ARMY
LEADERSHIP
‘Competent, Confident, & Agile”
FM 6-22 (22-100)
COL(R) Alexander
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Contents
PART 1: The Basis of Leadership.
CHAPTER 1: Leadership Defined.
CHAPTER 2: The Foundations of Army Leadership.
CHAPTER 3: Leadership Roles, Leadership Levels, & Leadership Teams.
PART 2:
So, why does the U.S. Army
have such a thick book on
Leadership?!
The Army Leader: Person of Character, Presence,
& Intellect.
CHAPTER 4: Leader Character.
CHAPTER 5: Leader Presence.
CHAPTER 6: Leader Intelligence.
PART 3: Competency-Based Leadership for Direct Through Strategic Levels.
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
7: Leading.
8: Developing.
9: Achieving.
10: Influences on Leadership.
PART 4: Leading at Organizational & Strategic Levels.
CHAPTER 11: Organizational Leadership.
CHAPTER 12: Strategic Leadership.
Appendix A: Leader Attributes & Core Leader Competencies.
Appendix B: Counseling.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
How do YOU make
yourself a better LEADER?
Where you “born” a LEADER?
Can you learn to become a better LEADER?
Should you study LEADERSHIP?
Where does LEADERSHIP start?
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
How do YOU make
yourself a better LEADER?
Since you are not “born” a leader…
You should “study” leadership:
 Learn from books (study/read).
 Learn from watching/studying others.
 Learn from experience & feedback.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
LEADERSHIP DEFINED:
Leadership is influencing
people by providing
purpose, direction, &
motivation, while operating
to accomplish the mission &
improving the organization.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
“Old” FM 22-100
“BE”
• Values
• Attributes
“KNOW”
• Skills
“DO”
• Actions
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
The Leader MUST…
SKILLS
ACTIONS
The LEADER
“BE”
VALUES
“KNOW”
ATTRIBUTES
“DO”
Interpersonal
Skills
Influencing
LOYALTY
Mental
Conceptual
Skills
Operating
DUTY
Physical
Technical
Skills
Improving
RESPECT
Emotional
Tactical
Skills
SELFLESS SERVICE
HONOR
INTEGRITY
How do YOU make
yourself a better LEADER?
PERSONAL COURAGE
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 1
Leadership Defined
A
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George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
INFLUENCING (Leader ACTIONS)
Influencing is getting people to do what is necessary. Influencing entails more than
simply passing along orders. Personal examples are as important as spoken words.
Leaders set that example, good or bad, with every action taken & word spoken, on or
off duty. Through words & personal example, leaders communicate purpose, direction,
and motivation:
PURPOSE AND VISION:
•
•
Purpose gives subordinates the reason to act in order to achieve a desired outcome.
Vision is another way that leaders can provide purpose.
DIRECTION:
• Providing clear direction involves communicating how to accomplish a mission:
prioritizing tasks, assigning responsibility for completion, & ensuring subordinates
understand the standard.
• Providing clear direction allows followers the freedom to modify plans & orders to adapt
to changing circumstances
MOTIVATION:
• Motivation supplies the will to do what is necessary to accomplish a mission.
• A leader’s role in motivation is to understand the needs & desires of others, to align &
elevate individual drives into team goals, & to influence others & accomplish those larger
George aims.
Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
OPERATING (Leader ACTIONS)
• Operating encompasses the actions taken to influence others to accomplish
missions and to set the stage for future operations.
• One example is the motor sergeant who ensures that vehicles roll out on
time and that they are combat ready.
• The sergeant does it through planning and preparing (laying out the work
and making necessary arrangements), executing (doing the job), and
assessing (learning how to work smarter next time).
• The motor sergeant leads by personal example to achieve mission
accomplishment.
• All leaders execute these types of actions which become more complex as
they assume positions of increasing responsibility.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
IMPROVING (Leader ACTIONS)
• Improving for the future means capturing & acting on important lessons of
ongoing and completed projects and missions (After Action Review – AAR).
• An AAR is a professional discussion of an event, focused on performance
standards.
• It allows participants to discover for themselves what happened, why it
happened, how to sustain strengths, and how to improve on weaknesses.
• Developmental counseling is crucial for helping subordinates improve
performance and prepare for future responsibilities and should address
strong areas as well as weak ones.
• Stressing a team effort & insisting on focused and continued learning.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 2
The Foundations or
History of Army Leadership
THE FOUNDING DOCUMENTS OF OUR
NATION:
The Army & its leadership requirements are
based on the Nation’s democratic foundations,
defined values, & standards of excellence that are
solidly established in the
Declaration of Independence & the
Constitution.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Oath of Enlistment
I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and
defend the Constitution of the United States against all
enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith
and allegiance to the same; and that I will obey the orders
of the President of the United States and the orders of the
officers appointed over me, according to regulations and
the Uniform Code of Military Justice. So help me God.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Oath of Office for an Officer
I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and
defend the Constitution of the United States against all
enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith
and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation
freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of
evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the
duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help
me God.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
The Army Leadership
Requirements Model
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Core Competencies (x8)
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 3
Leadership Roles, Levels, & Teams
Army leaders of character lead by personal
example & consistently act as good role models
through a dedicated lifelong effort to learn &
develop. They achieve excellence for their
organizations when followers are disciplined to
do their duty, committed to the Army Values, &
feel empowered to accomplish any mission, while
simultaneously improving their organizations
with focus towards the future.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Officer & NCO Relationships
• Share the same goal - to accomplish the unit’s
mission.
• Responsibilities overlap & must be shared.
• Officers must give NCOs the guidance,
resources, assistance, & supervision necessary
to do their duties.
• NCOs are responsible for assisting & advising
officers.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Officer & NCO Relationships
• Communications:
– One chain of command in the Army.
– NCO support channel parallels and reinforces it.
• Officer Responsibility:
– Commands, establishes policy & manages the Army.
– Focuses on collective training leading to mission
accomplishment.
– Is primarily involved with units & unit operations.
– Concentrates on unit effectiveness & readiness.
– Concentrates on the standards of performance, training &
professional development of officers & NCOs.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Officer & NCO Relationships
• NCO Responsibilities:
– Conduct the daily business of the Army within
established policy.
– Focuses on individual training that leads to mission
capability.
– Is primarily involved with individual soldiers & team
leading.
– Ensures subordinate NCOs and soldiers, with their
personal equipment, are prepared to operate as
effective unit members.
– Concentrates on the standards of performance,
training & professional development of subordinate
NCOs & Soldiers.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
LEVELS of LEADERSHIP
• STRATEGIC
• ORGANIZATIONAL
• DIRECT
NCOs like to make a decision right away and move on to the next thing…so the higher
up the flagpole you go, the more you have to learn a very different style of leadership.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
Command Sergeant Major Douglas E. Murray
United States Army Reserve
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
DIRECT Leadership
• Direct leadership is face-to-face, first-line leadership:
• It takes place in those organizations where subordinates are used to
seeing their leaders all the time
• Teams & squads, sections & platoons, companies, batteries, & troops—
even squadrons & battalions.
• The direct leader’s span of influence, those whose lives he can reach out &
touch, may range from a handful to several hundred people.
• Direct leaders develop their subordinates one-on-one:
• However, they also influence their organization through their subordinates.
• They are seen regularly.
• Still, during daily operations, the commander guides the organization
primarily through his subordinate officers and NCOs.
• Direct leaders are close enough to see—very quickly—how things
work, how things don’t work, & how to address any problems.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
ORGANIZATIONAL Leadership
• Organizational leaders have staffs to help them lead their people &
manage their organizations’ resources. They establish policies & the
organizational climate that support their subordinate leaders.
• Organizational leaders influence several hundred to several thousand
people. They do this indirectly, generally through more levels of
subordinates than do direct leaders.
• They find themselves influencing people more through policymaking &
systems integration than through face-to-face contact.
• Organizational leadership skills differ from direct leadership skills in
degree, but not in kind. That is, the skill domains are the same, but
organizational leaders must deal with more complexity, more people, greater
uncertainty, & a greater number of unintended consequences.
• Organizational leaders include military leaders at the brigade thru corps
levels:
• They focus on planning & mission accomplishment over the next 2-10
years.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
STRATEGIC Leadership
• Strategic leaders include military & DA civilian leaders at the major command thru
DoD levels.
• Strategic leaders are responsible for large organizations & influence several thousand
to hundreds of thousands of people. They establish force structure, allocate resources,
communicate strategic vision, & prepare their commands & the Army as a whole for their
future roles.
• Strategic leaders work in an uncertain environment (volatile, uncertain, complex, &
ambiguous (VUCA)) on highly complex problems that affect & are affected by events &
organizations outside the Army.
• Their actions may even have an impact on global politics.
• Strategic leaders’ decisions affect more people, commit more resources, and have
wider-ranging consequences in both space & time than do decisions of organizational
and direct leaders.
• Strategic leaders often do not see their ideas come to fruition during their "watch";
their initiatives may take years to plan, prepare, & execute.
• Strategic leaders have very few opportunities to visit the lowest-level organizations of
their commands; thus, their sense of when & where to visit is crucial.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Empowering Subordinates
• Competent leaders know the best way to create a solid
organization is to empower subordinates.
• Give them a task, delegate the necessary authority, & let them do the
work.
• However, empowering the team does not mean omitting checks &
making corrections when necessary.
• When mistakes happen, leaders ensure subordinates sort out what
happened & why (A quality AAR will help them learn from their mistakes
in a positive manner).
• Because subordinates learn best by doing, leaders
should be willing to take calculated risks & accept the
possibility that less experienced subordinates will make
mistakes.
• If subordinate leaders are to grow & develop trust, it is best to let them learn
through experience; good leaders allow space so subordinates can experiment
within the bounds of intent-based orders and plans.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Empowering Subordinates
• On the opposite end of the spectrum, weak leaders who
have not trained their subordinates sometimes insist,
“They can’t do it without me.” Leaders, used to being the
center of the attention, often feel indispensable, their battle
cry being, “I can’t take a day off. I have to be here all the
time. I must watch my subordinates’ every move, or who
knows what will happen?”
• The fact is that no Army leader is irreplaceable. The Army will not stop
functioning just because one leader, no matter how senior or central,
steps aside.
• In combat, the loss of a leader can be a shock to a unit, but the unit
must, and will, continue its mission.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 4
Leader Character
Army Values
Empathy
The Warrior Ethos
Character Development
Character & Beliefs
Character & Ethics
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Army VALUES
Leadership starts here!
“Old” FM 22-100
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Army VALUES…
Loyalty
Duty
Respect
Selfless Service
Honor
Integrity
Personal Courage
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
LOYALTY
Bear true faith and allegiance to the
US Constitution, the Army, your unit,
and other soldiers.
Loyalty is the big thing, the greatest battle asset of all. But no
man ever wins the loyalty of troops by preaching loyalty. It is
given to him as he proves his possession of the other virtues.
Brigadier General S. L. A. Marshall
Men Against Fire
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
DUTY
Fulfill your obligations.
The essence of duty is acting in the absence of orders or
direction from others, based on an inner sense of what is
morally and professionally right....
General John A. Wickham, Jr.
Former Army Chief of Staff
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
RESPECT
Treat people as they should be treated.
The discipline which makes the soldiers of a free country reliable in battle is not to be
gained by harsh or tyrannical treatment. On the contrary, such treatment is far more
likely to destroy than to make an army. It is possible to impart instruction and to give
commands in such manner and such a tone of voice to inspire in the soldier no feeling
but an intense desire to obey, while the opposite manner and tone of voice cannot fail to
excite strong resentment and a desire to disobey. The one mode or the other of dealing
with subordinates springs from a corresponding spirit in the breast of the commander.
He who feels the respect which is due to others cannot fail to inspire in them regard for
himself, while he who feels, and hence manifests, disrespect toward others, especially his
inferiors, cannot fail to inspire hatred against himself.
Major General John M. Schofield
Address to the United States Corps of Cadets
11 August 1879
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
SELFLESS SERVICE
Put the welfare of the nation, the
Army, and subordinates before your
own.
The nation today needs men who think in terms of
service to their country and not in terms of their
country’s debt to them.
General of the Army Omar N. Bradley
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
HONOR
Live up to all the Army values.
What is life without honor? Degradation is
worse than death.
Lieutenant General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
INTEGRITY
Do what’s right—legally and
morally.
The American people rightly look to their
military leaders not only to be skilled in the
technical aspects of the profession of arms, but
also to be men of integrity.
General J. Lawton Collins
Former Army Chief of Staff
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
PERSONAL COURAGE
Face fear, danger, or adversity
(physical or moral).
The concept of professional courage does not always mean being
as tough as nails either. It also suggests a willingness to listen to
the soldiers’ problems, to go to bat for them in a tough situation,
and it means knowing just how far they can go. It also means
being willing to tell the boss when he’s wrong.
Former Sergeant Major of the Army William Connelly
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
EMPATHY in Leadership
• Army leaders show a propensity to share experiences with the members of their
organization.
• When planning & deciding, try to envision the impact on Soldiers and other subordinates.
• The ability to see something from another person’s point of view, to identify with & enter into
another person’s feelings & emotions, enables the Army leader to better care for civilians,
Soldiers, and their families.
• Competent & empathetic leaders take care of Soldiers by giving them the
training, equipment, & all the support they need to keep them alive in combat
and accomplish the mission.
• During wartime & difficult operations, empathetic Army leaders share the hardships with
their people to gauge if their plans & decisions are realistic.
• Competent & empathetic leaders also recognize the need to provide Soldiers with reasonable
comforts and rest periods to maintain good morale and mission effectiveness
• Modern Army leaders recognize that empathy also includes nourishing a close
relationship between the Army and Army families.
• To build a strong & ready force, leaders at all levels promote self-sufficient & healthy families.
• Empathy for families includes allowing Soldiers recovery time from difficult missions,
protecting leave periods, permitting critical appointments, as well as supporting events that
allow information exchange and family teambuilding.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
The WARRIOR ETHOS
I am an American Soldier.
I am a Warrior and a member of a team. I serve the people of
the United States and live the Army Values.
I will always place the mission first.
I will never accept defeat.
I will never quit.
I will never leave a fallen comrade.
I am disciplined, physically and mentally tough, trained and
proficient in my warrior tasks and drills. I always maintain my
arms, my equipment and myself.
I am an expert and I am a professional.
I stand ready to deploy, engage, and destroy the enemies of the
United States of America in close combat.
I am a guardian of freedom and the American way of life.
I am an American Soldier.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Character & Ethics
• Adhering to the principles that the Army Values embody is essential to
upholding high ethical standards of behavior.
• Unethical behavior quickly destroys organizational morale & cohesion—it
undermines the trust & confidence essential to teamwork & mission
accomplishment.
• Consistently doing the right thing forges strong character in individuals and
expands to create a culture of trust throughout the organization.
• Ethics are concerned with how a person should behave.
• Values represent the beliefs that a person has.
• The x7 Army Values represent a set of common beliefs that leaders are
expected to uphold and reinforce by their actions.
• Ethical conduct must reflect genuine values and beliefs.
• Soldiers & Army civilians adhere to the Army Values because they want to live
ethically & profess the values because they know what is right.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Character & Ethics
In combat, ethical choices are not always easy. The right thing may not only be unpopular, but
dangerous as well. Complex and dangerous situations often reveal who is a leader of character
and who is not. Consider the actions of Warrant Officer Thompson at My Lai, Vietnam
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 5
Leader Presence
Military & Professional Bearing
Health Fitness
Physical Fitness
Confidence
Resilience
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Military & Professional Bearing
Our quality soldiers should look as good as they are.
Julius W. Gates
Sergeant Major of the Army (1987-1991)
• Pride in self starts with pride in appearance.
• Army leaders are expected to look and act like professionals.
• They must know how to wear the appropriate uniform or civilian attire
and do so with pride.
• Soldiers seen in public with their jackets unbuttoned and ties undone do
not send a message of pride and professionalism.
• Meeting prescribed height and weight standards is another integral part of
the professional role.
• “I am proud of my uniform, my unit, and my country.”
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Health & Physical Fitness
HEALTH FITNESS:
• A Soldier is similar to a complex combat system. Just as a tank requires good
maintenance and fuel at regular intervals, a Soldier needs exercise, sufficient sleep, and
adequate food and water for peak performance.
PHYSICAL FITNESS:
…I am obliged to sweat them tonight, sir, so that I can save their blood tomorrow.
Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
• Unit readiness begins with physically fit Soldiers and leaders, for combat drains
physically, mentally, and emotionally.
• Physically fit people feel more competent and confident, handle stress better, work
longer and harder, and recover faster.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Confidence & Resilience
CONFIDENCE:
• Confidence is the faith that leaders place in their abilities to act properly in any
situation, even under stress and with little information.
• Leaders who know their own capabilities & believe in themselves are confident.
• Self-confidence grows from professional competence.
RESILIENCE:
• Resilient leaders can recover quickly from setbacks, shock, injuries, adversity, and
stress while maintaining their mission and organizational focus.
• Their resilience rests on will, the inner drive that compels them to keep going,
even when exhausted, hungry, afraid, cold, and wet.
• Resilience helps leaders & their organizations to carry difficult missions to their
conclusion.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 6
Leader Intelligence
Mental Agility.
Sound Judgment.
Innovation.
Interpersonal tact.
Domain knowledge.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leader Intelligence QUOTES
MENTAL AGILITY
It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly and secretly what I should do in
circumstances unexpected by others; it is thought and meditation.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general (1789-1804) and Emperor of France (1804-1814)
SOUND JUDGMENT
Judgment comes from experience and experience comes from bad judgments.
General of the Army Omar N. Bradley
Address at the U.S. Army War College (1971)
SELF-CONTROL
…[A]n officer or noncommissioned officer who loses his temper and flies into a
tantrum has failed to obtain his first triumph in discipline.
Noncommissioned Officer’s Manual (1917)
EMOTIONAL FACTORS
…[A]nyone can get angry—that is easy…but to [get angry with] the right person, to the right extent, at
the right time, for the right reason, & in the right way is no longer something easy that anyone can do.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher and tutor to Alexander the Great
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 7
Leading
Leads Others.
Extends Influence Beyond the Chain of Command.
Leads by Example.
Communicates.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leading Others (by Example)
The American soldier…demands professional
competence in his leaders. In battle, he wants to know
that the job is going to be done right, with no unnecessary
casualties. The noncommissioned officer wearing the
chevron is supposed to be the best soldier in the platoon
and he is supposed to know how to perform all the duties
expected of him. The American soldier expects his
sergeant to be able to teach him how to do his job. And he
expects even more from his officers.
Omar N. Bradley
General of the Army (1950-1953)
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 8
Developing
Creates a Positive Environment.
Prepares Self.
Develops Others.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Setting the Conditions
SETTING THE CONDITIONS FOR POSITIVE
CLIMATE:
•
•
•
•
•
Fairness and Inclusiveness
Open and Candid Communications
Learning Environment
Assessing Climate
Dealing with Ethics and Climate
BUILDING TEAMWORK & COHESION
ENCOURAGING INITIATIVE
DEMONSTRATING CARE FOR PEOPLE
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 9
Achieving
Providing Direction, Guidance, & Priorities.
Developing & Executing Plans.
Accomplishing Missions.
Competencies Applied for Success.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
CHAPTER 10
Influences on Leadership
Challenges of the Operating Environment.
Stress in Combat.
Stress in Training.
Dealing w/ the Stress of Change.
Tools for Adaptability.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
“Old” FM 22-100
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George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leader ATTRIBUTES
Leader ATTRIBUTES
MENTAL
PHYSICAL
EMOTIONAL
Will
Health Fitness
Self-Control
Self-Discipline
Physical Fitness
Balance
Initiative
Military &
Professional Bearing
Stability
Judgment
Self-Confidence
Intelligence
Cultural Awareness
Leadership is not a natural trait,
something inherited like the color of
eyes or hair…Leadership is a skill
that can be studied, learned, and
perfected by practice.
The Noncom’s Guide, 1962
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
MENTAL Attributes
Will: The will of soldiers is three times more important than their weapons.
Colonel Dandridge M. "Mike" Malone
Small Unit Leadership: A Commonsense Approach
Self-Discipline: The core of a soldier is moral discipline. It is intertwined with the discipline of physical and
mental achievement. Total discipline overcomes adversity, and physical stamina draws on an inner strength that
says "drive on."
Former Sergeant Major of the Army
William G. Bainbridge
Initiative: The leader must be an aggressive thinker—always anticipating and analyzing. He must be able to
make good assessments and solid tactical judgments.
Brigadier General John T. Nelson, II
Judgment: I learned that good judgment comes from experience and that experience grows out of mistakes.
General of the Army Omar N. Bradley
Self-Confidence: Self-confidence is the faith that you’ll act correctly and properly in any situation, even one in
which you’re under stress and don’t have all the information you want.
Intelligence: It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly and secretly what I should do in circumstances
unexpected by others; it is thought and meditation.
Cultural Awareness: you must be aware of cultural factors.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
PHYSICAL Attributes
Health Fitness:
Disease was the chief killer in the [American Civil] war. Two soldiers died of
it for every one killed in battle…In one year, 995 of every thousand men in
the Union army contracted diarrhea and dysentery.
Geoffrey C. Ward
The Civil War
Physical Fitness:
Fatigue makes cowards of us all.
General George S. Patton, Jr.
Commanding General, Third Army, World War II
Military and Professional Bearing:
Our…soldiers should look as good as they are.
Sergeant Major of the Army Julius W. Gates
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
EMOTIONAL Attributes
Anyone can become angry—that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right
degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way—that is not easy.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher and tutor to Alexander the Great
Self-Control:
Sure I was scared, but under the circumstances, I’d have been crazy not to be scared.…There’s
nothing wrong with fear. Without fear, you can’t have acts of courage.
Sergeant Theresa Kristek
Operation Just Cause, Panama
Balance:
An officer or noncommissioned officer who loses his temper and flies into a tantrum has failed
to obtain his first triumph in discipline.
Noncommissioned Officer’s Manual, 1917
Stability:
Never let yourself be driven by impatience or anger. One always regrets having followed the
first dictates of his emotions.
Marshal de Belle-Isle
French Minister of War, 1757-1760
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
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George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leader SKILLS
The 4 categories containing skills an Army leader must KNOW (at the Individual,
Organizational, & Strategic levels):
• Interpersonal skills affect how you deal with people. They include
coaching, teaching, counseling, motivating, and empowering.
• Conceptual skills enable you to handle ideas. They require sound
judgment as well as the ability to think creatively and reason analytically,
critically, and ethically.
• Technical skills are job-related abilities. They include basic soldier skills. As
an Army leader, you must possess the expertise necessary to accomplish all
tasks and functions you’re assigned.
• Tactical skills apply to solving tactical problems, that is, problems
concerning employment of units in combat. You enhance tactical skills when you
combine them with interpersonal, conceptual, and technical skills to accomplish
a mission.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Individual Leader SKILLS
Individual/Small Group
LEADERSHIP Skills
Interpersonal
Conceptual
Technical
Tactical
Communicating
Critical
Reasoning
Knowing
Equipment
Doctrine
Supervising
Creative
Thinking
Operating
Equipment
Fieldcraft
Counseling
Ethical
Reasoning
Reflective
Thinking
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leadership STYLES &
CONSEQUENCES
Leadership
STYLES &
CONSEQUENCES
CONSEQUENCES
STYLES
Directing
Intended
Participating
Unintended
Delegating
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leadership STYLES
DIRECTING LEADERSHIP STYLE
The directing style is leader-centered. Leaders using this style
don’t solicit input from subordinates and give detailed
instructions on how, when, and where they want a task
performed. They then supervise its execution very closely.
“Micro-Management”
PARTICIPATING LEADERSHIP STYLE
The participating style centers on both the leader and the
team. Given a mission, leaders ask subordinates for input,
information, and recommendations but make the final decision
on what to do themselves. This style is especially appropriate
for leaders who have time for such consultations or who are
dealing with experienced subordinates.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leadership STYLES (cont)
DELEGATING LEADERSHIP STYLE
The delegating style involves giving subordinates the authority
to solve problems & make decisions without clearing them
through the leader. Leaders with mature & experienced
subordinates or who want to create a learning experience for
subordinates often need only to give them authority to make
decisions, the necessary resources, & a clear understanding of
the mission’s purpose. As always, the leader is ultimately
responsible for what does or does not happen, but in the
delegating leadership style, the leader holds subordinate
leaders accountable for their actions. This is the style most
often used by officers dealing with senior NCOs & by
organizational & strategic leaders.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
Leadership CONSEQUENCES
INTENDED CONSEQUENCES
Intended consequences are the anticipated results of a leader’s
decisions & actions. When a squad leader shows a team leader
a better way to lead PT, that action will have intended
consequences: the team leader will be better equipped to do the
job.
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES
Unintended consequences are the results of things a leader does
that have an unplanned impact on the organization or
accomplishment of the mission. Unintended consequences are
often more lasting & harder to anticipate than intended
consequences. There are “GOOD” & “BAD” unintended
consequences.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership
“The Leader” SUMMARY
What must you, as an Army leader,
BE, KNOW, and DO?
 You must have character, that combination of
values & attributes that underlie your ability to see
what needs to be done, decide to do it, & influence
others to follow you.
 You must be competent, that is, possess the
knowledge & skills required to do your job right.
 And you must lead, take the proper actions to
accomplish the mission based on what your
character tells you is ethically right & appropriate
for the situation.
George Rogers Clark HS JROTC
FM 6-22; Army Leadership