IV.
President Carlos P. Garcia;
 VP Diosdado Macapagal
 -known for First Filipino Policy
 -worked for the revision of the Military
Bases Agreement that resulted to:
 Ramos-Bohlen Treaty that shortened the
years of US Military bases from 99 to 25
years.
Third Republic
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V. President Diosdado Macapagal (19611965)
Achievements:
1.
Signed the Agricultural Code
2.
Created MAPHILINDO to negotiate Sabah
3.
Changed July 4 Independence Day to June
12
4.
Succeeded in strengthening the peso
Third Republic
VI. President Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986)
 -”This nation will be great again.”
-1. declared Martial Law
2. weakened peso against the dollar due to
multiple loans
3. strengthened nepotism (assigning of relatives
to govt positions)
4. Ratified 1973 Phil. Constitution changing the
system from presidential to parliamentary form
of govt
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Fourth Republic
 President
Ferdinand Marcos (!981-1986)
 1981- opposition boycotted the elections
(Marcos vs. Retired Gen. Alejo Santos);
Marcos won allegedly
 Ninoy was assassinated in 1983
 1986 Snap election as mandated by
Marcos’ signed bill
 -EDSA Revolution
Fifth Republic
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President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
Programs:
1. 1987 Constitutional Convention
ammending the Constititution
2. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
3. privitization of govt owned companies
4. Value added tax
5. Creation of Commission on Human Rights
Fifth Republic
 President
Fidel Ramos (1992-1998)
 Defeated Miriam Santiago by 800,000
votes
 Programs:
 1. Medium-Term Development Plan
 2. deregulated trade (liberalization of
foreign trade policy)
 3. established the Overseas Workers
Welfare Administration (OWWA)
Fifth Republic
President Joseph Estrada
1. Angat Pinoy Program (Erap Para sa Mahirap
 -aimed to develop rural areas, agricultural reform,
housing for the homeless, health services and
advancement of trading liberalization policies
 2. Signed the Visiting Forces Agreement approving
the Phils. to be a place of military exercises (in
return the Phils. Is promised to receive US military
aid for the modernization of the AFP and the PNP
 -Impeachment Trial and EDSA II
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Fifth Republic
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President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
-first won in huge advantage as VP
-broke her promise; ran for reelection and
won in a minimal advantage against
Fernando Poe, Jr.
-ordered for the arrest of former President
Estrada for plunder and perjury; resulted to
EDSA III; uprising was pacified; Erap was put to
jail
-”Hello, Garci” intructing Mindanao Comelec
Chair Virgilio Garcillano to let her win
Fifth Republic
President Benigno Simeon Aquino III (2010present)
-“Matuwid na daan”
His vision:
1.
Battle corruption and put into trial corrupt
officials (SC Justice Corona was impeached)
2.
work for the unemployed
3. Devt in education
4. To end arm struggle in Mindanao
5. Sustainable development
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