Do Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter clockwise? Put your right hand in the air Point palm downward Put your right finger on your ear Say “This is my favorite ear” What your brain just did… Analyzed instructions to lift right hand Triggered emotions in midbrain…”Is she nuts?” “Why are we doing this?” Sent to speech area to say the words Put words together into sentence Called on area that controls hand movements in left part of your brain Called on area that controls hand movements (your finger did not end up in your eye or nose!) Searched memory bank for words you needed What does the brain look like? • Tightly compressed macaroni • Studying uses more energy than jogging • Uses 20% of your oxygen • Is protected in multiple ways. Where does the brain sit? Central Station of Human Nervous System CNS (Central Nervous System) Floats in cerebrospinal fluid Enclosed in the cranium Most common damage: stroke, blunt head trauma Corpus Callosum Broad, thick band running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. Connections between left and right sides of brain. Highway of information – it is the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the I-84 of your brain! Upper Brain Mid Brain Lower Brain Brain Stem You have inherited 1,000,000 dollars! Congratulations! You are moving to new house you are having made and have to pack your things in boxes. 1. How will you pack your priceless glassware that Aunt Edna left you in her will to make sure they don’t break? If any of them break, the money has to be given to a distant cousin. Describe in a few sentences how you will pack the glasses? How is the brain protected? • Protected by the thick bones of the skull • Cerebral Cortex covering • Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid • Isolated from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the brain. • The delicate nature of the human brain makes it susceptible to many types of damage and disease. • Infection of the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but is very serious when it occurs. • Multiple Sclerosis-mylen, insulation for nerves, is impaired. • Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Chorea = CNS diseases What is the Upper Brain? • Cerebral Cortex: outermost layer of brain covers the cerebrum – gray matter. • Higher level thought • It is the most highly developed part of the human brain • responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. Phineas Gage: Neuroscience’s Most Famous Patient Why is the cerebral cortex so important? • Personality: makes us “human” • “Seat of the soul” • Example: when faced with severe brain injury to frontal lobe– personality sometimes changes completely • Strokes, tumors – sometimes causes this What does the mid brain do? Mid Brain Limbic System Emotions Sexual instincts Sense of smell Possible connection? What does the lower brain do? Lower Brain reaction primal aggression Cerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter) Fissure: groove along middle of brain Parietal Lobe: sensory strip Motor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing Prefrontal Lobe: :personal memories Occipital Lobe: interprets visual information Frontal Lobe::reasoning, personality, Cerebellum: balance, Reticular Activating System: Thought, complex thoughts alertness coordination Hemispheres • • • • Brain divided into two sides Fissure: groove along center Right: controls left Left: controls right Right Brain or Left Brain? 1. What is the cerebral cortex responsible for? 2. What is brain dominance theory? 3. Left Brain? 4. Right Brain? 5. What is the Newburgh Beacon Bridge of the I84 of your brain? 6. What is your lower brain and brain stem responsible for? Cerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter) Fissure: groove along middle of brain Parietal Lobe: sensory strip Motor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing Prefrontal Lobe: :personal memories Occipital Lobe: interprets visual information Frontal Lobe::reasoning, personality, Cerebellum: balance, Reticular Activating System: Thought, complex thoughts alertness coordination What is a stroke? • A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke. The more common kind, called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. The other kind, called hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain. "Mini-strokes" or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), occur when the blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted. Symptoms of stroke are • Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body) • Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech • Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes • Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination • Sudden severe headache with no known cause • If you have any of these symptoms, you must get to a hospital quickly to begin treatment. Acute stroke therapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening by quickly dissolving the blood clot or by stopping the bleeding. Post-stroke rehabilitation helps individuals overcome disabilities that result from stroke damage. Drug therapy with blood thinners is the most common treatment for stroke. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Do Now: Make a happy face Make an angry face Make a sad face Make a fearful face How do you know how to do that? Face Blindness Test Do Now: This is a G rated activity– touch the area where your corpus callosum (under the fissure) is Now touch your frontal lobe. Now your Parietal lobe Now your Temporal lobe Now your Occipital lobe Now your Cerebellum Now your Medulla Oblongata Summary There are three parts to the brain on a horizontal level • Upper Brain: higher level thinking • Mid Brain: (Limbic System)vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation • Lower Brain: primitive functions, aggression, fight or flight • Brain Stem: autonomic functions • Two hemispheres – right hemisphere controls left, left hemisphere controls right • Brain Dominance Theory: Right brain dominant – art, language, creative. Left brain – logical, math, organized Do Now: Draw a Clock Mini-cog During the mini-cog, a person is asked to complete two tasks: 1. Remember and a few minutes later repeat the names of three common objects 2. Draw a face of a clock showing all 12 numbers in the right places and a time specified by the examiner 3. The results of this brief test can help a physician determine if further evaluation is needed. Mini-mental state exam (MMSE) During the MMSE, a health professional asks a patient a series of questions designed to test a range of everyday mental skills. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Examples of questions include: Remember and repeat a few minutes later the names of three common objects (for instance, horse, flower, penny) (5) State the year, season, day of the week and date 5) Count backward from 100 by 7s or spell "world" backwards (3) Name two familiar objects in the office as the examiner points to them (5) Identify the location of the examiner's office (state, city, street address, floor) (3) Repeat a common phrase or saying after the examiner (2) Copy a picture of two interlocking shapes (1) Draw this (6) Name the three objects from earlier. Any score greater than or equal to 25 points (out of 30) is effectively normal (intact). Below this, scores can indicate severe (≤9 points), moderate (10-20 points) or mild (21-24 points) cognitive impairment.[9] The raw score may also need to be corrected for educational attainment and age.[10] Low to very low scores correlate closely with the presence of dementia, AD caused by Amyloid Plaques • Researchers found that healthy test subjects were able to list 20 to 25 words in each test, but patients with Alzheimer's could remember only 10 to 15 words. • The Alzheimer's patients were unable to remember words learned later in life but could remember words learned in early childhood. This pattern was so consistent that researchers were able to determine which subjects had Alzheimer's based on this word loss. What are some other parts of their brain and their purpose? Brain stem: internal physical state of body Medulla Oblongata: breathing, heartbeat Pons: regulates brain during sleep Thalamus: relay station between senses and cerebral cortex Cerebellum: balance and movement Limbic system: emotions, memory Hippocampus: long term memory Amygdala: aggression, emotion, motives, (very active during adolescence) Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, body temperature Disorders of the Brain • • • • • Attention Deficit Disorder TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia with Lewey Bodies: Although, where Alzheimer’s disease usually begins quite gradually, DLB often has a rapid or acute onset, with especially rapid decline in the first few months. Exit Quiz • What is the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the Interstate 84 of your brain called? • What does it mean if a neurologist asks you to “Draw a Clock”? • What rare and controversial procedure is sometimes done to patients with severe seizure disorders? What are Neurons? Neurons Cell body DNA Mitochondria Axons Long cable-like Carries nerve impulse on length of cell Dendrites Branches connect to communicate with other cells Located at either end of cell Myelin Thin covering over nerve Like insulated electrical wire Myelinated neurons are found in the peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons), while non-myelinated neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord. Sensory Neurons: Travel from body to brain Motor Neurons: Travel from brain to body Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons Receptors; Put information into electrical/chemical messages to be transmitted by sensory neurons The Role of Neurons in your Brain I travel from body to brain I travel from brain to body Receptors Motor Neuron Sensory Neuron Receptors What he said…. We put information into electrochemical messages transmitted by sensory neurons Inter Neuron I connect sensory and motor neurons http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/madneuron.html Synapses, neurotransmitters, neurons…oh my! Neuron Synapse Neurotransmitters • Gather and transmit electric and chemical signals • Point where 2 or more neurons connect, (pass info) • Signals travel up to several feet • Chemicals in the endings of nerve cells that send information across synapse • This neuron travels from your brain to your body? • This neuron travels from your body to your brain? • These neurons help neurons connect to each other to get to their source? • What is the insulation covering your peripheral nerves called? • What disease is caused by an autoimmune reaction which causes a deterioration of this insulation? What are Neurotransmitters made up of? Dopamine Acetylcholine Endorphin Motor Functions Too much – Schizophrenia (theory) Too little – Parkinson's and other movement diseases Attention and R.E.M. Sleep Inducer (RAS) Too little: Myasthenia Gravis (muscle weakness) Alzheimer’s Link Relieve pain, increase wellbeing Natural form of morphine (woo hoo!) Serotonin chemical that helps maintain a "happy feeling," helps with sleep, anxiety, depression GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid amino acid that helps induce relaxation and sleep builds muscle tone. It balances the brain by inhibiting overexcitation Reuptake • The main objective of a Reuptake Inhibitor is to substantially decrease the rate by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed, leaving a gain large in the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse. • Example: Antidepressant drugs often use ssri’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) to cause a GAIN in amount of serotonin in brain. Drugs don’t ADD chemicals into your brain as much as they change the INTERACTION of your existing brain chemistry How Antidepressants Work • Most antidepressants are believed to work by slowing the removal of certain chemicals from the brain. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and norepinephrine). Neurotransmitters are needed for normal brain function and are involved in the control of mood and in other functions. • Antidepressants work by making these natural chemicals more available to the brain. Reticular Activating System • Keeps us alert or puts us to sleep – alcohol mimics reticular system neurons The reason that most drunk driving accidents are due to drivers falling asleep at the wheel What did we learn? • • • • • • • • • • • Why do people have split brain surgery? What is Myelin: Where to Motor Neurons travel?: Where do Sensory Neurons Travel What do Interneurons do? What do Receptors do? receive neurotransmitters What are Neurotransmitters? electrical/chemical messages passed along by neurons What is Serotonin? What is Dopamine known for? Serotonin Overdose Class Drugs 5-HT1 agonists Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),[1] TCAs,[1] SSRIs,[1] SNRIs,[1] bupropion,[6] nefazodone,[7] trazodone[7] tramadol,[1] pethidine,[1] fentanyl,[1] pentazoci ne,[1] buprenorphine[8]oxycodone,[9] hydrocod one[9] phentermine,[10] diethylpropion,[10] amphetam ine,[3][10] sibutramine,[1]methylphenidate,[10] m ethamphetamine,[10] cocaine[10] triptans[1][10] Psychedelics Ecstasy Crystal Meth Meth] LSD[11][12] Antidepressants Opioids CNS stimulants Herbs Others St John's Wort,[1] Syrian rue,[1] Panax ginseng,[1] Nutmeg[13] tryptophan,[1] LDopa,[14] valproate,[1] buspirone,[1] lithium,[1] li nezolid,[1][15]dextromethorphan,[1] 5hydroxytryptophan,[7] chlorpheniramine,[10] ris peridone,[16]olanzapine,[17] ondansetron,[1] gra nisetron,[1] metoclopramide,[1] ritonavir[1] Exit Quiz Exit Quiz • Look closely into the eyes of your closest classmate (don’t worry…it’s not romantic) Now keep looking…… Pupillary Response What are reflexes? •A reflex is an involuntary or automatic, action that your body does in response to something - without you even having to think about it. • There are many types of reflexes and every healthy person has them. In fact, we're born with most of them…and most of them fade by age 6 months. •Some infant reflexes that show up in adulthood can be signs of neurological disease. Why do we have reflexes? • Reflexes protect your body from things that can harm it. • For example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, a reflex causes you to immediately remove your hand before a "Hey, this is hot!" message even gets to your brain • Other examples of protective reflexes are blinking when something flies toward your eyes or raising your arm if a ball is thrown your way. Even coughing and sneezing are reflexes. They clear the airways of irritating things What are the reasons for reflexes? • Protective • Survival Instinct? • Reflexes take place without traveling from brain (motor neurons) to sensory neurons How are reflexes different than reactions? They originate from your spinal cord… there are no thought processes involved. How would this relate to REACTION time…say when texting while driving? Common Reflexes Babinski (foot) Moro (startle) Tonic (fencing) Rooting (sucking) Pupillary (eyes – constriction Or dilation) Galant (leaning against side of spine that is stroked) Gag Reflex Scratching Reflex Blinking Reflex Babinski Reflex • Babinski's reflex occurs when the big toe moves toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. • This reflex, or sign, is normal in younger children, but abnormal after the age of 2 • The presence of a Babinski's reflex after age 2 is a sign of damage to the nerve paths connecting the spinal cord and the brain Babinski on Infant Babinski Explanation Moro Reflex • Arms will rapidly fan out as if startled. • It is normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age • Absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system. • Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects • It is believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newborns Moro Tonic (Fencers) Reflex • Known as the “fencing reflex" because of the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which resembles that of a trained fencer. • Beyond the first months of life may indicate that the child has developmental delays, at which point the reflex is atypical or abnormal. For example, in children with cerebral palsy the reflexes may persist and even be more pronounced. Tonic Knee Jerk or (DTR) reflex • The reflex that the doctor checks by tapping your knee is called the patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex. It is also known as a deep tendon reflex (DTR) This tap stretches the tendon and the muscle in the thigh that connects to it. • A message then gets sent to the spinal cord that the muscle has been stretched. The spinal cord very quickly sends a message back to the muscle telling it to contract. The contraction of the muscle causes your lower leg to kick out. Knee Jerk (Patellar) Reflex Causes of Abnormal Knee Jerk Response • Hyperactive (knee jerks too much): ALS, brain tumor, stroke, liver disease, hypocalcemia (low calcium), hypomagnesemia (low magnesium), hypothermia, multiple sclerosis, preeclampsia, spinal cord lesion and tetanus. • Hypoactive (knee doesn't jerk enough): botulism, nerve inflammation, peripheral neuropathy, polio, untreated syphilis, diabetes, alcoholism, arthritis, etc. • Most common reason: it is what it is! What have we learned? • What is a reflex? • A reflex is an involuntary or automatic, action that your body does in response to something - without you even having to think about it. • Why do we have reflexes? • Reflexes protect your body from things that can harm you • How are Reflexes different from reactions? • They use inter-neurons to communicate without direct motor neurons • What would having a infantile reflex as an adult mean? • They are often a sign of neurological disease • What type of neurons do reflexes use? • Interneurons….without the need for sensory or motor neurons What else did we learn? • • • • • • • • • • What is the Moro Reflex? A startle response in infants When would you NOT want to see a positive Babinski reflex? In an adult What is HYPO active? Less response What is HYPER active? Too much response What is a Tonic reflex? Infant poses in characteristic “fencing” pose when head is turned to side. Wrap Up Reading: What are reflexes? 1. Read article 2. 3. Answer questions: How does a DTR work in terms of muscles and spinal cord communication? Why do we even have a DTR? What have we learned? • Cerebral Cortex – covers your brain, gray matter • Hemispheres-each half of the brain that has different roles. Hemisphere dominance is a theory…what do you think? • Corpus Callosum: The Newburgh Beacon Bridge of the Interstate 84 of your brain • Frontal Lobe: reasoning, higher level thought processes • Parietal Lobe: motor strip, sensory strip • Temporal Lobe: hearing, speech • Occipital Lobe: sight • Medulla: autonomic functions • Cerebellum: balance, coordination • Pons and RAS: sleep, recognition of faces • Prefrontal lobe: seat of the soul, personal memories Headaches • • • • Vascular Headaches: Migraines Muscle Headaches: Cluster, Tension Worst Headache of your life! – aneurism Seizures: Grand Mal, Petit Mal, Absence • Lower brain: primitive reactions • Midbrain: smell, emotion (limbic system) • The blood brain barrier protects your brain from infection • Myelin: fatty sheath that covers nerves similar to an electrical wire – lesions can cause neurological symptoms • Right Brain/Left Brain Theory (R=holistic L= analytical • Neurons: Motor = brain to body, Sensory = body to brain, Interneuron=connections between nerves, Receptors=receive neurotransmitter • Neurotransmitters: electrical/chemical messages passed along by neurons • Serotonin: happy chemical • Dopamine: movement • Acetylcholine: sleep, attention • Endorphins: natural morphine • Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic) • Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of neurological disease • Normal adult reflexes protect us. Exit Quiz Do Now • Why do we have reflexes? • Describe two reflexes you have now • Describe one reflex you don’t have anymore and why Dr. Oliver Sacks In 1966 Dr. Sacks began working as a consulting neurologist for Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx, a chronic care hospital where he encountered an extraordinary group of patients, many of whom had spent decades in strange, frozen states, like human statues, unable to initiate movement. He recognized these patients as survivors of the great pandemic of sleepy sickness that had swept the world from 1916 to 1927, and treated them with a thenexperimental drug, L-dopa, which enabled them to come back to life. They became the subjects of his book Awakenings, which later inspired a play by Harold Pinter ("A Kind of Alaska") and the Oscar-nominated feature film ("Awakenings") with Robert De Niro and Robin Williams. Dr. Sacks is a NYT bestselling author and award winning Neurologist. You can reach him at www.oliversacks.com This film is based on a true story Wrap Up Questions Day 1 1. What do the other doctors think Lucy’s catching the ball is? 2. What is the difference between a reflex and a reaction? 3. In reference to neuron activity – why would the fact that this is a “reaction” rather than a reflex mean for the patient? 4. How does Dr. “Sacks” convince the staff to consider these patients more than just the “garden”? 5. Which patient does he focus on first and why? The Film will be the essay portion of the Midterm Friday. Awakenings Day 3 Questions 1. How do they create a field of vision for Lucy to walk to the water fountain? 2. When does Dr. Sayer realize that “they are alive inside…it’s what I know, what I believe.” 3. What is significant about the book about the panther? 4. What is the drug he decides to try on Leonard? 5. What is this drug initially designed for – and why does he believe it might work for the postencephalitis patients? The Film will be the essay portion of the Midterm Friday. Do Now: Awakenings – final day • In reality, Dr. Sacks was conducting a double blind study with 50% of the group on the L-Dopa and the rest on a placebo. When Dr. Sacks saw the respons, he immediately put the entire group on the drug. The family members had to sign approvals releasing the hospital from responsibility. Do you think this was ethical? Why/Why not? • Even though Dr. “Sayer” was the doctor and Leonard was the patient – do you think he learned anything from Leonard. Do you think it would’ve been better for the patients to remain in their frozen states rather than giving them back life for only a summer? Midterm • • • • • Neuroscience Test – Midterm Notes: Online and Review Sheet Today: Intro to Awakenings – Thurs. Fri. begin Midterm Mon. Midterm (end) Awakenings Midterm Review • • • • Introduction to Psychology Psychological Approaches and Modalities Famous Early Psychologists Freud and his Theory of Personality & Psychosexual Stages of Development • Research Methods & Ethics • Neuroscience Unit “Born on a Blue Day” Take out your notebook and write down these questions: • What is Daniel Tammet’s ability? • What is synesthesia? • What other neurological disorder does Daniel have and how does it limit his life? • How does it enrich his life? • Who did he meet….? Do Now: Awakenings Day 1 Questions 1. What are Leonard’s first symptoms? 2. What is Dr. “Sacks” real job description? 3. What is his reaction to Bronx Chronic Hospital? 4. What do you notice about the “statues”? 5. How do the staff treat these patients? The Film will be the essay portion of the Midterm Friday.