IF 308
Manajemen Proyek Perangkat Lunak
Introduction to
Software Project Management
Elisati Hulu
Sem Genap 2010/2011
Mekanisme Tender
 Customer/client/pemberi pekerjaan menyusun
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TOR/KAK/RFP
Pengumuman lelang / tender proyek, di koran
Nasional (iklan kolom)
Pendaftaran calon peserta tender (mengecek
persyaratan administrasi, misalnya bidang
pekerjaan yang tercantum di SIUPP calon)
Pemasukan proposal tender oleh peserta
Penilaian dan seleksi proposal pemenang.
Pengumuman pemenang.
Penerbitan SPK (Surat Perintah Kerja)/SP3
Pelaksanaan Proyek
Mekanisme Pelaksanaan Proyek
 Pemenang menyerahkan laporan
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pendahuluan (isi utama: paket-paket
pekerjaan, organisasi pelaksana proyek,
penugasan personil, penjadwalan).
Pelaksanaan paket-paket pekerjaan.
Penyerahan laporan-laporan sesuai jadwal.
Presentasi2 dan demo2.
Evaluasi hasil kerja oleh Client dan
pembayaran.
Terminologi (1)
 Project
 [Dictionary] : a piece of planned work or an activity
which is completed over a period of time and intended
to achieve a particular aim  a specific plan
 [IT Project Management: Kathy Schwalbe]: sebuah
usaha keras yang diambil untuk menciptakan suatu
produk, layanan atau hasil yang unik
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unique purpose
temporary
require resources, often from various areas
should have a primary sponsor and/or customer
involve uncertainty
Attributes of projects
 A project:
 Has a unique purpose
 Is temporary
 Is developed using progressive elaboration
 Requires resources, often from various areas
 Should have a primary customer or sponsor
 The project sponsor usually provides the
direction and funding for the project
 Involves uncertainty
Terminologi (2)
 Karakteristik yang membedakan proyek
 Non-routine task are involved
 Planning is required
 Specific objectives are to be met or a specific
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product is to be created
The project has a pre-determined time span
Work is carried out for someone other than
yourself
Work involves several specialisms
Work is carried out in several phases
The resources that are available for use on the
project are constrained
The project is large or complex
Project and Program Managers
 Project managers work with project
sponsors, a project team, and other
people involved in a project to meet
project goals
 Program: group of related projects
managed in a coordinated way to obtain
benefits and control not available from
managing them individually
 Program managers oversee programs and
often act as bosses for project managers
Software Projects vs others types of
project
 Invisibility: progress is not immediately visible
 Complexity: software products contain more
complexity than other engineered artefacts
 Conformity: software developers have to
conform to the requirements of human clients.
It it not just that individuals can be
inconsistent, “organizational stupidity”
 Flexibility: high degree of change
Example of IT Projects
 A help desk or technical worker replaces ten laptops for
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a small department
A small software development team adds a new feature
to an internal software application for the finance
department
A college campus upgrades its technology
infrastructure to provide wireless Internet access
across the whole campus
A cross-functional task force in a company decides
what Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (VoIP) system to
purchase and how it will be implemented
A company develops a new system to increase sales
force productivity
The automobile industry develops a Web site to
streamline procurement
A government group develops a system to track child
immunizations
Top Ten Technology Projects in 2006
 VoIP
 Supply chain
 Outsourcing
 Data networking
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 Customer
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relationship
management
 Collaboration
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management
Desktop upgrades
Application
performance
management
Business analytics
Compliance
tracking
Terminologi (3)
 Project Management
 [Deborah,..] is a planning, organizing, controlling
and directing of company resources (i.e., money,
materials, time and people) for a relatively shortterm objective. It is established to accomplish a
set of specific goals and objectives by utilizing a
fluid, system approach to management, by having
functional personnel or specialist assigned to a
specific project
What is Project Management?
 Project management is “the application
of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques
to project activities to meet project
requirements” (PMBOK® Guide, Third
Edition, 2004, p. 8)
 Project managers strive to meet the triple
constraint by balancing project scope,
time, and cost goals
Apa itu MP?
 Fungsi tradisional MP: planning, organizing,
directing, controlling, staffing.
 Fungsi MK sekarang: ….. (lihat gambar
berikut)
Fungsi MP (sekarang)
 Organizing: WBS, struktur organisasi, rela-
resp-auth, kualitas individu, alokasi sumber
daya.
 Planning: situasi, hasil yang diinginkan,
kegiatan-kegiatan, perumusan strategi,
checkpoints dan standard.
 Controlling: pengukuran, evaluasi,
penyesuasian, dokumentasi, umpan-balik.
 Directing: staf yang berkualitas,
berkomitmen tinggi, delegasi, komunikasi,
koordinasi kegiatan yang sedang berjalan.
Nine Project Management Knowledge Areas
 Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
 Four core knowledge areas lead to specific
project objectives (scope, time, cost, and
quality)
 Four facilitating knowledge areas are the
means through which the project objectives
are achieved (human resources,
communication, risk, and procurement
management
 One knowledge area (project integration
management) affects and is affected by all of
the other knowledge areas
 All knowledge areas are important!
Project Management Framework
Project Management Knowledge Area
 Project scope management involves defining
and managing all the work required to complete
the project succesfully
 Project time management includes estimating
how long it will take to complete the work,
developing an acceptable project schedule, and
ensuring timely completion of project
 Project cost management consist of preparing
and managing the budget for the project
 Project quality management ensures that the
project will satisfy the stated or implied need for
which it was undertaken
Cont’d
 Project human resources management is concerned
with making effective use of the people involved
with the project
 Project communications management involves
generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing
project information
 Project risk management includes identifying,
analyzing and responding to risk related to the
project
 Project procument management involves acquiring
or procuring goods and services for a project from
outside the performing organization
Project Stakeholders
 Stakeholders are the people involved in
or affected by project activities
 Stakeholders include:
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The project sponsor
The project manager
The project team
Support staff
Customers
Users
Suppliers
Opponents to the project
Mengapa MP?
 Inti: meningkatkan keuntungan dan bertahan
di tengah persaingan bisnis (bagi
perusahaan/organisasi).
 Proyek: efisien, tepat waktu, pemilihan
personil kompeten (tepat).
Project management provides adv
 Better control of financial, physical and
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human resources
Improved customer relations
Shorter development times
Lower costs
Higher quality and increased reliability
Higher profit margins
Improved productivity
Better internal coordination
Higher worker morale
Misi MP:
The Triple Constraint of Project Management
Successful project
management means
meeting all three goals
(scope, time, and cost)
– and satisfying the
project’s sponsor!
Mengapa MP gagal
:
(1)
 Lack of project focal point.
 Pilihan organisasi buruk.
 Proyek di “tangan” manajer saja.
 “Keikutsertaan” anggota tim kurang.
 Perencanaan buruk
 Otoritas manajer proyek tidak memadai.
 Manajer proyek tidak kompeten.
Mengapa MP gagal
:
(2)
 Tim tidak disiapkan untuk bekerja dalam tim.
 Komunikasi buruk.
 Tim tidak dapat “berbaur” dengan baik (tim tidak
kompak).
 Misi proyek tidak didefinisikan dengan jelas.
 Tujuan (objectives) tidak disepakati tim dan hasil akhir
tidak jelas.
 Ketidakmampuan untuk mengestimasi tanggal
pencapaian target.
Mengapa MP gagal
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(3)
 Tidak ada “milestone” yang jelas,
kendali/kontrol lemah.
 Perencanaan instalasi dan terminasi proyek
buruk.
 Dokumentasi teknis dan pengguna buruk.
Project success factors
 Executive support
 User involvement
 Experienced project manager
 Clear bussiness objectives
 Minimized scope
 Standard software infrastructure
 Firm basic requirements
 Formal methodologu
 Reliable estimates
 Ohter criteria, such as small milestones, proper
planning, competent staff, and ownership
Tugas 1
 Cari contoh proyek IT related
 Deskripsi proyek itu
 Struktur Organisasi + job desc
Tugas Minggu Depan
 Mengumpulkan contoh project (IT/Software
Related) dan struktur organisasi (including job
description dari personil)