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Water and Energy
(The water-energy nexus)
ENGR 10
http://www.aguntherphotography.com/usa_west/grand_canyon/photos/photo_2.html
Developed by Juneseok Lee & Thalia Anagnos
Water is essential to all of us!
• Human health and socioeconomic welfare
depends on supplying adequate quantity and
quality of water.
• Conversely, too much water results in
socioeconomic damages and loss of life due to
flooding.
Oil and Water: How Similar?
Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009
< 1% usable
Oil and Water: How Similar?
Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009
Our water gets to us through rivers, pipes, pumps
and water treatment plants
From: http://www.actewagl.com.au/education/_lib/Flash/Water_cycle/water.swf
Water has no substitute!
Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009
Current Issues and Challenges
• Rapidly growing population and scarce
resources
• Uncertain impacts of global climate change
• Increased hydrologic, environmental, and
economic constraints on developing
additional water supplies
http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/
http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/
http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/
Demand increases with population even with our efforts at conservation
U.S. public supply withdrawals (source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wups.html)
Current Issues and Challenges
• Rapidly growing population and scarce
resources
• Uncertain impacts of global climate change
• Increased hydrologic, environmental, and
economic constraints on developing additional
water supplies
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
use of renewable water
sustainable groundwater use
susceptibility to drought
growth in water demand
future increased need for water storage
http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/watersustainability/
Climate change affects the watershed
(e.g. Sierra Nevada watershed)
• Future projections indicate a strong likelihood
of a warmer future climate in Sierra Nevada.
– More winter precipitation will fall as rain rather
than snow
– Shorter seasons of snow accumulation at a given
elevation;
– Less snowpack accumulation as compared to the
present
Percentage Remaining, Relative to 1961-1990
Currently the Sierra Nevada provides over 65% of California's water supply
Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 2004
Current Issues and Challenges
• Rapidly growing population and scarce
resources
• Uncertain impacts of global climate change;
• Increased hydrologic, environmental, and
economic constraints on developing
additional water supplies
By 2025, more than 2.8 billion people will live in
48 countries facing water stress or water scarcity
The situation will continue to worsen
Urbanization –
Impact on Water Resources
• Transformation of undeveloped land into
urban land (including transportation corridors)
• Increased energy release (i.e. greenhouse
gases, waste heat, heated surface runoff)
• Increased demand on water supply (municipal
and industrial)
Water Resources Sustainability
The ability to use water in sufficient quantities
and quality from the local to the global scale to
meet the needs of humans and ecosystems for
the present and the future to sustain life, and to
protect humans from the damages brought
about by natural and human-caused disasters
that affect sustaining life.
(Larry W. Mays, Water Resources Engineering, 2009)
A Measure of Water Sustainability
• Water footprint
Water required to sustain a population
• Virtual Water
Volume of water required to produce a
commodity or service
Our Water Footprint
Sufficient
Water stress
Scarcity
Extreme scarcity
> 1700 m3 per year
1000 - 1700 m3
500 - 1000 m3
< 500 m3
Annual per capita water needs for food
to cover 2500 kcal a day
20% meat:
theoretical 680 m3
actual 1200 - 1500 m3
Vegetarian:
theoretical 250 m3
actual 500 - 1000 m3
From Zehnder et al. 2003
Contribution of different crops global water footprint
(Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)
VWC =
1334m3/ton
VWC =
2291m3/ton
Question: Why are we growing rice in California?
Average National Water Footprint Per Capita
(m3/capita/yr)
Green = smaller than global average
Red = above global average
High Water Footprint
United States
– Large meat consumption
– High consumption of industrial products
Iran
– Low crop production yields
– High evapotranspiration
From imported
goods
Water footprint of the US, 1997-2001 (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)
Global Transport of Virtual Water
The U.S. is a net exporter
From Yang et al. 2006
Global Transport of Virtual Water
A. Y. Hoekstra · A. K. Chapagain, 2007
California’s Water-Energy Nexus
• 70% of Precipitation in North
• 75% Demand in the South
• Water Demand: 43 maf
9 maf Urban
34 maf Agricultural
• Water-related Energy Use:
19% of Electricity
33% of Natural Gas
88 billion gal diesel annually
• Population by 2030:
48 million
• 2030 Water Demand:
43-50 maf
Krebs, Oct 2007
maf = million acre-feet
Supply and Conveyance Energy Demands
Edmonston pumping plant
Power plant at Pyramid Lake captures 25% of
energy used at Edmonston
Supplying water is energy intensive
Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010
Supplying energy is water intensive
• Mining fuels
• Refining fuels
• Farming (for
biofuels)
• Transporting
fuels
• Cooling in
power plants
• Producing wind
& solar devices
Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010
Water consumption varies with different fuels
and cooling technologies
Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010
Role of Hydropower
Hydroelectric power production is the most
obvious use of water for the production of
energy.
The energy in falling water is used directly to
turn turbines that generate electricity.
Components of
Hydroelectric Plants
Dam has two major
functions of
i) creating the head
(pressure) necessary to
move the turbines and
ii) impounding the storage
used to maintain the
necessary flow release
pattern.
Electric Generator
• An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of
electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor;
motors and generators have many similarities.
• The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or
turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical
energy
(all info from Wikipedia).
Energy relations in a typical hydroelectric plant
Two types of turbines
(1) Impulse turbines (or Pelton Wheel), a free jet of water impinges on a
revolving element of the machine that is exposed to the atmosphere
(2) Reaction turbines, the flow takes place under pressure in a closed chamber
Impulse Turbine installation
Water- Energy Laboratory Activities
Pipes in parallel produce good results
(higher power)
Phase II of the experiment
(student designed activities)
• Students will set up the experiment with given
conditions.
Objective – Max { Power Output}
Constraints – water volume (drought issues)
Students can collaborate among teams to use
turbines in series & pipes in parallel