Richard P. Smiraglia
Palmer School of Library and Information Science, College of
Information and Computer Sciences
Long Island University
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• [Following on conversation about FRAD at our meeting in Paris ….]
• Martin’s original question:
– “BTW, Could someone present what "authorities" and
"families" are in the librarian view or in the archives view?”
• Most of the concepts arise from bibliographical practice in the past … so:
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Authority Control governs usage of a controlled vocabulary. This is managed with
• Authority Files , that consist of
• Authority Records , each of which records a term and its variants as well as evidence. They are created using
• Authority Work , bibliographic detective work usually.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• But a well-intentioned one. It comes from the days of card catalogs (if not earlier) when a separate file was kept where each cataloger recorded the “authority” by which a given term or heading had been established.
The file was shared by all catalogers, and was an evolving resource.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Each authority record exists to control a term, known in library cataloging as a “heading”
• The only “entity” is the controlled heading
• The relationships are among the heading and variant forms of the heading
• Everything else in the authority record is evidentiary or used for file control
• Watch …
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Libraries contain books.
• A catalog is an inventory of the books.
• Author and Title are sufficient to identify each book.
• One book = One work and Vice versa.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Books are in libraries alongside all other kinds of documents
• All of those books could be instantiations of
Hamlet
• Works are identified by nominal anchors
(citations)
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Western cataloging tradition attributes a “work” to its creator.
• The “anchor” is a citation that records this attribution.
• The anchor is epistemologically a historicist construct (bibliographically constituted).
• For example:
– Smiraglia, Richard P. 2001. The nature of “a work:” implications for the organization of knowledge.
Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• A work may be attributed to an individual creator, it may be attributed to a corporate emanator, or it may be entered under its title.
• Individuals: chiefly responsible for the creation of intellectual (artistic, etc.) content (21.1A1). Responsibility may be shared or mixed …
• Corporate body: an organization with a name that acts as an entity … and causes a work of collective thought or activity to emanate … (21.1B2). Governments, churches, universities, corporations, conferences, etc.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• A heading includes:
– The authorized form of name (title, etc.)
– Manipulated in various ways (inverted, for instance)
– Qualifiers to make it unique
• The name is Richard P. Smiraglia
• The heading is Smiraglia, Richard P., 1952-
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• The name of the creator as found in his published works.
• If more than one name, choose the latest.
• If more than one form, choose that found most often most recently.
• If all else fails, choose the fullest form.
• Add dates and middle names to resolve conflicts.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• The name of the corporate body as found in its published works.
• If more than one name use all.
• If more than one form, choose the one found most often in its works.
• Add terms as qualifiers to resolve conflicts.
– Who (Musical group)
– Apollo (Spaceship)
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Government or Corporate Entities with generic names or names implying subordination “Department” “Division”
“Bureau” “Committee” etc.
• Entered under the name of the intermediate unit with a distinctive name.
– California. Employment Data and Research Division.
– NOT: California. Employment Development
Department. Employment Data and Research
Division.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• For works before 1501, the title found in reference sources:
– Beowulf
– Nibelungenlied
– Homer. [Iliad]
• For works after 1500, the title as now known in modern editions in the original language:
– Shakespeare, William ... [Hamlet] ( not The tragicall historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke)
– Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich … Spiashchaia krasavitsa
( not Sleeping beauty)
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Collections:
– Dickens, Charles … [Works]
– Dickens, Charles … [Selections. French]
• Serials:
– Bulletin (American Society for Information Science and Technology)
• Scripture:
– Bible. O.T. Ezra. German.
– Upanishads. English.
• Liturgical works:
– Church of England. [Book of common prayer]
– Catholic Church. [Missal] ( not Missale Romanum)
• Laws, etc.:
– New Zealnd. [Copyright Act 1962]
– France. [Treaties, etc. United Kingdom]
• Musical works:
– Holbrooke, Joseph … [Serenades, woodwind quartet, op. 94, D ♭ major]
– Boito, Arrigo … [Mefistofele. Vocal score. English & Italian]
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Maintains consistency of usage of names of individuals, corporate bodies, and titles of works.
• Always:
– Smiraglia, Richard P., 1952-
– Not Smiraglia, R.P.
– Not Smiraglia, Richard
• Always:
– Taylor, Arlene G., 1941-
– Not Dowell, Arlene Taylor, 1941-
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

– Authority work —the actual decision-making process of the cataloger
– Variant forms found along the way
– References in the catalog from recognized variant forms
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Originally authority cards were kept in a file in the cataloging department
• Hand-written emendations made over time
Smiraglia, Richard P., 1952-
His Shelflisting music, 1981: t.p. (Richard
P. Smiraglia) CIP data (b. 3-18-52)
81031242 AACR2
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• If a variant is found it is recorded
• If sufficiently different a reference is made
• In the catalog a reader will see:
Speaks, R. P., 1952see
Smiraglia, Richard P., 1952x Speaks, R. P., 1952-
His Shelflisting music, 1981: t.p. (Richard
P. Smiraglia) CIP data (b. 3-18-52)
His Egomaniacal rant, 2007: t.p. (R.P. Speaks).
81031242 AACR2
Smiraglia, Richard P.,
1952-
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

– The authorized “heading”
– The authorized references
– Evidence about the forms found in print
– The cataloging rules used to formulate the heading
– The date, number, creator, etc. of the authority record
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

– As an access point for a work
– As a subject heading for a work
– As a portion of another heading
– Unusually: as the heading for a series
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• First, the heading for Shakespeare
(abbreviated of course)
• Then, the name-uniform title heading for Hamlet
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
Shakespeare, Guglielmo, $d 1564-1616
Sheḳspier, Ṿilyam, $d 1564-1616
His The plays and poems of William Shakspeare, 1966: $b t.p.
(William Shakspeare)LC database, Dec. 28, 2004 $b (hdg.:
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616) Yulius Tsezar, 1918:
$b t.p. ( Ṿilyam Sheḳspier [part. voc.]) nuc86-2792: Doccioli, M.
Fonti italiane dei drammi di Guglielmo Shakespeare [MI] 1914
78095332 AACR2
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
[Hamlet]
Shakespeare, William, $d 1564-1616. $t Ha-mu-leitʻe
Shakespeare, William, $d 1564-1616. $t Tragicall historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke
His The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, 1676.
His The tragicall historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke, 1992.
Chou, C.H. Han i "Ha-mu-leitʻe" yen chiu, 1981:
$b t.p. (Ha-mu-leitʻe)
80008522 AACR2
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

From a Data Modeling Standpoint ….
A flat file model
• Thus the only entity in an authority record is the authorized heading (or “term”)
• Its variants are attributes, but could also be seen as equivalents
• The rest is functional:
– Notes (Evidentiary and
Non —two types)
– Usage
– Control
AF BF
Headings in the Authority File govern usage in the Bibliographic File. One “ Dickens” in the AF governs all “Dickens” in the BF. Usage is inferential.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

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Give the heading
Authorize variants
Record bibliographical evidence
Contain control data
Here is Hamlet in MARC:
– This is the entire Library of
Congress record; notice there is
670 evidence for each 400 reference (or variant), within the bounds of the inferential rules of evidence
LC Control Number:
HEADING:
Hamlet n 80008522
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
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000
001
005
02052cz a2200409n 450
4226571
20070627111811.0
008
010
035
035
040
800320n| acannaabn |a aaa
__ |a n 80008522 |z sh 85120807 |z no2002007453
__ |a (OCoLC)oca00391080
__ |a (DLC)n 80008522
100
400
400
Denmarke
400
__ |a DLC |c DLC |d DLC |d OCoLC |d DLC
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Hamlet
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Ha-mu-leitʻe
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Three-text Hamlet
400 1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Tragicall historie of Hamlet
Prince of Denmarke
400 of Denmark
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Shakspeare ’s Hamlet, Prince
400
Hamlet
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t First edition of the tragedy of
400
Hamlet
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Shakespeare ’s tragedy of
400
400
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Shakspere ’s Hamlet
1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Shakespeare ’s Hamlet
400 1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t First quarto of Hamlet
400 1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
400 1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t Amleto
400 1_ |a Shakespeare, William, |d 1564-1616. |t William Shakespeare ’s The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
670 tʻe)
__ |a Chou, C.H. Han i "Ha-mu-leitʻe" yen chiu, 1981: |b t.p. (Ha-mu-lei-
670
670
670
__ |a His The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, 1676.
__ |a His Yulyus Tsezar ; Hamleṭ, 1918: |b t.p. (Hamleṭ)
__ |a His The three-text Hamlet, 1991.
670
670
670
670
670 c2006.
952
953
__ |a His The tragicall historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke, 1992.
__ |a The first quarto of Hamlet, 1980.
__ |a His Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, 1999.
__ |a Oltre il genere, c2001: |b t.p. (Amleto)
__ |a William Shakespeare ’s The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark,
__ |a RETRO
__ |a xx00 |b lh39
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

1. Online flatfile models simply used the authority file as an occasional filter.
All headings from the bibliographic file were run against it periodically for validation.
AF BF
2. An ER model separated the headings from their representations in bibliographic records. This reduced redundancy dramatically.
Every heading is stored only in the authority file, and copied as needed into the displays arranged from the bibliographic file.
All “Dickens” resides only in the AF, with links from the BF.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

A subject, A series,
A corporate body
LC Control Number: sh 99003759
HEADING:
000
001
Women Assyriologists
00778cz a2200229n 450
4901105
005
008
035
035
906
20050708235754.0
990510i| anannbabn |a ana
__ |a (DLC)sh 99003759
__ |a (DLC)247790
__ |t 9921 |u te04 |v 0
010
040
150
550
550
__ |a sh 99003759
__ |a DLC |b eng |c DLC |d DLC
__ |a Women Assyriologists
__ |w g |a Assyriologists
__ |w g |a Women Asianists
550
670
__ |w g |a Women Middle East specialists
__ |a Work cat.: NUCMC data from American Jewish Archives for Lewy, J.
Papers, 1911-1933 |b (Hildegard Lewy, wife of Julius Lewy, assyriologist)
670 __ |a LC man. auth. cd. |b (hdg.: Lewy, Hildegard; assyriologist)
952 __ |a 0 bib. record(s) to be changed
952
953
__ |a LC pattern: Women ecologists
__ |a vm03
LC Control Number: n 91035101
HEADING:
000
001
Advances in knowledge organization
00902cz a2200241n 450
2138565
005
008
010
20011012064530.0
910411n| acaaaaaan |a ana
__ |a n 91035101
022
035
040
130
410
__ |a 0938-5495
__ |a (OCoLC)oca02927516
__ |a DLC |c DLC |d DLC |d AzTeS
_0 |a Advances in knowledge organization
2_ |a International Society for Knowledge Organization. |t Advances in knowledge organization
430 _0 |a AKO (Series)
642
643
644
__ |a v. 1 |5 DLC
__ |a Frankfurt/Main |b Indeks
__ |a f |5 DLC
LC Control Number: n 91035671
HEADING:
000
001
International Society for Knowledge Organization
01668cz a2200241n 450
2138675
005
008
010
035
040
20031230142503.0
910412n| acannaab |a ana
__ |a n 91035671
__ |a (DLC)n 91035671
__ |a DLC |c DLC |d DLC
110
410
410
410
410
20 |a International Society for Knowledge Organization
20 |a ISKO
20 |a Internationale Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation
20 |a Sociedad Internacional para la Organización del Conocimiento
20 |a Międzynarodowe Towarzystwo Organizacji Wiedzy
410
670
2_ |a International Society of Knowledge Organization
__ |a Advances in knowledge organization ; vol. 1. Intern ’l ISKO
Conference (1st : 1990 : Darmstadt, Germany). Tools for knowledge organization and human interface, 1990- : |b v. 1, t.p. (International Society for Knowledge Organization, ISKO) p. 5 (est.
July 1989, Frankfurt)
670 __ |a International Society for Knowledge Organization. Deutsche
Sektion. Tagung (2nd : 1991 : Weilburg, Germany). Kognitive Ansätze zum Ordnen und
Darstellen ... 1992: |b t.p. (ISKO) p. vii (... Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation)
670 __ |a Organización del conocimiento en sistemas ... 1995: |b t.p. verso
(Sociedad Internacional para la Organización del Conocimiento
670 __ |a Compatibility and integration of order systems, 1996: |b t.p.
(International Society for Knowledge Organization; Międzynarodowe Towarzystwo Organizacji
Wiedzy)
670 __ |a International ISKO Conference (6th : 2000 : Toronto, Ont.).
Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization, c2000: |b t.p. (International Society of
Knowledge Organization)
953 __ |a ea17 |b lh38
645 __ |a t |5 DLC
646 __ |a s |5 DLC
670 __ |a Intern’l ISKO-Conf. (1st : 1990 : Darmstadt, Germany). Tools for knowledge organization and human interface, 1990- : |b v. 1, t.p. (Advances in
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10 knowledge organization)
670 __ |a Knowledge organization and quality management, 1994: |b ser. t.p. (Advances in knowledge organization; AKO)
953 __ |a ea17 |b lh39

Entity mapping in FRAD is
potentially an epistemological error ….
Attributes are not of the entity but of the bibliographic persona … and are potential elements of controlled access points.
…
But wait … lets look at archival practice next:
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Not access points but gathering mechanisms
• As index entries, constitute virtual
‘archives’
• Family names are used as gathering point for papers, records, genealogies
Doerr family papers
Stead family papers
LeBoeuf family papers
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Creators of archives have always been at the core of archival description and have always been held as the basic access point to them, that is, the primary way to access an archive (Vitali 2004,
185).
• Describing creators autonomously, linking them to the documentation they really produced, independent from the institution preserving it or its place in the hierarchy of levels by which the fonds is divided, actually means, on one side, virtually bringing back to unity the whole archive produced by a given creator (Vitali 2004,
189).
• Archival records are the evidence of people acting individually, in families, or in formally organized and named groups. From a strictly archival perspective, records are the byproducts of people living their lives, or carrying out official duties or responsibilities (Pitti 2004,
202-3).
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

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>040 MAH $c MAH $d OCLCQ
>090 $b
>049 ZPSA
>245 00 Adams-Johnson-Lynch family papers, $f 1800-1903.
>300 1 box.
>520 Family correspondence of the interrelated Adams, Johnson, and Lynch families, the bulk of which are approximately twenty letters from Abigail Louisa Smith (Adams) Johnson of Utica, N.Y. to her sister, Susanna Boylston (Adams) Clark (later Treadway) of Quincy,
Mass., 1812-1836; and a long run of letters from Elizabeth Coombs Adams of Quincy to her cousin, Sarah Adams (Johnson) Lynch, the daughter of Abigail Johnson, of Utica, 1876-1900. The collection also includes three letters from Abigail Adams to her son, Thomas
Boylston Adams, and daughter-in-law, Louisa Catherine (Johnson) Adams; one letter from John Quincy Adams to his son Thomas
Boylston Adams and a poem by J.Q. Adams entitled, "Phyllis to Demophoon," written around 1832. There are also two letters from
Alexander B. Johnson and one from William S. Smith.
>541 Lynch, Bryan J., $b Reading, VT, $d 1976.
>555 Some items are individually described in the MHS manuscript catalog.
>650 0 Poetry.
>700 1 Adams, Abigail, $d 1744-1818.
>700 1 Adams, Elizabeth Coombs, $d 1808-1903.
>700 1 Adams, John Quincy, $d 1767-1848.
>700 1 Adams, Louisa Catherine, $d 1775-1852.
>700 1 Adams, Thomas Boylston, $d 1772-1832.
>700 1 Johnson, Abigail Louisa Smith, $d 1812-1836.
>700 1 Johnson, A. B. $q (Alexander Bryan), $d 1786-1867.
>700 1 Lynch, Sarah Adams Johnson, $d 1828-1907.
>700 1 Smith, William Stephens, $d 1755-1816.
>700 1 Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark, $d 1796-1846.
>700 3 Adams family.
>700 3 Johnson family.
>700 3 Lynch family.
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

By tradition, information about the context of creation ended up in the introductions to finding aids (Vitali 2004, 188).
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>040 MEU $c MEU $e appm $d OCLCQ $d MEU
>043 n-us-me
>082 |4 267
>090 $b
>049 ZPSA
>100 3 Johnston family.
>245 10 Family papers, $f 1835-1972 $g (bulk 1890-1929)
>246 3 Johnston family papers
>300 9 $f boxes (5.5 cubic feet)
>300 4 $f oversized folders
>351 The collection is arranged in eight sections: papers of John Johnston, papers of W. Jasper Johnston, papers of Percy Johnston, papers of Donald Johnston, time and payroll books for workers on dams, miscellaneous, plans and maps, and photographs.
>545 Jasper Johnston was born in 1844 in Veazie, Maine. He married Clara Jane Whiting in 1867, and the family moved to Bangor in 1874. Starting in the
1860's Jasper Johnston worked on several dams and bridges, including Chesuncook, North Twin, and Ripogenus. He worked for a time as superintendent for H.P.
Cummings Construction Company, located in Ware, Massachusetts. His last job, in 1914-1915, was at Riley Dam for International Paper Company. He died in 1918 in
Bangor.
>545 Jasper's son Percy was born in 1868 in North Newport, Maine. In his early teens, Percy Johnston began training as a dam builder with his father. He had charge of the West Branch log drive for several years and then was in charge of dam construction and river improvement for Great Northern Paper Company. When concrete began to be used in dam construction, he built many large storage and power dams in Maine.He was superintendent of construction on Aziscohos Dam, erected on the Androscoggin River between 1909-1912, and worked on dams at Madison, Shawmut, Pittsfield and Rumford, Maine. He also worked as vice-president of the H.P.
Cummings Construction Company. He died in 1928 in Bangor.
>545 Donald Percy Johnston was born in 1896 in Bangor. A civil engineer, he attended the Bangor schools, Coburn Classical Academy, and the University of
Maine, and graduated in 1921 from Norwich University in Norwich, Vermont. He served in the U.S. Navy during World War I. While still in high school, he had his first summer job working on Riley Dam with his grandfather. Before joining the Bangor Water Department as assistant superintendent in 1934 he worked as an engineer on various dam, powerhouse, bridge and building construction projects. In 1950 he became superintendent of the Water Department, later the Bangor Water District, retiring in 1963. The Johnston Pumping Station is named for him. Donald Johnston died in 1979.
>520 Personal papers and business records of three generations of the Johnston family, builders of dams and bridges in Maine. Included are materials of William Jasper
Johnston; his son, William Percy Johnston; and Percy's son, Donald Percy Johnston. A few items belonging to John Johnston, father of Jasper Johnston are also found in the collection. The collection includes many photographs of dams and other construction projects of the Johnston family. Included are phorographs and negatives, letters, correspondence, newspaper clippings, diaries, and picture postcards.
…
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

(Pitti 2004, 208-9)
(Pitti 2004, 210)
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• The authority records of creators are meant to include a much more complex set of information than traditional bibliographic authority records, exactly because they are devoted to implementing the model of separate description of archives and creators (Vitali 2004,
191).
• Dates of existence, history and geography, functions, occupations, and activities … political, social, cultural context in which the creator worked .
…
(Vitali 2004, 192)
… toward a semantic web
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

To demonstrate bibliographic complexity; and
To map from the library catalog to other information environments
(Patton 2004)
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

the whole CRM …
E73 Information object
E77 Persistent Item
E5 Event
E28 Conceptual object
E52 Time span
E53 Place
E54 Dimension
FRBRoo
E21 Person
E39 Actor
E41 Appellation
E74 Group
E40 Legal body
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• VIAF (Virtual International Authority
File) for the Semantic Web
• If “authority files” are used to equalize variant forms (see for example “Same
Entity/Variant Scripts” Tillett 2004)
• They can be used to “index” (or “webify, see Harper and Tillett 2007) the semantic web by extending existing controlled vocabularies
• Instead of a file of authorized terms, it becomes a dynamic taxonomy of linked terms with explicit relationships
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Work records: class, work type, title, creator, role, date, culture, subject, location, creation location, measurements, materials and techniques, description, notes, sources
• Name records: name, nationality, place, life role and function, birth-death dates, notes, sources
• Geographic place records: name, broader context, hierarchical position, place type, coordinates, notes, sources
• Concept records: objects, materials, activities, agents, styles-periods-cultures, physical attributes, associated concepts, notes, sources
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

• Move from controlled vocabulary to the real-world entitites represented by the controlled vocabulary
• We must remember we are not dealing with “persons” but rather with appellations for persons … and so forth
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10

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Baca, Murtha et al. 2006. Cataloging cultural objects: a guide to describing cultural works and their images Chicago: American Library
Association, 2006.
Burger, Robert H. 1985. Authority work: the creation, use, maintenance, and evaluation of authority records and files . Littleton, Col.:
Libraries Unlimited.
Clack, Doris Hargrett. 1990. Authority control: principles, applications, and instructions.
Chicago: American Library Assn.
Foucault, Michel. 1984. What is an author? In Foucault reader P. Rabinow ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, pp. 101-20.
Harper, Cory A. and Tillett, Barbara B. 2007. Library of Congress controlled vocabularies and their application to the semantic web.
Cataloging & classification quarterly 43n3/4: 47-68.
Hjørland, Birger. 1998. Theory and metatheory of information science: a new interpretation. Journal of documentation 54: 606-21.
IFLA Working Group on FRANAR. 2007. Functional requirements for authority data: a conceptual model . Draft 2007-04-01. http://www.ifla.org/VII/d4/FRANAR-ConceptualModel-2ndReview.pdf
(accessed July 9, 2007).
Patton, Glenn E. 2004. FRANAR: a conceptual model for authority data. Cataloging & classification quarterly 38n3/4: 91-104.
Person, Stacy. 2000. Authority control bibliography: by subject. http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/units/cts/ac/ac_subj.html
(accessed July
10, 2007).
Pitti, Daniel V. 2004. Creator description: encoded archival context. Cataloging & classification quarterly 38n3/4: 201-26.
Rust, Godfrey and Bide, Mark. 2000. The <in d ecs> metadata framework: principles, model, and data dictionary. http://web.archive.org/web/20060509143342/www.indecs.org/pdf/framework.pdf
(accessed July 9, 2007).
Smiraglia, Richard P. 2002. Works as signs, symbols, and canons: The epistemology of the work. Knowledge organization 28: 192-202 .
Smiraglia, Richard P. 2006. Empiricism as the basis for metadata categorization: expanding the case for instantiation with archival documents. In Budin, G., Swertz, C. and Mitgutsch, K., eds., Knowledge organization and the global learning society ; Proceedings of the
9th ISKO International Conference, Vienna, July 4-7 2006. W ürzburg: Ergon-Verlag, pp. 383-88.
Taylor, Arlene G. 1984. Authority files in online catalogs: an investigation of their value. Cataloging & classification quarterly 3n4: 1-17.
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FRBR/CRM Harmonisation Meeting #10