METODE SURVEI
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
DAN
LINGKUNGAN
ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES
Annual Review of Environment and Resources
Vol. 30: 335-372 (Volume publication date November 2005)
First published online as a Review in Advance on July 25, 2005
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144444
Thomas Dietz,1,2 Amy Fitzgerald,2 and Rachael Shwom
Values are often invoked in discussions of how to develop a more sustainable relationship with the environment.
There is a substantial literature on values that spans several disciplines. In philosophy, values are relatively stable
principles that help us make decisions when our preferences are in conflict and thus convey some sense of what we
consider good. In economics, the term values is usually used in discussions of social choice, where an assessment of
the social value of various alternatives serves as a guide to the best choice under a utilitarian ethic (the greatest
good for the greatest number).
In sociology, social psychology, and political science, two major lines of research have addressed environmental
values. One has focused on four value clusters: self-interest, altruism, traditionalism, and openness to change and
found relatively consistent theoretical and empirical support for the relationship of values to environmentalism. The
other line of research suggests that environmentalism emerges when basic material needs are met and that
individuals and societies that are postmaterialist in their values are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental
behaviors. The evidence in support of this argument is more equivocal.
Overall, the idea that values, especially altruism, are related
to environmentalism, seems well established, but little can
be said about the causes of value change and of the overall
effects of value change on changes in behavior.
Diunduh dari: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144444…. 25/8/2012
Values and Proenvironmental Behavior
A Five-Country Survey
P. Wesley Schultz and Lynnette C. Zelezny
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology July 1998 vol. 29 no. 4 540-558
This multinational study examined the relationship between values, awareness of the consequences for
environmental damage, ascribed responsibility, and proenvironmental behaviors.
Survey data were collected from college students in Mexico (n = 187), Nicaragua (n = 78), Peru (n = 160), Spain (n =
187), and the United States (n = 345). Measures included items from Schwartz's values instrument, self-reported
proenvironmental behaviors, ascribed responsibility, the New Environmental Paradigm, and demographics.
Regression analyses revealed a positive relationship between items within self-transcendence (especially the
environment-oriented items) and proenvironmental behavior in Mexico, Nicaragua, Spain, and the United States.
Additional analyses provided partial support for the extension of Schwartz's model of norm-activation to
proenvironmental behavior.
Diunduh dari: http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/29/4/540.short….
25/8/2012
Braz. J. Biol. vol.62 no.1 São Carlos Feb. 2002
THE INFLUENCE OF EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS ON THE MACROFAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH SALVINIA AURICULATA IN
SOUTHEAST BRAZIL
CALLISTO, M., BARBOSA, F. A. R. and MORENO, P.
The influence of Eucalyptus plantations on
the structure and composition of
macroinvertebrate communities associated
with the aquatic fern Salvinia auriculata
Aublet were investigated in a high altitude
lake bordered by either secondary Atlantic
forest or Eucalyptus plantations.
Comparisons of the diversity of
Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) larvae in
the littoral zone between these two
vegetation types showed higher diversity of
larvae in waters bordered by Eucalyptus. The
results demonstrated that the
predominance of carnivorous taxa among
the macroinvertebrate fauna appears to be
the major controlling factor for limiting
An exploratory study of environmental values and beliefs of Japanese adventure tourists in
Hawaii.
Grybovych, O.; Cela, A.; Inui, Y.; Lankford, S. V.
Journal e-Review of Tourism Research 2005 Vol. 3 No. 2 pp. 23-30
Adventure tourism and ecotourism are becoming increasingly popular among
travellers over the world.
This study identifies the environmental perceptions of a random sample of Japanese
(adventure) tourists (n=69) on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The modified New
Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale was utilized to measure environmental
perceptions of travellers.
Despite the small sample size, the data provided a general socio-demographic profile
of Japanese adventure tourists, and their environmental perceptions.
Overall, survey respondents expressed high environmental consciousness and
understanding of the major ecological concerns (as stated in the NEP scale). Study
findings may serve to support resource management decisions for the development
of adventure tourism that is believed to become a significant niche market in Hawaii.
Diunduh dari: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20063077146.html;jsessionid=91E0AEEF100E7F1D9A67E29FA1FFEA4C…. 25/8/2012
An exploratory study of environmental values and beliefs of Japanese adventure tourists in
Hawaii.
Grybovych, O.; Cela, A.; Inui, Y.; Lankford, S. V.
Journal e-Review of Tourism Research 2005 Vol. 3 No. 2 pp. 23-30
OXFORD DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY: ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION
The way in which an individual perceives the environment; the process of evaluating and
storing information received about the environment. It is the perception of the environment
which most concerns human geographers because decision-makers base their judgements on
the environment as they perceive it, not as it is. The nature of such perception includes warm
feelings for an environment, an ordering of information, and an understanding, however
subjective, of the environment.
The concept of the ‘perceived environment’ has been used to challenge the concept of
economic man, which lies at the heart of neoclassical economics and to explain supposedly
irrational behaviour, such as moving to a flood- or earthquake-prone location.
It is suggested that environmental perception can be seen as a five-stage model:
1. An emotional response.
2. An orientative response with the construction of mental maps.
3. A classifying response as the individual sorts out the incoming information.
4. An organizing response as the individual sees causes and effects in the information.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/environmental-perception#ixzz25WX8lhud
Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology (2003) 13, 378–392. An international survey
of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study
Hoy R Bohanon Jr, Jean-Jacques Piadé, Matthias K Schorp and Yves Saint-Jalm
During a pilot study of indoor air quality in restaurants, a survey
was performed in 34 medium-priced restaurants in six countries
in Asia, Europe, and North America using a uniform protocol.
The concentration of selected constituents of environmental
tobacco smoke (ETS) present in occupied areas was determined
during lunch and dinner periods by measuring the levels of four
particulate-phase markers and two gas-phase markers. The
particulate-phase markers determined were respirable suspended
particles, ultraviolet particulate matter, fluorescing particulate
matter, and solanesol particulate matter. The gas-phase markers
were nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). Correlation between
the markers was investigated to explore an improved monitoring
approach. It was concluded that at least one marker in each phase
was necessary to describe adequately the ETS load.
An assessment was made of the ventilation system in each
restaurant, and effective ventilation rates were determined based
on CO2 measurements. Smoking activity was also monitored.
These data were used to model nicotine and 3-EP concentrations
that resulted in a satisfactory prediction of their levels, especially
at the higher concentrations. A total number of 1370
questionnaires were returned by the restaurant patrons in five
countries.
In some countries,
dissatisfaction rates above
20% were observed for draft,
freshness of air, and noise.
The dissatisfaction rates
related to tobacco smoke
were less than 20%, which is
lower than would be
predicted based on measured
ETS levels.
Based on the results of this
international pilot study,
recommendations are given
for future studies of this type.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v13/n5/abs/7500284a.html…. 25/8/2012
. QUANTIFYING BENEFITS FOR IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER QUALITY
Roger Stonner and Horst Goemann
Research Association for Agricultural Policy and Agricultural Sociology (FAA), Ferdinand-Lassalle- Strasse 1, D-53175 Bonn,
Germany, (faabonn#stonner@t-online.de)
In this paper the design of an approach for quantifying the benefits of changes in water quality
due to reduced diffuse pollution is discussed.
The approach bases on the contingent valuation (CV) which is a scientifically accepted method to
quantify positive external effects such as changes in environmental quality. The analysis is an
integral part of the REGFLUD project. Relevant information regarding the relationships and effects
of lower nutrient concentrations in surface waters is provided by expert interviews and a study of
literature.
The results of expert interviews strongly determine the design of the standardised questionnaire
to be developed. Since water quality has been significantly improved in the past due to reduced
pollution from point sources experts see only little scope for further improvements triggered by a
reduction of diffuse pollution.
Additionally, the actual incidence of these effects is regarded uncertain due to regionally varying
conditions. Considering simultaneously these results on the one hand and the prerequisites of an
accomplishment of CV on the other hand suggests the use of salmon population as the indicator
to describe an environmental change scenario to respondents. Based on this scenario
respondents are asked to express their willingness to pay (WTP). WTP enters a cost-benefit
evaluation of measures aiming at a reduction of diffuse pollution.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ucd.ie/dipcon/docs/theme09/theme09_07.PDF…. 25/8/2012
. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:948-954 Environmental equity, air quality,
socioeconomic status, and respiratory health: a linkage analysis of routine data from the
Health Survey for England
Benedict W Wheeler, and Yoav Ben-Shlomo
Study objective: To assess relations between socioeconomic status and local air quality, and
combined effects on respiratory health, in the context of environmental and health inequality.
Data on people taking part in the Health Survey for England were attributed with a small area index
of air pollution using annual mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, benzene, and
particulates (PM10). Regression models were used to measure associations between social class, air
quality, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and self reported asthma.
Participants aged 16–79 in the Health Survey for England 1995, 1996, and 1997.
Urban lower social class households were more likely to be located in areas of poor air quality, but
the association in rural areas was, if anything reversed. Low social class and poor air quality were
independently associated with decreased lung function (FEV1), but not asthma prevalence, after
adjustment for a number of potential confounders. Social class effects were not attenuated by
adjustment for air quality. In men, a differential effect of air pollution on FEV1 was found, with its
effect in social classes III to V about double that in social classes I and II (p value for
interaction = 0.04). This effect modification was not seen for women.
Further evidence of environmental inequity in the UK is provided. The association between FEV1 and
local air quality is of similar magnitude to that with social class, and the adverse effects of air
pollution seem to be greater in men in lower social classes.
Diunduh dari: http://jech.bmj.com/content/59/11/948.abstract…. 25/8/2012
. Current State of the Science: Health Effects and Indoor Environmental Quality
Environ Health Perspect. 2007 June; 115(6): 958–964. Published online 2007 January 25. doi:
10.1289/ehp.8987
Clifford S. Mitchell,1 Junfeng (Jim) Zhang,2 Torben Sigsgaard,3 Matti Jantunen,4 Paul J. Lioy,5 Robert Samson,6
and Meryl H. Karol
Our understanding of the relationship between human health and the indoor environment
continues to evolve. Previous research on health and indoor environments has tended to
concentrate on discrete pollutant sources and exposures and on specific disease processes.
Recently, efforts have been made to characterize more fully the complex interactions between
the health of occupants and the interior spaces they inhabit. In this article we review recent
advances in source characterization, exposure assessment, health effects associated with
indoor exposures, and intervention research related to indoor environments.
Advances in source characterization include a better understanding of how chemicals are
transported and processed within spaces and the role that other factors such as lighting and
building design may play in determining health.
Efforts are under way to improve our ability to measure exposures, but this remains a challenge,
particularly for biological agents.
Researchers are also examining the effects of multiple exposures as well as the effects of
exposures on vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. In addition, a number of
investigators are also studying the effects of modifying building design, materials, and
operations on occupant health. Identification of research priorities should include input from
building designers, operators, and the public health community.
Diunduh dari:
. Occurrence of Naturally High Cadmium Levels in Soils and Its Accumulation by Vegetation
L. J. Lund, E. E. Betty, A. L. Page and R. A. Elliott
JEQ. Vol. 10 No. 4, p. 551-556. Published: Oct, 1981
A survey of soils in the Santa Monica Mountains of Los Angeles and Venture Counties, Calif., was
conducted to determine the relationship between parent materials and soil Cd contents.
Twenty-four series were sampled and analyzed for Cd after digestion in 4N HNO3.
Residual soils developed from shale parent materials had the greatest Cd concentrations, with a
mean of 7.5 µg/g, whereas soils developed from sandstone and basalt had the lowest Cd
concentrations, with a mean of 0.84 µg/g.
Alluvial soils with parent materials from mixed sources had an intermediate mean Cd content of
1.5 µg/g.
A more extensive survey of the dominant soil series of the area was carried out and the
Millsholm series, mapped in 30% of the area, was found to have a mean Cd content of 7.3 µg/g.
A greenhouse vegetable study conducted with seven soils from the area, representing a range of
Cd concentrations, showed that the Cd present naturally in these soils was absorbed by the
vegetables in amounts sufficient to be of public health concern.
Diunduh dari: https://www.soils.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/10/4/JEQ0100040551…. 25/8/2012
Statistical Evaluation of Effects of Riparian Buffers on Nitrate and Ground Water Quality
Timothy B. Spruill
JEQ. Vol. 29 No. 5, p. 1523-1538 Published: Sept, 2000
A study was conducted to statistically evaluate the effectiveness of riparian buffers for
decreasing nitrate concentrations in ground water and for affecting other chemical constituents.
Values for pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), silica, ammonium,
phosphorus, iron, and manganese at 28 sites in the Contentnea Creek Basin were significantly
higher (p < 0.10) in old (>20 yr) discharging ground water draining areas with riparian buffers
compared with areas without riparian buffers. No differences in chloride, nitrate nitrogen,
calcium, sodium, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in old ground water between buffer and
nonbuffer areas were detected. Comparison of samples of young (<20 yr) discharging ground
water samples from buffer and nonbuffer areas indicated significantly higher specific
conductance, calcium, chloride, and nitrate nitrogen in nonbuffer areas.
Riparian buffers along streams can affect the composition of the hyporheic zone by providing a
source of organic carbon to the streambed, which creates reducing geochemical conditions that
consequently can affect the chemical quality of old ground water discharging through it. Buffer
zones between agricultural fields and streams facilitate dilution of conservative chemical
constituents in young ground water that originate from fertilizer applications and also allow
denitrification in ground water by providing an adequate source of organic carbon generated by
vegetation in the buffer zone.
Based on the median chloride and nitrate values for young ground water in the Contentnea
Creek Basin, nitrate was 95% lower in buffer areas compared with nonbuffer areas, with a 30 to
Diunduh dari: https://www.crops.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/29/5/JEQ0290051523…. 25/8/2012
. Geophysical Electromagnetic Survey Methods Applied to Agricultural Waste Sites
R. A. Eigenberg, R. L. Korthals and J. A. Nienaber
JEQ. Vol. 27 No. 1, p. 215-219. Published: Jan, 1998
This paper reports the use of electromagnetic (EM) instrumentation for surveying agronomic and
waste treatment sites at locations previously profiled by soil coring for evaluation of nutrients in the
soil profile.
Surveys were made using a geophysical EM instrument capable of measuring conductivity 3 to 6 m
below the surface of the ground with horizontal or vertical polarization.
Two specific sites were analyzed to evaluate the effects of management practices: (i) An animal
waste composting site with one section in use since 1985 and with expanded operation to another
section in 1989 and (ii) A waste storage pond (operational in 1973) holding precipitation runoff from
a cattle feedlot.
Correlation analysis between the EM conductivity measurements and chemical analysis at both sites
(concentrations of NH+4, NO−3, CL−, and P) show significant (P < 0.05) correlations for the ions while P
did not show a significant correlation. The EM measures were able to distinguish the 6-yr-old site
from the 10-yr-old site (P < 0.05).
The results indicate that EM methods provide useful information for shallow subsurface surveys of
livestock waste management facilities.
Diunduh dari: https://www.crops.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/27/1/JEQ0270010215…. 25/8/2012
. Plant diversity and generation of ecosystem services at the landscape scale: expert
knowledge assessment
Sandra Quijas, Louise E. Jackson, Manuel Maass, Bernhard Schmid,
David Raffaelli, Patricia Balvanera
Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume 49, Issue 4, pages 929–940, August 2012
. In spite of the increasing amount of experimental evidence on the importance of plant species richness for
ecosystem functioning at local scales, its role on the generation of ecosystem services at scales relevant for
management is still largely unknown. To foster research on this topic, we assessed expert knowledge on the role
of plant diversity in the generation of services at the landscape scale.
We developed a survey that included three levels of organization and seven components of plant diversity; four
provisioning, six regulating and four cultural services; as well as three resources and three conditions among key
abiotic factors that are likely to provide a contribution to service generation equalling that of plant diversity.
Eighty experts in areas of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services answered the survey.
The experts identified species diversity within a community and diversity of communities within the landscape
as the most important levels of organization for service generation, both with positive effects. Composition and
number of species were considered to be the most relevant components of plant diversity, the latter with a
positive effect on services. Water availability was identified as the most important abiotic resource.
Our results suggest different approaches to management for sustaining the generation of services at the
landscape scale. Provisioning services were perceived as largely influenced by abiotic resources and less so
(although positively) by plant diversity. Regulating services were expected to strongly depend on both plant
diversity and abiotic factors. A particularly strong positive effect of plant diversity was expected for the
generation of cultural services. Some variation in answers could be attributed to expert background.
The expert survey generated detailed information and new hypotheses on the relationship between plant
diversity and services at the landscape scale. Future research is needed to test these hypotheses, yet the areas
of agreement identified in this study can be used immediately, with caution, as synthetic expert knowledge at
spatial scales
are relevant for management, to guide technological and policy interventions
the
Diunduh
dari:that
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02153.x/abstract
….ensuring
25/8/2012
Stakeholder Perceptions of Changing Ecosystem Services Consumption in the Jinghe Watershed:
A Household Survey and PRA
CAO Xiaochang, ZHEN Lin, YANG Li, LONG Xin, DU Bingzhen, WEI Yunjie
[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2011, 2(4): 345-352.
This paper presents cognitive awareness levels of ecosystem services and their consumption by
farmers in Guyuan City, which lies in the Jinghe watershed.
Household Surveys and Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA) were used to determine differences
in farmers cognitive awareness levels.
The household survey results showed that farmers have a cognitive awareness of 11 ecosystem
services: food supply, air purification, environmental purification, soil and water conservation,
clean water supply, natural disaster minimization, increasing income, fuel wood supply, aesthetic
recreation, fodder supply and sand stabilization.
The job-related requirements of a farmers' daily life, their direct consumption of ecosystem
services and the importance of ecosystem services to them all influence their cognitive awareness
of ecosystem services.
Through group interviews the PRA method can provide the opportunity for information exchange
and discussion. The process can help farmers to gain more cognitive awareness of ecosystem
services. Large changes in ecosystem services have been observed in the study area. Food
production and fuel wood supply have decreased markedly, yet incomes have increased.
Spatial and temporal variables, changes in ecosystem services and the level of income all have an
impact on farmers' food supply and resource consumption. Overall, the total consumption of food
(cereal and potato) and fuel wood declines for most farmers and consumption of vegetables, meat,
coals and gas have increased.
Diunduh dari: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/abstract/abstract8447.shtml….
25/8/2012
Designing payments for ecosystem services: Lessons from previous experience with incentivebased mechanisms
B. Kelsey Jack, Carolyn Kousky, and Katharine R. E. Sims
Published online before print July 9, 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705503104
PNAS July 15, 2008 vol. 105 no. 28 9465-9470
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) policies compensate individuals or
communities for undertaking actions that increase the provision of ecosystem
services such as water purification, flood mitigation, or carbon sequestration.
PES schemes rely on incentives to induce behavioral change and can thus be
considered part of the broader class of incentive- or market-based mechanisms for
environmental policy. By recognizing that PES programs are incentive-based,
policymakers can draw on insights from the substantial body of accumulated
knowledge about this class of instruments.
In particular, this article offers a set of lessons about how the environmental,
socioeconomic, political, and dynamic context of a PES policy is likely to interact with
policy design to produce policy outcomes, including environmental effectiveness,
cost-effectiveness, and poverty alleviation.
Diunduh dari: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/28/9465.abstract …. 25/8/2012
Designing payments for ecosystem services: Lessons from previous experience with incentivebased mechanisms
B. Kelsey Jack, Carolyn Kousky, and Katharine R. E. Sims
Published online before print July 9, 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705503104
PNAS July 15, 2008 vol. 105 no. 28 9465-9470
Payments for Environmental Services (PES)
Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are one of the tools in the incentive-mechanism box, seeking to "get the
incentives right" by supporting and motivating the production of positive externalities in the long run.
Most PES schemes have a
common basic structural
design, in which service
beneficiaries (e.g. consumers)
pay (through financing and
payment mechanisms, cash or
in kind) land users for
providing environmental
services.
Figure 1. Operation of PES
schemes: a simplified
representation
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/es/esa/pesal/
aboutPES5.html 3/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/28/9465.abstract …. 25/8/2012
A method to assess ecosystem services developed from soil attributes with stakeholders and
data of four arable farms
Rutgers, M.; Wijnen, H.J. van; Schouten, A.J.; Mulder, C.; Kuiten, A.M.P.; Brussaard, L.; Breure,
A.M.
Science of the Total Environment 415 (2012). - ISSN 0048-9697 - p. 39 - 48.
Ecosystem-service indicators and related accounting units are crucial for the development of
decision frameworks for sustainable land management systems. With a management concept using
ecosystem services, land-use expectations can be linked to quantifiable soil features in a
defendable and transparent way.
A method to define a set of site-specific ecosystem services and indication system for quantification
was set-up and run. First, we interviewed a wide group of land users profiting from ecosystem
services of the soil at four arable farms in the polder Hoeksche Waard (S-SE of Rotterdam, the
Netherlands). Subsequently, site-specific ecosystem services were defined and weighted according
to land use expectations at different spatial and temporal scales. Second, a practical set of
indicators was taken from 'Best Professional Judgment' and used to quantify the performance of
the ecosystem services for these four farms. The indicators were derived from biotic and abiotic
soil parameters. The performance of ecosystem services was related to a reference situation (MEP:
maximum ecological potential) with the same land use and soil type combination (i.e., arable fields
on silt loam) taken from the database of our national soil survey.
In many cases, the performance of ecosystem services was relatively poor if compared to MEP.
However, the performances of natural attenuation and/or climate-related services were better. In
addition, the different management of these farms (i.e. conventional, intensive and organic
farming) was reflected in the performance of the ecosystem services of their soils. Third, land
management measures to improve the targeted ecosystem services were incorporated in the
outlined method, but not worked out with illustrative field data in this study. Together with
Diunduh dari: http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/412694…. 25/8/2012
.Eco-value level classification and ecosystem management strategy of
broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain
Zheng J, Jiang F, Zeng D
The Jour. Of Applied Ecology. 2003, 14(6):839-844]
. To realize the sustainable management of forest ecosystems, we should explicitly clarify the
types and differences of the ecosystem services provided by different ecosystems under
different conditions, with rethinking about the value of forest ecosystems; then solid
management strategies and measurements will be enacted and applied to achieve the objects.
The broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BLKPF) in Changbai Mountain is a unique and important
forest type in China, owing to its many important ecosystem services such as preventing soil
erosion, regulating climates, nutrient cycling, providing wood and non-timber forest products,
etc. This paper is a preliminary study on the management strategy of BLKPF on the basis of
analyzing the characters of the ecosystems and the relative importance of services they
provided in this region. Based on the latest research of ecosystem services of BLKPF in
Changbai Mountain, an idea of eco-value level (EVL) was introduced, and accordingly,
management strategies were summarized by adopting the advanced theories in ecosystem
management science and by analyzing field survey data. EVL means the relative amount of the
value of ecosystem services provided by certain ecosystem, which can indicate the difference
between services in given objects. The EVL classification of BLKPF implies the relative amount
of the eco-value of different ecosystems including virgin forest, secondary forest, forest with
human disturbance, and man-made forest in the clear-cutting sites.
Diunduh dari: http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/12973979…. 25/8/2012
.Eco-value level classification and ecosystem management strategy of
broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain
Zheng J, Jiang F, Zeng D
The Jour. Of Applied Ecology. 2003, 14(6):839-844]
Analytical Hierarchical Processing method was used to formulate the equation for EVL index. Eight factors,
namely, slope, soil depth, stability of soil maternal material, coverage of above-ground canopy, species
diversity, regeneration rate of the stand, life span of dominant tree species, and intensity of human
disturbance were chosen to build the formula. These factors belonged to three aspects affecting
ecosystem services including the physical environment, community, and disturbance regime, and their
selection and scaling were based on the previous studies on the BLKPF. The equation of EVL index (EI) was
expressed as: EI = 0.542A1 + 0.171A2 + 0.072A3 + 0.067B1 + 0.043B2 + 0.014B3 + 0.010B4 + 0.081C1.
According to the range of EI, ecosystems were classified into three types: low EVL type with EI from 1.000
to 1.874, medium EVL type with EI 1.874-2.749, and high EVL type with EI 2.749-3.623. Typical plots were
surveyed and scaled with EI, and the predominant characters of each EVL type were summarized. Most
forests of high EVL type were those in sites at high risk of soil erosion and hard to recover after disrupted.
Forests of medium EVL type were those with worse community structure and composition, and were
disturbed by human activities in relative steep sites. Forest of low EVL type were those in plane site with
serious disruption or some young man-made stands. Based on the analyses of the characters of these
three types, different management strategies were put forward. For high EVL type forest, strictly
protection is most important to maintain the forest in natural succession and its eco-services. For medium
EVL type forest, the key points of management are restoring their health and vigor by regulating their
composition and structure in a seminatural way. For low EVL type forest, some area could be used to
extensive exploration for economic benefits, and the rests should be reconstructed towards the original
stand in composition and structure, based on the 'shadow ecosystem' in a close-to-nature way to promote
thehttp://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/12973979….
capacity of providing more eco-services. 25/8/2012
Diunduh dari:
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2005 Mar;26(2):5-10.
[Willingness to pay for ecosystem services of urban river in Shanghai].
Zhao J, Yang K, Tai J, Wu EN.
The contingent valuation method (CVM) is one of the most dominating and standard techniques for
eliciting the willingness to pay (WTP) for the ecosystem services provided by environment and
resources. Taking Zhangjiabang Creek, a model project in the comprehensive management of urban
river in China, as a case study, 800 payment card CVM questionnaires were surveyed and 646 as
useful questionnaires were feed back in August 2003, then, the mean WTP, 195.07 - 253.04 Yen per
person every year in the future 3 years, to the ecosystem services of the urban river was got in the
payment card CVM study, and the figure was compared to some other river CVM studies.
Distribution shape and range of WTP were probed, and the regression relationship between
respondents WTP and their socioeconomic information such as income, education level, donation
experience, and environmental attitude was discussed, what's important, an environmental
economics explanation was given to the regression results.
Some biases which influence the mean WTP of payment card CVM are inspected and
corresponding countermeasures were seriously noticed and implemented in the survey.
Finally the critiques and controversies that CVM is faced with were advanced, but the reliability of
CVM is also given based upon environmental decision-making theory.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004291…. 25/8/2012
Measuring Ecosystem Service Benefits: The Use of Landscape Analysis to Evaluate
Environmental Trades and Compensation
James Boyd and Lisa Wainger
April 2003• Discussion Paper 02-63
Ecosystem compensation and exchange programs require benefit analysis in order to guarantee
that compensation or trades preserve the social benefits lost when ecosystems are destroyed or
degraded.
This study derives, applies, and critiques a set of ecosystem benefit indicators (EBIs). Organized
around the concept of ecosystem services and basic valuation principles we show how GIS
mappings of the physical and social landscape can improve understanding of the ecosystem
benefits arising from specific ecosystems.
The indicator system focuses on landscape factors that limit or enhance an ecosystem’s ability to
provide services and that limit or enhance the expected value of those services.
The analysis yields an organized, descriptive, and numerical depiction of sites involved in specific
mitigation projects. Indicator- based evaluations are applied to existing wetland mitigation
projects in Florida and Maryland in order to practically illustrate the virtues and limitations of the
approach
Diunduh dari: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/10738/1/dp020063.pdf …. 25/8/2012
Integrating Ecology and Economics for Restoration: Using Ecological Indicators in Valuation of
Ecosystem Services
Eric T. Schultz, Robert J. Johnston, Kathleen Segerson, Elena Y. Besedin.
Restoration Ecology. Volume 20, Issue 3, pages 304–310, May 2012
Because it can uniquely furnish insights into nonuse values for ecosystem services, survey-based
Stated Preference (SP) valuation is widely used to estimate the benefits of ecological restoration.
SP surveys ask respondents to select among restoration options yielding different ecological
outcomes. This review examines the representation of ecological outcomes in SP studies seeking to
quantify values for restoration of aquatic ecosystems. To promote the validity of ecological
indicators used in SP valuation, we identified four standards: indicators should be measurable,
interpretable, applicable, and comprehensive.
We reviewed recent SP studies estimating the value of aquatic ecosystem services to assess
whether ecological indicators in current use had these desirable properties. More than half of the
54 indicators reviewed were measurable, meaning referable to potentially precise quantification.
About one-third were interpretable, that is, presented in a way that facilitates understanding the
effects of restoration. About three quarters of the indicators were applicable; SP valuation
practitioners typically consult with natural scientists to ensure that indicators represent the effect
of stressors on ecological systems and with focus groups to ensure that indicators have a
connection with ecosystem services that contribute to public well-being.
While most of the SP studies employed diverse and potentially comprehensive indicators that could
capture direct and indirect effects of restoration, and 6 of 20 studies used indicators that met all
standards,
in the indicators were common. These problems can be rectified
with
Diunduh
dari:shortcomings
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00854.x/abstract….
25/8/2012
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2011) 21, 197–211
Landscape-epidemiological study design to investigate an environmentally based disease
Joseph A Tabor, Mary Kay O'rourke, Michael D Lebowitzc and Robin B Harris
Cost-effective approaches for identifying and enrolling subjects in community-based
epidemiological studies face many challenges. Additional challenges arise when a
neighborhood scale of analysis is required to distinguish between individual- and group-level
risk factors with strong environmental determinants.
A stratified, two-stage, cross-sectional, address-based telephone survey of Greater Tucson,
Arizona, was conducted in 2002–2003. Subjects were recruited from direct marketing data at
neighborhood resolution using a geographic information system (GIS).
Three geomorphic strata were divided into two demographic units. Households were randomly
selected within census block groups, selected using the probability proportional to size
technique. Purchased direct marketing lists represented 45.2% of Census 2000 households in
the surveyed block groups. Survey design effect (1.6) on coccidioidomycosis prevalence (88 per
100,000 per year) was substantially reduced in four of the six strata (0.3–0.9).
Race–ethnicity was more robust than age and gender to compensate for significant selection
bias using poststratification. Clustered, address-based telephone surveys provide a costeffective, valid method for recruiting populations from address-based lists using a GIS to
design surveys and population survey statistical methods for analysis. Landscape ecology
provides effective methods for identifying scales of analysis and units for stratification that will
improve sampling efficiency when environmental variables of interest are strong predictors.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n2/abs/jes200967a.html …. 25/8/2012
Improvement Opportunities for Growers of Ornamental Plants: A
Survey of Landscape Architects
M.P. Garber1 and K. Bondari
HortScience December 1992 vol. 27 no. 12 1322-1325
A survey of landscape architects in Georgia was conducted to identify opportunities for
nurseries to meet the needs of landscape architects and to improve the quality of installed
landscapes.
The primary opportunities identified for improvement for growers are to provide regular,
frequent plant availability (32% of respondents); develop new plant varieties for specific needs
(21%); supply plants that meet specified sizes (20%); recommend plant varieties for specific
conditions (12%); provide picture of plants (9%); and make presentations to landscape
architects (5%).
Additional insight into how growers can help landscape architects achieve a higher quality
installed landscape was gained from the question, `What is the most common complaint you
experience regarding plant material installed?”
Landscape architects indicated that plants below specified size (44%) and plants below
specified quality (24%) were the two most common complaints.
Diunduh dari: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/27/12/1322.abstract…. 25/8/2012
Improvement Opportunities for Growers of Ornamental Plants: A
Survey of Landscape Architects
M.P. Garber1 and K. Bondari
HortScience December 1992 vol. 27 no. 12 1322-1325
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, socialbehavioral, or aesthetic outcomes.
It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and
processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome.
The scope of the profession includes: urban design; site planning; stormwater management; town or
urban planning; environmental restoration; parks and recreation planning; visual resource management;
green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and residence landscape master planning
and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of
landscape architecture is called a landscape architect.
Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of: botany, horticulture, the fine
arts, architecture, industrial design, geology and the earth sciences, environmental psychology, geography,
and ecology. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and
parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates
to the design of civil infrastructure and the management of large wilderness areas or reclamation of
degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture….. 4/9/2012
NANNI, Marcos Rafael et al.
Landscape unit discrimination for pedological surveys by orbital spectral response.
Acta Sci., Agron. (Online) [online]. 2010, vol.32, n.3, pp. 555-561. ISSN 18078621. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v32i3.6144.
The objective of this study was compare two soil survey methods.
The first was performed by methods traditionally used to distinguish landscape units
and soil class discrimination. The second was based on soil class distinction through
orbital spectral response. In order to establish soil characteristics and their
classification, soil samples were collected at two depths in a grid system, with a
distance of 500 meters between points. With these samples, physical and chemical
analyses were carried out. In the sampling points, the apparent reflectance of the
soil, from the orbital image, was determined and, through cluster analysis landscape
units were established.
In order to evaluate the resemblance reliability between the landscape units
established in each method, the Kappa index was used, the value set for the
confusion matrix was 0.43, indicating high quality in the comparison, showing that
the non-conventional method was as close as the one carried out by
photointerpretation.
Diunduh dari: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1807-86212010000300025&script=sci_abstract…. 25/8/2012
NANNI, Marcos Rafael et al.
Landscape unit discrimination for pedological surveys by orbital spectral response.
Acta Sci., Agron. (Online) [online]. 2010, vol.32, n.3, pp. 555-561. ISSN 18078621. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v32i3.6144.
EXPLORING FOR COPPER DEPOSITS (teacher's guide)
M. R. Farr (Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 )
Sumber: http://www.beloit.edu/sepm/Rocks_and_minerals/exploring_for_copper.html
Map showing soil sample grid
Sampling large landscapes with small-scale stratification†
Jonathan Bart, Leah Dunn, Amy Leist, Laura Sabin
The Journal of Wildlife Management
Volume 76, Issue 7, pages 1489–1498, September 2012
This study, carried out for the United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), demonstrated methods for surveying
large landscapes using small-scale, habitat-based stratification, a common problem that has heretofore received
little attention.
The goal was to design a sampling plan for detecting change in the density of breeding birds of 6 species occurring
along the Colorado River around and south of Lake Mead in the southwestern United States.
The main problem in designing the study was that the focal species were concentrated in small, irregularly shaped
patches of habitat. We partitioned the study area into >15,000 plots configured to enclose the high-quality habitat
in the fewest possible plots with the constraint that plots could be surveyed in 1 morning by 1 person. Because of
the irregular plot shapes and extremely dense vegetation, we used area searches to carry out the surveys.
This is one of the first studies to show how large landscapes can be sampled using small-scale stratification so that
effort can be concentrated in the habitats of greatest interest.
We used double-sampling, including a large sample of plots surveyed with
a rapid method and a subsample of plots surveyed intensively, to estimate
detection ratios.
A simulation study helped allocate effort between rapid and intensive
surveys and indicated that conducting 80 surveys per year would achieve
high power to detect a 50% decline occurring during 20 years.
Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.384/abstract…. 25/8/2012
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL METHOD TO STUDY AGRICULTURAL VEGETATION: SOME EXAMPLES
FROM THE PO VALLEY
E. GIGLIO
Annali di Botanica. Vol 6 (2006). p.95-110
Vegetation is the most important landscape component, as regards to its ability to catch
solar energy and to transform it, but also to shape the landscape, to structure the space, to
create the fit environment for different animal species, to contribute to the maintenance of a
correct metastability level for the landscape, etc. It is a biological system which acts under
the constraints of the principles of the System Theory and owns the same properties of any
other living system: so, it is a complex adaptive, hierarchical, dynamic, dissipative, selforganizing, self-transcendent, autocatalytic, self-maintaining system and follows the nonequilibrium thermodynamic. Its ecological state can be investigated through the comparison
between “gathered data” (pathology) and “normal data” (physiology) for analogous types of
vegetation.
The Biological Integrated School of Landscape Ecology provides an integrated methodology
to define ecological threshold limits of the different Agricultural Landscape types and applies
to agricultural vegetation the specific part of the new methodology already tested to
studying forests (the Landscape Biological Survey of Vegetation).
Ecological quality, better and worst parameters, biological territorial capacity of vegetated
corridors, agricultural field, poplar groves, orchards and woody remnant patches are
investigated. Some examples from diverse agricultural landscapes of the Po Valley will be
discussed.
Diunduh dari: http://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/view/9128…. 25/8/2012
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL METHOD TO STUDY AGRICULTURAL VEGETATION: SOME EXAMPLES
FROM THE PO VALLEY
E. GIGLIO
Annali di Botanica. Vol 6 (2006). p.95-110
Landscape ecology tools used at Forest Research
Structural tools use land cover data to produce metrics or indicators based on the habitat requirements of
focal species.
Functional tools use habitat information from the structural tools to model species movement within the
connectivity element to produce habitat networks. There is also scope for analysing pattern metrics or
spatially explicit population modelling; these are a developing component of our work.
Landscape structure
Priorities for landscape planners can often be met by
measuring changes in the physical attributes of a landscape
(the landscape metrics). Previous work in the Landscape
Ecology programme identified important differences
between different types of wooded landscape in the UK,
primarily differences in the grain, which is the spatial scale
of variation in vegetation structure.
It is often more helpful to analyse landscape structure in
terms of the habitat of a particular species, for example:
1. Total area of habitat
2. Mean size of habitat patches
3. Mean inter-patch distance
4. Variation in patch sizes
5. The number of patches linked by a particular piece of
new planting.
Diunduh dari: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-69PLA5 ….
4/9/2012
Tropical Ecology . 43 (1): 61-74, 2002. ISSN 0564-3295
Soil survey and mapping using remote sensing
M.L.MANCHANDA, M.KUDRAT & A.K.TIWARI
Soil survey constitutes a valuable resource inventory linked with the survival of life on the
earth. The technological advancements in the field of remote sensing and Geo-graphical
Information System have been a boon for such surveys.
Present paper describes the role of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS)
technologies for mapping and characterizing soils at various scales.
The spectral behaviour of soil and its components,which is fundamental to deriving
information from remote sensing data, is also discussed with illustrations. Furthermore, the
scope of present day remote sensing data for varying levels in-formation generation is also
reviewed.
Scalable soil-landscape models
C
ontinuous mapping of soil properties using remote sensing and geophysics (colored
image courtesy of Paul Gessler) in combination with probabilistic approaches on the
distribution of soil types based on pedological knowledge will provide continuous
parameter fields of the subsurface.
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/31988333/Soil-Survey-and-Mapping-Using-Remote-Sensing…. 25/8/2012
Tropical Ecology . 43 (1): 61-74, 2002. ISSN 0564-3295
Soil survey and mapping using remote sensing
M.L.MANCHANDA, M.KUDRAT & A.K.TIWARI
The spatial heterogeneity of terrestrial
systems is a fundamental problem for
predicting flow and transport at the scale of
catchments scale. The flow paths of water and
dissolved chemicals dictate their travel time
distribution towards surface waters and their
residence times within the unsaturated and
saturated zone. They depend on the spatial
pattern of soils going along with their specific
hydraulic properties. There are no means to
measure such properties with a sufficient
spatial resolution to identify flow paths in
response to the atmospheric boundary
conditions. Moreover, each catchment is an
individual realization so that knowledge
gained at one location is difficult to be
transferred to others.
Diunduh dari:
http://wess.info/wess/research/model_optimisation_monito
ring/research_topics/scalable_soil_landscape_models.php
3/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/31988333/Soil-Survey-and-Mapping-Using-Remote-Sensing…. 25/8/2012
An approach for using soil surveys to guide the placement of water quality buffers
Michael G. Dosskey, Matthew J. Helmers, and Dean E. Eisenhauer
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2006 vol. 61 no. 6 344-354 .
. Vegetative buffers may function better for filtering agricultural runoff in some locations than in others
because of intrinsic characteristics of the land on which they are placed.
The objective of this study was to develop a method based on soil survey attributes that can be used to
compare soil map units for how effectively a buffer installed in them could remove pollutants from crop
field runoff. Three separate models were developed. The surface runoff models for sediment and for
dissolved pollutants were quantitative, based mainly on slope, soil, and rainfall factors of the Revised
Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and were calibrated using the Vegetative Filter Strip Model
(VFSMOD) for a standard buffer design and field management. The groundwater model categorized map
units by the presence or absence of suitably-shallow groundwater and hydric conditions for interaction
with the root zone of a buffer.
The models were applied to a -65 km2) (-25 ml2) agricultural watershed in northwestern Missouri. Data
acquisition, calculations, and map production utilized the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). For
surface runoff, soil survey-based values correlated strongly with corresponding VFSMOD estimates for
sediment (R2 = 0.94) and dissolved pollutant trapping efficiency (R2 = 0.83) for a wide range of soil, slope,
and rainfall conditions.
A strong negative correlation between trapping efficiency and field runoff load was indicated. Mapped
results revealed large differences in buffer capability for surface runoff across the test watershed (21 to 99
percent for sediment and seven to 47 percent for dissolved pollutants). Trapping efficiency for dissolved
pollutants was much smaller than for sediment in every map unit. Lower values of trapping efficiency
were associated with map units where runoff loads are higher and where a buffer will trap greater loads
of sediment, but smaller loads of dissolved pollutants, than in units with higher values.
Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/61/6/344.abstract…. 25/8/2012
An approach for using soil surveys to guide the placement of water quality buffers
Michael G. Dosskey, Matthew J. Helmers, and Dean E. Eisenhauer
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2006 vol. 61 no. 6 344-354 .
Comparative rankings can be adjusted somewhat for site conditions
that depart from the reference conditions, and recalibration may be
desired to better account for them. For groundwater, the
confluence of hydric conditions and shallow water table occurred
only in the highest reaches of the test watershed, but a buffer can
also interact with groundwater in most upland and riparian
locations due to the prevalence of a seasonally shallow water table.
By this approach, soil surveys may be used as a screening tool to
guide planners to locations where buffers are likely to have a
greater impact on water quality and away from those where impact
is likely to be small.
Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/61/6/344.abstract…. 25/8/2012
Improved indexes for targeting placement of buffers of Hortonian runoff
M.G. Dosskey, Z. Qiu, M.J. Helmers and D.E. Eisenhauer
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2011 vol. 66 no. 6 362-372
Targeting specific locations within agricultural watersheds for installing vegetative buffers has been advocated as a
way to enhance the impact of buffers and buffer programs on stream water quality. Existing models for targeting
buffers of Hortonian, or infiltration-excess, runoff are not well developed.
The objective was to improve on an existing soil survey–based approach that would provide finer scale resolution,
account for variable size of runoff source area to different locations, and compare locations directly on the basis of
pollutant load that could be retained by a buffer. The method couples the Soil Survey Geographic database with
topographic information provided by a grid digital elevation model in a geographic information system. Simple
empirical equations were developed from soil and topographic variables to generate two indexes, one for
deposition of sediment and one for infiltration of dissolved pollutants, and the equations were calibrated to the
load of sediment and water, respectively, retained by a buffer under reference conditions using the process-based
Vegetative Filter Strip Model. The resulting index equations and analytical procedures were demonstrated on a 67
km2 (25.9 mi2) agricultural watershed in northwestern Missouri, where overland runoff contributes to degraded
stream water quality. For both indexes, mapped results clearly mimic spatial patterns of water flow convergence
into subdrainages, substantiating the importance of size of source area to a given location on capability to
intercept pollutants from surface runoff.
A method is described for estimating a range of index values that is appropriate for targeting vegetative buffers.
The index for sediment retention is robust. However, the index for water (and dissolved pollutant) retention is
much less robust because infiltration is very small, compared to inflow volumes, and is relatively insensitive to the
magnitude of inflow from source areas.
Consequently, an index of inflow volume may be more useful for planning alternative practices for reducing
dissolved pollutant loads to streams. The improved indexes provide a better method than previous indexes for
targeting vegetative
buffers
in watersheds where Hortonian runoff causes significant
nonpoint pollution.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.jswconline.org/content/66/6/362.abstract….
25/8/2012
Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of conservation buffer placement strategies in a river basin
Z. Qiu, C. Hall and K. Hale
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation September/October 2009 vol. 64 no. 5 293-302
Conservation buffer is a best management practice for repairing impaired streams and
restoring ecosystem functions in degraded watersheds. This paper compares the costeffectiveness of three conservation buffer placement strategies in the Raritan Basin in New
Jersey.
Three strategies are the fixed-width riparian buffer restoration strategy based on state and
local regulatory rules, the variable-width riparian buffer restoration strategy based on a
nonregulatory watershed protection initiative and the variable source area—based
conservation buffer placement strategy derived from an alternative concept of watershed
hydrology. The variable source area—based conservation buffer placement strategy targets
the most hydrologically critical source areas in a watershed for buffer placement. A digital
elevation model, land use, soil, and stream data are used to identify critical source areas for
buffer placement.
The results show there are only minor differences in the cost-effectiveness of the fixed- and
variable-width riparian buffer restoration strategies and that variable source area-based buffer
placement strategy is more cost effective than the fixed- and variable-width riparian buffer
restoration strategies. The critical source areas for placing conservation buffers are useful
information for local watershed management, soil and water conservation, and land use
planning.
Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/64/5/293.abstract…. 25/8/2012
Erosion probability maps: Calibrating precision agriculture data with soil surveys using logistic
regression
T.G. Mueller, H. Cetin, R.A. Fleming, C.R. Dillon, A.D. Karathanasis, and S.A. Shearer
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2005 vol. 60 no. 6 462-468
Soil surveys provide information about the location of eroded areas across landscapes, but not at a scale
that may be necessary for land use planning, precision agriculture, and conservation management.
The objective of this paper was to determine whether sitespecific information and logistic regression could
be used to improve the spatial resolution of soil surveys. This study was conducted on fragipan soils
developed from loess in a western Kentucky agricultural field. Information about the presence and severity
of erosion was obtained from a highly detailed first-order soil survey and less detailed second-order county
soil surveys. Digital terrain attributes (slope, length-slope factor, wetness), reflectance (visible, red-NIR, and
NIR), soil electrical conductivity, and direct contact electrical conductivity were used as regressor variables.
Binary variables were assigned a value of one if they were located in eroded map phases and if slope values
were greater than or equal to two percent. For all other cases they were assigned values of 0. Stepwise
multiple logistic regression was used to develop models that were used to map probability that substantial
soil erosion had occurred in the past.
The resulting probability maps were remarkably similar for both survey orders indicating that this approach
was robust to soil map unit inclusions and classification errors. Erosion probability maps created using the
second order soil survey matched in many cases with the boundaries of the first order survey. Our results
demonstrated that precision agriculture technologies and logistic regression analysis could potentially be
used to improve the value and utility of existing second order soil surveys. Soil and water conservation,
management, and planning will be more effective and economical if these methods can be adapted for soils
in other regions of the United States.
Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/60/6/462.abstract…. 25/8/2012
Identifying critical agricultural areas with three-meter LiDAR elevation data for
precision conservation
J.C. Galzki, A.S. Birr and D.J. Mulla
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2011 vol. 66 no. 6 423-430
Determining which portions of agricultural landscapes are major sources of pollution within a watershed is
time consuming and labor intensive. Small critical areas of the landscape contribute disproportionate
amounts of sediment and phosphorus to nearby waterways. Critical areas are defined here as areas of
accumulated overland runoff that are hydrologically connected to surface waters. With advancements in
light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies, landscape topography can be represented with highly
accurate terrain data.
The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using LiDAR–based terrain attributes to
identify fine-scale critical areas in selected Minnesota watersheds and to analyze cost efficiency of this type
of analysis. The LiDAR digital elevation model data were acquired for two south central Minnesota
watersheds, and the terrain attributes slope, flow accumulation, and stream power index were calculated
with a 3 m (9.8 ft) spatial resolution. Field surveys were conducted in these watersheds along the riparian
corridor to identify side inlets and active gullies that contribute to surface water quality degradation. Terrain
attributes were able to identify 80% of field-verified gullies in the study watersheds. Furthermore, an even
higher percentage of gullies with a high sediment delivery potential were identified using terrain attributes.
Gully size was ranked during field surveys, and 31 of the 32 largest gullies ranked in the field were
successfully identified with LiDAR–based terrain attributes. In contrast, only 7 of these gullies could be
identified using 30 m (98 ft) digital elevation model terrain attributes. The LiDAR approach for identifying
critical source areas using terrain attributes has a large potential for cost savings relative to time-consuming
field surveys. With an ever-increasing availability of LiDAR data, terrain analysis may prove very useful in the
future for targeting best management practices to critical areas for reductions in nonpoint source pollution.
Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/66/6/423.abstract…. 25/8/2012
The importance of pedological soil survey in land use planning, resource assessment and site
investigation
E. M. Lee and J. S. Griffiths
Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p.
453-466
The ever increasing pressure for infra-structural development in the UK heightens the conflict
between the different land use demands placed on an area.
This is reflected in the need for planning authorities to assess the relative suitability
of potential land uses. Such assessments are important in guiding urban
development away from good quality agricultural land.
It is manifest that such planning decisions should be made on the basis of a comprehensive
review of all relevant factors, and in particular, this includes the pedological soil conditions
with their controlling influence on the ability of the land to support different land uses.
Past pedological studies have tended to concentrate on the evaluation of land suitability for
agricultural uses. However, such studies are also of value when assessing the suitability of
other potential uses including, forestry, recreational uses, natural resources or general
infrastructure development.
Diunduh dari: Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p. 453-466 ….
The importance of pedological soil survey in land use planning, resource assessment and site
investigation
E. M. Lee and J. S. Griffiths
Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p.
453-466
In site investigations for infrastructure or resource development pedological studies have a
role to play both at the feasibility and detailed investigation stages. During a feasibility study,
particularly when used in conjunction with a programme of geotechnical mapping, a
pedological approach to the examination of point samples can be an important aid in the
determination of the areal extent of engineering soil units.
In detailed investigations pedological assessments during pitting operations can determine
such items as the depth of topsoil to be removed and stored during stripping, if a profile has
developed through in-situ weathering of bedrock or a derived superifical cover and will assist
in the identification of poor drainage areas
In this paper examples are presented of soil surveys used to assess the suitability of areas for
recreational use, urban development and forestry. Also, by comparing the approaches to soil
description contained within BS 5930, Code of Practice for Site Investigations (British
Standards Institution 1981), and the Soil Survey Field Handbook (Hodgson 1974), some
recommendations are made for adopting pedological description techniques in geotechnical
site investigations.
Diunduh dari: Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p. 453-466 ….
Abella, Scott R.; Denton, Charles W.; Brewer, D. G.; Robbie, W. A.; Steinke, R. W.; and Covington,
W. Wallace,
"Using a terrestrial ecosystem survey to estimate the historical density of ponderosa pine trees
in northern Arizona" (2010).
Faculty Publications (SEPA). Paper 375.
The Terrestrial Ecosystem Survey (TES) delineates ecosystems according to their climate,
geology, soils, and potential natural vegetation (U.S. Forest Service 1986).
Land managers and planners can use this information to help interpret site suitability for
natural regeneration, reforestation, and revegetation potential as well as site suitability for
road building, range and timber, range structures (watering sources), and other land uses.
However, the TES can be used for other purposes as Ganey and Benoit (2002) demonstrated
in their report about identifying potential habitat for Mexican spotted owl on national forest
lands.
Similarly, Bell and colleagues (2009) used the TES and its specific survey units (TESU) to
analyze the characteristics of the Woolsey plots in northern Arizona—plots the Forest Service
established in the early 1900s to examine tree regeneration.
In our study, we identified historic ponderosa pine densities on various TES mapping units
and then correlated our findings with what the TESU predicted we should find.
Diunduh dari: http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/sea_fac_articles/375/…. 25/8/2012
A survey of long-term terrestrial ecology studies in Australia
K. N. YOUNGENTOB, G. E. LIKENS, J. E. WILLIAMS, D. B. LINDENMAYER.
Austral Ecology.
Article first published online: 18 JUL 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02421.x
© 2012 The Authors. Austral Ecology © 2012 Ecological Society of Australia
Long-term ecological studies (LTES) are critical for understanding and managing landscapes.
To identify important research gaps, facilitate collaborations and communicate results, several
countries have established long-term ecological research networks.
A few initiatives to create such a network in Australia have been undertaken, but relatively few
published data exist on the current state of LTES in Australia.
In this paper, we present the results of an online survey of terrestrial LTES projects sent to
academic, government and non-governmental organization-based researchers across Australia.
We asked questions pertaining to the focus, scope, support and outcomes of LTES spanning
7 years or longer.
Based on the information reported from 85 Australian LTES, we: (i) identify the biomes,
processes and species that are under-represented in the current body of research; (ii) discuss
important contributing factors to the successful development and survival of these projects;
and (iii) make recommendations to help increase the productivity and influence of LTES across
research, management and policy sectors.
Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02421.x/abstract…. 25/8/2012
Sustainable use of ecosystem services under multiple risks – a survey of commercial cattle
farmers in semi-arid rangelands in Namibia
Roland Olbrich. Martin F. Quaas and Stefan Baumgärtner
Working Paper Series in Economics. No number 137.
52 pages. Sept 2009
Studying the sustainable use of ecosystem services under uncertainty requires the consideration of the
stochastic dynamics of the system under study, risk and time preferences, risk management strategies and
normative views pertaining to sustainability. To gather this information for an important ecologicaleconomic system, we conducted a survey of commercial cattle farmers in semi-arid rangelands of
Namibia, a system that features risks on various space and time scales. Here we present a description of
the research aims, design and conduction of the survey, and analyze and discuss the homogeneity and
representativeness of our survey population.
The survey consisted of a mail-in questionnaire and in-field experiments. We combined two existing farmaddress databases, reaching 77% of the estimated 2,500 cattle farmers. The return rate of questionnaires
exceeded 20%, and response rate to individual questions surpassed 95% and 90% for the majority of nonsensitive and sensitive questions, respectively.
Distinct sub-sample groups within the survey population did not differ in the analyzed characteristics with
the exception of ethnicity, regional location of farmland and an intentionally induced bias for residency on
farm. It has turned out that we have undersampled distinct population segments of farmers, such as
indigenous farmers or farmers not belonging to the main interest group of commercial cattle farming.
Notwithstanding, we consider the survey to be highly successful, yielding a rich dataset which allows
diverse analyses.
Diunduh dari: http://ideas.repec.org/p/lue/wpaper/137.html…. 25/8/2012
Estimating The Local Economic Benefits Of Riparian Ecosystem Restoration Using Iterated
Contingent Valuation
Holmes, Thomas P., Bergstrom, John C., Huszar, Eric, Kask, Susan B., Orr, Fritz, III.
University of Georgia, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics in its series Faculty Series.
2002
A computerized survey instrument was developed to estimate the economic value of riparian
restoration along the Little Tennessee River in western North Carolina.
Restoration benefits were described in terms of five indicators of ecosystem services: abundance
of game fish, water clarity, wildlife habitat, allowable water uses, and ecosystem naturalness. An
iterative sequence of dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions were presented to
local residents to assess household willingness to pay increased county sales taxes for differing
amounts of riparian restoration.
Our results showed that the benefits of ecosystem restoration were "super-additive". That is, the
total value of conducting many restoration projects exceeded the sum of the value of projects
evaluated independently or at too small of a spatial scale.
We also estimated the costs of riparian restoration activities by collecting and analyzing data
from riparian restoration projects in the study area. After adjusting our estimated valuation
function for socio-economic characteristics of the population, the benefit/ cost ratio for riparian
restoration throughout the entire watershed was about 2.2 to 1.
Diunduh dari: http://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/ugeofs/16696.html…. 25/8/2012
Vegetation survey: a new focus for Applied Vegetation Science
Milan Chytrý, Joop H. J. Schaminée, Angelika Schwabe.
Applied Vegetation Science. Volume 14, Issue 4, pages 435–439, October 2011
Vegetation survey is an important research agenda in vegetation science. It defines vegetation
types and helps understand differences among them, which is essential for both basic
ecological research and applications in biodiversity conservation and environmental
monitoring.
In this editorial, we reflect on the historical development and current state of vegetation
survey worldwide and introduce the Special Feature ‘Vegetation Survey’, as well as the new
section of the same name in Applied Vegetation Science.
The current Special Feature contains eight vegetation survey studies from North America, New
Zealand, Europe and Asia. Most of these studies describe diversity of important vegetation
types across large areas and some are also innovative from the methodological viewpoint.
They illustrate current trends in vegetation survey in different parts of the world and also
represent some examples of the type of studies that we wish to publish in the ‘Vegetation
Survey’ section in future issues of Applied Vegetation Science.
Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01154.x/abstract…. 25/8/2012
Vegetation survey: a new focus for Applied Vegetation Science
Milan Chytrý, Joop H. J. Schaminée, Angelika Schwabe.
Applied Vegetation Science. Volume 14, Issue 4, pages 435–439, October 2011
Simpson's Diversity Index
A community dominated by one or two species is considered to be less diverse than one in
which several different species have a similar abundance.
Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of
species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species. As species richness and
evenness increase, so diversity increases.
n = the total number of organisms of a particular species N = the total number of
organisms of all species.
The value of D ranges between 0 and 1. With this index, 1 represents infinite diversity and
0, no diversity.
Diunduh dari: http://geographyfieldwork.com/Simpson%27sDiversityIndex.htm ….. 4/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01154.x/abstract…. 25/8/2012
Marriott, Hollis and Hartman, Ronald L. 1986.
A Survey of the Vegetation of Jewel Cave National Monument.
Completion Report, U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center Project. 17+ p.
Jewel Cave National Monument (hence referred to as JECA) occupied 516 ha on the southwestern
edge of the Limestone Plateau area of the Black Hills (Custer Co., South Dakota). Underlain by the
resistant Pahasapa limestone (Mississippian), it is characterized by steep topography and deep
canyons, with elevations ranging from roughly 1550 to 1750 m above sea level. Ponderosa pine forest
dominates the landscape. Much of the forest was logged at least once prior to being incorporated
into the Monument during a US Forest Service - National Park Service land swap in the early 1960's.
Roughly one quarter section (the "old area") was part of the original Monument and has not been
logged.
Prior to 1985, studies of the vegetation and flora at JECA were limited to small projects by seasonal
staff; this project was carried out to satisfy the need for more thorough baseline information.
The primary objectives were two: to compile a flora (a list of vascular plants) of JECA, and to map
plant communities present at the time of the study.
As well as serving as a baseline for resource management, this information will be useful for aboveground interpretation. Other benefits from the project include an herbarium for the Monument, a
wildflower checklist for visitor use, and several specific recommendations for management of the
Monument's vegetation and flora.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nps.gov/wica/naturescience/abstract-a-survey-of-the-vegetation-of-jewel-cave-national-