Employee Motivation,
Workforce Trends, and
Labor Relations
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 1
Motivating Employees
Engagement
Morale
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 2
What Is Motivation?
Needs
Actions
Outcomes
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 3
Workforce Motivation
Monetary Rewards
Fair Treatment
Satisfying Work
Work-Life Balance
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 4
Theories of Motivation
• Frederick W. Taylor
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
• Theory X, Theory Y, and Theory Z
• Equity Theory
• Expectancy Theory
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 5
Frederick W. Taylor
Monetary
Rewards
Scientific
Management
Personal
Productivity
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 6
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
SelfActualization
Five Need
Categories
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 7
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Motivation
Highly
Satisfied
Area of
Satisfaction
Neither Satisfied
Nor Dissatisfied
•Achievement
•Recognition
•Responsibility
•Work itself
•Personal growth
Motivators Influence
Satisfaction Level
Hygiene Factors
Area of
Dissatisfaction
Highly
Dissatisfied
© Prentice Hall, 2007
•Working conditions
•Pay and security
•Company policies
•Supervisors
•Interpersonal relationships
Excellence in Business, 3e
Hygiene Factors
Influence Satisfaction
Chapter 10 - 8
McGregor’s Assumptions
Theory X Employees
Theory Y Employees
Dislike work
Enjoy work
Motivated by threats
Committed to goals
Avoid responsibilities
Accept responsibilities
Value security
Have mental potential
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 9
Ouchi’s Theory Z
Long-Term
Employment
Slow Evaluation
and Promotion
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Consensus-Based
Decision Making
Informal Control
with Formal
Measurements
Individual
Responsibility
Moderate Degree
of Career
Specialization
Excellence in Business, 3e
Holistic Concern
for the Individual
Chapter 10 - 10
Equity Theory
Employee’s
Perception
Ratio
Comparison*
Outcomes A
<
Inputs A
Outcomes A
Inputs A
*Where
Inequity (Under-Rewarded)
Inputs B
=
Inputs A
Outcomes A
Outcomes B
Outcomes B
Equity
Inputs B
>
Outcomes B
Inequity (Over-Rewarded)
Inputs B
A is the employee, and B is a relevant other or referent.
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 11
Expectancy Theory
Quality of
effort put forth
depends on. . .
Individual
Effort
© Prentice Hall, 2007
…expectations
of
…and expectations
of
…attractiveness of
rewards relative to
Individual
Performance
Organizational
Rewards
Individual
Goals
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 12
Workplace Motivation
Strategies
Setting
Goals
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Reinforcing
Behavior
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 13
Management by Objectives
1
Setting Goals
2
Planning Action
3
Implementing Plans
4
Reviewing Performance
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 14
Reinforcement Theory
Behavior Modification
Negative
Reinforcement
Avoid Unpleasant
Consequences
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Positive
Obtain Pleasant
Consequences
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 15
Keeping Pace
With Today’s Work Force
Staffing Challenges
Demographic Challenges
Alternative Work Arrangements
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 16
Staffing Challenges
Workforce Alignment
Employee Loyalty
Employee Workloads
Work-Life Balance
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 17
Aligning the Workforce
and the Organization
External Forces
Internal Forces
Employees
Changing Markets
Strategy Shifts
Personal Goals
Competition
Information Systems
Better Jobs
Advances in Technology
Production Systems
Temporary Retirement
Government Regulations
Product Sales
Permanent Retirement
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 18
Fostering Employee Loyalty
Manage Effectively
and Ethically
Give Employees
a Stake
Take Care
of Employees
Work With
Employees
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 19
Monitoring
Employee Workloads
Quality
Of Work
Employee Burnout
Quantity
Of Work
Long
Work Hours
“Ghost Work”
Communication
Technology
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 20
Work-Life Balance
Job Enrichment
Job Redesign
Reduces
Specialization
Restructures
Work
Expands
Responsibilities
Coordinates
Skills and Jobs
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 21
Demographic Challenges
Workforce Diversity
Understanding
Embracing
Maximizing
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 22
Workforce Diversity Issues
Immigration
Gender
Age
Race
Religion
Globalization
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 23
Diversity Initiatives
Policies
Procedures
Training
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 24
Alternative Work
Arrangements
Flextime
Telecommuting
Job Sharing
Flexible Career Paths
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 25
Working With Labor Unions
Wages and Benefits
Working Conditions
Job Security
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 26
How Unions Are Structured
Labor Federation
National Unions
United Steelworkers
of America
International Unions
United Auto
Workers
Union of Needletrades,
Industrial, Textile Employees
Local Unions
Rank and
File
Shop
Steward
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Business
Agent
Local Unions
Rank and
File
Rank and
File
Excellence in Business, 3e
Shop
Steward
Business
Agent
Rank and
File
Chapter 10 - 27
How Unions Organize
Petition NLRB
for election
Select target group
Step 1
Campaign for
authorization
cards
Determine interest
in unionization
Certification
election
Election
Distribute
authorization cards
Request union as
bargaining agent
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Step 2
Union
certified as
bargaining
agent
Conduct pre-election
campaign
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 28
Collective Bargaining Process
1
2
Preparing
to Meet
3
Reaching an
Agreement
Meeting
4
5
Voting and
Ratification
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 29
Resolving an Impasse
Mediation
Arbitration
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Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 30
When Negotiations
Break Down
Labor
Management
Strike
Strikebreakers
Boycott
Lockouts
Publicity
Injunctions
© Prentice Hall, 2007
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 31
Union Membership Today
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
© Prentice Hall, 2007
1950s
2000s
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 32
The Labor
Movement Today
Health-Care
Costs
© Prentice Hall, 2007
International
Competition
Excellence in Business, 3e
Chapter 10 - 33