Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism
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Siddhartha Gautama was born to a noble
family
Prophecy indicated he would become a
spiritual leader if he ever left home
He left home 4 times when he was 29,
encountering different men
◦ An old man
◦ A sick man
◦ A corpse
◦ A wandering holy man who seemed at
peace with himself
As a result, he decided to spend his life
searching for religious truth & an end to
life’s suffering
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Originated in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized:
◦ Theravada ("The School of the Elders")
◦ Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle“)
Karma
◦ specifically refers to those actions (of body, speech, and mind) that
spring from mental intent and which bring about a consequence
Rebirth
◦ a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as
one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from
conception to death
Buddhism rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an
unchanging, eternal soul (as in Christianity & Hinduism)
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Devotion:
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Meditation & Yoga:
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Monastic life:
◦ practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and
chanting
◦ transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and
other phenomena
◦ a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental
activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the
practice of mindful awareness during the process of
meditation
◦ Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns.
◦ The precise content differs slightly according to different
schools, and different schools or sub-schools set different
standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya
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Persons achieve
complete peace and
happiness (nirvana) by
eliminating their
attachment to worldly
things
Nirvana is reached by
following the Noble
Eightfold Path
First
Second
Life is filled with suffering and sorrow
The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish
desire for the temporary pleasures of the
world
Third
The way to end all suffering is to end all
desires
Fourth
The way to overcome such desires and attain
enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold path,
which is called the Middle Way between
desires and self-denial
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Who founded Buddhism?
◦ The Buddha (“the enlightened one”) – Siddhartha Gautama
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Name of Deity?
◦ The Buddha did not teach a personal deity
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Name of Holy Book?
◦ No one book, but a collection of sacred texts, including
Dhammapada
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Where is Buddhism found in the world?
◦ Founded in Northeastern India
◦ Practiced in India, China, Japan, Korea, most of Southeast Asia today
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How many people practice Buddhism?
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Who are the leaders of Buddhism?
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Accepts the ideas of:
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Sangha: Buddhist religious order; at first was a community of
Buddhist monks and nuns
◦ Approximately 362 million up to 500 million
◦ Buddhist monks and nuns
◦ Reincarnation
◦ Cyclical or repetitive view of history, where the world is created and
destroyed over and over again
◦ Today refers to the entire religious community
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Dharma: Buddhist doctrine or teachings
“Three Jewels of Buddhism”: the religious community, Buddha,
and dharma
Nirvana: The release from selfishness & pain
The Wheel: represents the teachings of
Buddha; its motion is a metaphor for rapid
spiritual change; the spokes symbolize the
Noble Eightfold Path
The Lotus: progress of the soul, from
primeval mud of materialism through the
waters of experience, and into the bright
sunshine of enlightenment
Buddha Eyes: a.k.a. Wisdom
Eyes, look in four directions
to symbolize the omniscience
(all-seeing) of a Buddha
Endless Knot: symbolizes Buddha’s endless wisdom
and compassion; the intertwined lines represent how
all phenomena are joined together as a closed cycle of
cause and effect
“Peace comes from within.
Do not seek it without.”
~ Buddha
Do not overrate what you have received, nor
envy others. He who envies others does not
obtain peace of mind.
~ Buddha
Hatred does not cease by hatred,
but only by love; this is the eternal
rule.
~ Buddha
We are shaped by our thoughts; we
become what we think. When the
mind is pure, joy follows like a
shadow that never leaves.
~ Buddha
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However, not everyone in the Roman Empire welcomed
Jesus and his message. In particular, Roman and Jewish
leaders alike were concerned about the growing
popularity of Jesus.
Roman leaders felt Jesus was defiant of Roman law, while
Jewish leaders found His teachings to be blasphemous
(false).
Roman and Jewish leaders wanted Jesus arrested for the
charges mentioned above. One of Jesus’ disciples, Judas
Iscariot, identified Jesus for the authorities, and in return
was given 30 pieces of silver.
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Jesus was taken before the Roman governor, Pontus
Pilate, who under pressure from a rioting Jewish mob,
sentenced Jesus to death by crucifixion. This was the
most common form of capital punishment in the Roman
Empire.
On the third day after His death, His tomb was found
empty.
Christians believe Jesus descended into heaven on this
day.
He was later seen by His disciples and many other
believers, whom He commanded to teach and baptize
others.
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Christianity teaches that Jesus is the Son of God, God having
become human and the saviour of humanity
Jesus suffered, died, was buried, and was resurrected from
the dead to open heaven to those who believe in him and
trust him for the remission of their sins (salvation).
They further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into
heaven where he rules and reigns with God the Father.
Most denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge all
humans, living and dead, and grant eternal life to his
followers. He is considered the model of a virtuous life, and
both the revealer and physical incarnation of God.
Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel
("good news") and hence refer to the earliest written
accounts of his ministry as gospels.
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The Trinity is an essential doctrine of mainstream
Christianity.
◦ "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" represents both the immanence and
transcendence of God.
◦ God is believed to be infinite and God's presence may be
perceived through the actions of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit.
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Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of canonical books
in two parts (the Old Testament and the New Testament), as
the authoritative word of God
Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine
judgment and are rewarded either with eternal life (heaven) or
eternal damnation (hell).
Christianity
Fast Facts
is the largest religion in the world, with about
2 billion followers.
Christians
believe that they reach salvation by following the
teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christianity
is a monotheistic religion, which
means Christians believe in one God.
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Bible is the most sacred book of the Christian religion.
It is divided into two major parts: the Old Testament, which
focuses on Jewish history, and the New Testament, which
describes the teachings of Jesus.
Christianity
Fast Facts
spread from the Middle East and Europe
through missionary work and colonization.
In
order to follow Jesus' command to serve others,
Christians established hospitals, churches, schools,
charities, orphanages, homeless shelters, and universities
in the areas in which they spread Christianity
Sunday
is considered a holy day and a day of worship in
Christianity. It is believed to represent the 7th day from the
book of Genesis in which God rested after creating all of
the Earth.
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Roman Catholic:
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Protestant:
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Eastern Orthodox:
◦ Leader is Pope, he is the highest authority in matters of faith, morality and Church
governance
◦ Largest group in Christianity
◦ Based in Vatican City
◦ Defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the
sacraments and exercising charity
◦ Founded in the 16th century by Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Calvin
during the period of Protestant Reformation
◦ Technically the 2nd largest group, but Protestants are broken into many
denominations
◦ Believe that salvation comes only through faith in Jesus and commitment to him
rather than good works
◦ Found predominately in Eastern Europe
◦ 2nd largest group in Christianity
◦ The goal of Orthodox Christians from baptism is to continually draw themselves
nearer to God throughout their lives. This process is called theosis, or deification,
and is a spiritual pilgrimage in which each person strives to both become more holy
and more "Christ Like" within Jesus Christ.
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Baptism
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Confirmation
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Eucharist
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Reconciliation
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◦ Baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient's head, while
reciting the baptismal formula: “I baptize you in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy
Spirit”
◦ Baptism is also practice in other sects of Christianity
◦ Process in which followers receive the Holy Spirit and become adult members of the Catholic
Church
◦ Said to strengthen baptism
◦ Partaking of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and allow followers to participate in his one
sacrifice
◦ Commonly known as Communion
◦ Communion is practice in other sects of Christianity as well
◦ (1) Contrition (the Penitent's sincere remorse for wrongdoing or sin, repentance, without which
the rite has no effect); (2) Confession to a Priest with the faculty to hear confessions (Canon
966.1) – while it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another, only a Priest has the power to
administer the sacrament; (3) Absolution by the Priest; and, (4) Satisfaction or Penance.
Anointing of the Sick
Holy Orders
Marriage
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Easter:
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Good Friday:
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Christmas:
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Palm Sunday:
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Lent:
◦ Easter is a spring festival that celebrates the resurrection of Christ. It is
the oldest Christian holiday and the most important day of the church
year.
◦ Friday before Easter
◦ Observance of the crucifixion of Jesus on the cross
◦ The celebration of the birth of Jesus
◦ Gifts are usually exchanged in symbolism of the gifts the Three Wise Men
brought to Jesus when he was born
◦ Palm Sunday is the sixth Sunday of Lent and the last Sunday before Easter.
It commemorates the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.
◦ The term stems from the fact that when Jesus rode a donkey into
Jerusalem, a large crowd of people in the city spread out palm branches
on the ground before him as a sign of his kingship
◦ Lent is a 40-day period of fasting and repentance in preparation for Easter
◦ Christians usually abstain from one pleasure during this period
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The fish is an early symbol of Christianity. There are many
theories about the origin of the symbol, but some
Christians believe that it derives from the fact that Jesus
called his disciples, or followers, “fishers of men.”
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The cross is the earliest and most widely used Christian
symbol. It represents the crucifixion of Christ.
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Bread & Wine
◦ Many Christian worship services include communion, in which
bread and wine are consumed in remembrance of Jesus’ death.
Communion celebrates the last meal Jesus took with his disciples, as
illustrated in the Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci.
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Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was born in the
town of Mecca in 570 A.D.
As a young man, while mediating in a cave outside
of Mecca, Muhammad hear the word of God spoken
through the angel Gabriel.
Gabriel told him to preach the existence of one
God and destroy all idols
Muhammad then began to reveal Gabriel’s message
to his family and then others
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While in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers
suffered torment and their lives were
threatened
Eventually, they to the hijrah, or journey,
from Mecca to Medina.
While in Medina, Muhammad gained many
followers. This was a turning point for
Muhammad.
In the year 622, Muhammad and his followers
returned to Mecca and began to teach the
belief in one God—Allah.
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Sunni:
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Shi’ite:
◦ Mainstream body of Muslims
◦ Means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet,
Muhammad
◦ Sunnis believe that Muhammad did not specifically appoint a
successor to lead the Muslim ummah (community) before his death
Minority division
Account for 10-20%
Thought to be more radical than the Sunnis
Believe that that Muhammad’s family, the Ahl al-Bayt (the "People of
the House"), including his descendants known as Imams, have special
spiritual and political rule over the community
◦ Though a minority in the Muslim world—constitute the majority of the
populations in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, and Iraq, as well as a plurality
in Lebanon and Yemen.
◦ There are various Shi‘ite theological beliefs, schools of jurisprudence,
philosophical beliefs, and spiritual movements within this sect.
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Allah: Arabic word for God, the one and only
God. Allah is same God worshiped by Jews and
Christians
Islam: means submission to God
Muhammad: the prophet of God; his role in
conveying the role of God was similar to Moses
and Jesus
Mecca: town where Mohammad was born and
raised; a holy city for Muslims
Muslim: a believer in Islam, literally means “one
who submits to God”
Qur’an: holy scripture of Islam, revealed to
Muhammad by God
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Hajj: pilgrimage (especially to Mecca), one of the five pillars of
Islam
Mosque: place of worship
Jihad:
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Ramadan:
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◦ means struggle or fight
◦ sometimes translated as “holy war”
◦ used in reference to wars fought by Muslims against those thought to
be enemies of Islam
◦ Takes place in the 9th month of the Islamic year and last for 1 month
◦ Muslims are required to fast from dawn until sunset during the month
of Ramadan
◦ Fasting during this period is called Sawm (another one of the five
pillars of Islam)
◦ During this month, the Qur’an (holy text) was sent down from Heaven
as guidance for men and also as direction and means for salvation
All Muslims are required to perform the five pillars
if they are able physically and mentally
1. Iman or Shahada:
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The profession of faith; this is recited several times a
day during daily prayers
“There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his
prophet.”
Salah:
2.
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Daily prayers
Said five times each day (once in the morning, three
times during the day, and once at night)
Said facing the holy city of Mecca which is located in
Saudi Arabia
Zakah:
3.
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Giving alms to the needy
Considered a religious obligation
Seen as an expression of devotion to
Allah
Qur’an strongly encourages charity
3. Hajj:
Sawm:
4.
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Fasting
Usually done during the 9th month of
the Islamic calendar during Ramadan
For the entire month, Muslims must
fast from daybreak to sunset by
refraining from eating, drinking, and
all sexual activities
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o
Pilgrimage to
Mecca
Muslims that are
physically,
financially, and
mentally able
should perform
the Hajj at least
once in their
lifetime
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Muslims believe that Muhammad was the last and
greatest prophet.
Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in the
world with over 1 billion followers.
Islam is a way of life that governs all facets—moral,
spiritual, social, political, economical, intellectual,
etc.
A muezzin is the chosen person at a mosque who
leads the call to prayer at Friday services as well as
the five daily times for prayer
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The Dome of the Rock is located in Jerusalem and
is believed by Muslims to be the place where
Muhammad descended into heaven.
The Ka’aba is located in present day Saudi Arabia
and is an important Islamic Shrine. According to
Islamic belief, it was build by Abraham and
Ishmael, from whom Muslims trace their heritage.
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The crescent, star, and the color green are
symbols often associated with Islam.
You will find these symbols on the flags of
many Muslim nations
◦ Star: represents knowledge and light
◦ Crescent: represents progress
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No particular founder
Roots begin with the Indus River Valley Civilization over
5000 years ago
Aryans enter 4000 - 3500 years ago
◦ Vedas: sacred literature of the Aryans; four collections of prayers,
magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals
Between 750 & 550 B.C.: Hindu teachers tried to interpret & explain
hidden meaning of Vedic hymns
◦ Vedic Tradition adopted 3500 – 2500 years ago
◦ Various rituals, many gods (polytheism), sacred texts (Vedas),
social stratification (caste system)
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Upanishads (metaphysical philosophy) develops 2800 –
2400 years ago
◦ Comments about the Vedas that explore how a person can achieve liberation
from desires and suffering
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Vedic Tradition along with the Upanishads develop into
Hinduism
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Hinduism embraces a great diversity of beliefs, a fact that can be
initially confusing to westerners accustomed to creeds,
confessions, and carefully-worded belief statements. One can
believe a wide variety of things about God, the universe and the
path to liberation and still be considered a Hindu.
Despite the diversity within the religion, all Hindus generally
believe in the authority of the Vedas (the oldest Indian sacred
texts) and the Brahmans (highest priests); the existence of an
enduring soul that transmigrates from one body to another at
death (reincarnation); and the law of karma that determines one's
destiny both in this life and the next.
The ultimate goal of all Hindus is release (moksha) from the cycle
of rebirth (samsara) and reunited with the diving, becoming as
one with Brahman.
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Polytheistic: Hindus believe in a divine spirit called
Brahman.
◦ Brahman is the Supreme Being and each other god or goddess
worshiped represents an aspect of Brahman.
◦ Brahman takes on many manifestations or in other words the gods
and goddesses of Hinduism amount to thousands or even millions,
all representing the many aspects of Brahman
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Belief in the Laws of Cause and Effect
Hinduism includes a wide spectrum of laws and
prescriptions of "daily morality" based on the notion of
karma, dharma, and societal norms.
◦ Karma – spiritual impurity due to actions keeps us bound to this
world (good and bad)
◦ Dharma - fulfilling one's purpose
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Hinduism grants a great degree of freedom of belief and in
worship
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Reincarnation:
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Persons achieve happiness and enlightenment after they
free themselves from their earthly desires
Freedom from earthly desires comes from a lifetime of
worship knowledge, and virtuous acts
Hindus see religion as a way of liberating the soul from the
illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of everyday
existence
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◦ The soul never dies, but is continually reborn
◦ Moksha: state of perfect understanding of all things
◦ Atman: individual soul of a living being
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Depending on one’s beliefs determines what one could eat
and how to eat it, personal cleanliness, the people one
could associate with, and how one dresses
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Ganesha:
◦ became the Lord (Isha) of all existing
beings (Gana) after winning a contest
from his brother
◦ God of knowledge and the remover of
obstacles
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Shiva:
◦ god of the yogis
◦ the destroyer of the world or
transformer of the divine
◦ known as the "giver"
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Krishna:
◦ The embodiment of love and divine joy, that destroys all
pain and sin.
◦ He is the protector of sacred utterances and cows.
◦ Instigator of all forms of knowledge and born to establish
the religion of love.
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Brahma:
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Vishnu:
◦ the creator
◦ Brahma grew in a lotus out of the navel of the
sleeping Vishnu
◦ The daily alternation of light and dark is
attributed to the activity of Brahma
◦ God of maintance
◦ the preserver and protector of creation
◦ the embodiment of mercy and goodness, the
self-existent, all-pervading power that
preserves the universe and maintains the
cosmic order Dharma
◦ 10 different incarnations of Vishnu are believed
to exist
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Vedas:
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Caste System:
◦ A collection of ancient sacred texts
◦ "The caste system splits up society into a multitude of little
communities, for every caste, and almost every local unit of a
caste, has its own peculiar customs and internal regulations.”
◦ It was once believed that a person could move up, but sometime
around 500 B.C. the system became very rigid with very little
mobility. Today, discrimination based on caste is illegal, but still
occurs especially in rural areas.
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Brahmins (the priests and academics)
Kshatriyas (rulers, military)
Vaishyas (farmers, landlords, and merchants)
Sudras (peasants, servants, and workers in non-polluting jobs)
Ahiṃsā:
◦ non-violence and respect for all life because divinity is believed to
permeate all beings, including plants and non-human animals
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Hinduism is not a religion in the same sense as
Christianity is; it is more like an all encompassing
way of life -- much as Native American spirituality
is.
Hinduism is generally regarded as the world's
oldest organized religion.
There are over 900 million Hindus world wide with
over 80% of India’s population claiming to be
Hindu
"Hinduism" includes numerous traditions, which
are closely related and share common themes but
do not constitute a unified set of beliefs or
practices.
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Scholars describe modern Hinduism as the product of
religious development in India that spans nearly four
thousand years, making it the oldest surviving world
religion.
It has been said that Hindus have a holiday for every day of
the year, but even that may be an understatement! Exactly
how many Hindu festivals are celebrated is not known, but
one scholar of Hinduism has listed more than a thousand
different Hindu festivals.
Hindus don't worship cows. They respect, honor and adore
the cow. By honoring this gentle animal, who gives more
than she takes, they believe that they honor all creatures.
Hindus teach vegetarianism as a way to live with a minimum
of hurt to other beings. But in today's world not all Hindus
are vegetarians.
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In Hinduism, the lotus (Sanskrit: padma)
primarily represents beauty and nonattachment. The lotus is rooted in the mud but
floats on the water without becoming wet or
muddy. This symbolizes how one should live in
the world in order to gain release from rebirth:
without attachment to one's surroundings.
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One of the most recognizable items in Hinduism is the
bindi, a dot worn on women's foreheads. It is a form of
the tilak, a symbolic mark worn by many Hindu men
and women.
Traditionally, the bindi is worn on the forehead of
married Hindu women. It symbolizes female energy
and is believed to protect women and their husbands.
Bindis are traditionally a simple mark made with the
paste of colored sandalwood, sindoor or turmeric. The
bindi is most commonly a red dot made with vermilion.
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Judaism traces its history back to the creation
of mankind, but the explicitly Jewish historical
origins begin with Abraham and the Hebrews
Most of what we know about the early history
of the Hebrews is contained in the first five
books of the Hebrew Bible, called the Torah.
These are considered the most sacred writings
in Jewish history.
In the Torah, God chose Abraham to be the
“father” of the Hebrew people. God and
Abraham made a covenant – Abraham
promised to obey God, and in return, God
promised to protect Abraham and his
descendants.
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Under God's command, Abraham migrated to the
region of Canaan, which is roughly equivalent to
modern Israel and Lebanon. The Hebrews
migrated to Egypt because of drought and famine.
For a time, the Hebrews lived in servitude in
Egypt.
Between 1300 and 1200 B.C., the Hebrews left
Egypt, and were led by a man named Moses.
Moses climbed to the top of Mt. Sinai, and God
spoke to him. It was during this time that Moses
was given the Ten Commandments. These
commandments and the other teachings that
Moses delivered to his people became the basis
for the civil and religious laws of Judaism.
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The practice of Judaism has been devoted to the study of Torah
and observance of these laws and commandments
Belief in one indivisible God. The concepts of multiple gods
(polytheism) or of a God taking multiple forms (for example
Trinity) are heretical in Judaism
God is conceived of as eternal, the creator of the universe, and
the source of morality. God has the power to intervene in the
world.
The world was created by God in six days, on the seventh day he
rested.
Jews believe in the omnipotent, omniscient God of the Bible
Jews believe in a personal relationship with God and praying only
to God
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Prophecy of Moses is held to be true and he is the greatest prophet of all
Judaism's focus is more on how God defines man than on trying to
define God. There is therefore a focus on what people are expected to be
or do far more than on spelling out theological beliefs.
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Humans are born morally pure and either choose evil or good in their
path of life.
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God will reward those who observe His commandments and punish
those who intentionally transgress them
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God chose the Jewish people to be in a unique covenant with God (this
belief carries into Christianity)
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There will be a Jewish Messiah (Mashiach ),a king who will rule the Jewish
people independently and according to Jewish law
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Hashanah is a one- or two-day festival that marks the beginning of
the new year in the Jewish calendar.
Passover, or Pesach, lasts for seven or eight days and recalls the
departure of the Jews from Egypt, where they had been enslaved.
Hanukah is a Jewish holiday which usually falls in November or
December. Hanukah commemorates the rededication of the
Second Temple in Jerusalem. Often called the Festival of Lights, the
holiday is celebrated with the lighting of the menorah, traditional
foods, games and gifts.
Yom Kippur: Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is the holiest
day of the Jewish calendar, a day marked by fasting and prayer.
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Judaism is the religion of more than 14 million people
throughout the world.
A synagogue is a Jewish house of worship. It is usually built
so that the congregation faces toward Jerusalem during
worship.
A rabbi, or “teacher,” leads prayers and reads passages of the
Hebrew Bible, or Torah, during the service.
Dietary laws have established what is kosher, or acceptable,
for Jews to eat. Kosher laws forbid the eating of animals
considered unclean. These animals include pigs and
shellfish.
Jerusalem is the holy city
Leader: Rabbi
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Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah are Jewish coming of age
rituals.
◦ According to Jewish law, when Jewish children reach 13 years of
age, they become responsible for their actions, and "become a
Bar or Bat Mitzvah
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Torah:
◦ First five books of the bible or the “Books of Moses”
◦ Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy
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Tankah:
◦ The Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Five Books of Moses),
Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings")—hence TaNaKh
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Talmud:
◦ Central text of mainstream Judaism.
◦ It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining
to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history.
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Menorah
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Yarmulke (Yamaka)
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Star of David
◦ One of the oldest symbols of the Jewish faith is the
menorah, a seven-branched candelabrum used in the
Temple
◦ It has been said that the menorah is a symbol of the nation
of Israel and our mission to be "a light unto the nations."
◦ The most commonly known and recognized piece of Jewish
garb is actually the one with the least religious significance
◦ It is an ancient practice for Jews to cover their heads during
prayer
◦ symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today, but
it is actually a relatively new Jewish symbol
◦ represents the shape of King David's shield
◦ some note that the top triangle strives upward, toward God,
while the lower triangle strives downward, toward the real
world. Some note that the intertwining makes the triangles
inseparable, like the Jewish people. Some say that the three
sides represent the three types of Jews: Kohanim, Levites
and Israel.
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Front: Title, Picture, Name
Inside & Back:
◦ Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and
Buddhism will be covered
◦ Use each panel to cover one of the five major
religions
◦ Include for each:
 Major beliefs, practices, key words, holy days, and
important facts to know
 At least one picture for each religion