Figure 7.1. A transmission line terminated by load

Laboratory Manual

Telecommunication Engineering

2013 - 2018

TELECOMMUNICATION LABORATORY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

KampusBaru UI Depok 16424 Phone : +62-21-7270078 ext.131

TELECOMMUNICATION LABORATORY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING , UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050

Redaction Team

Supervisor : Dr. Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, S.T.MSc.

Editor : Aisyah

Author : Adhitya Satria Pratama

Sarah Karimah

Desta Rianto

Nurul Muhtadin

Ina Gustiana

Sayid Hasan

Budiman Budhiardianto ii





TABLE OF CONTENT

I. Vision and Mission of the Department ............................................................ 2

II. GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES .................................................. 3

III. PRACTICAL/LABORATORY WORK AND MODULES ........................ 4

1. TRANSMISSION LINE ............................................................................... 4

2. ANALOG MODULATION ....................................................................... 13

3. DIGITAL MODULATION ....................................................................... 26

4. TELEPHONY SYSTEM, PCM, AND TDM ............................................ 33

5. FIR FILTER USING DSK TMS320C671................................................ 41

6. RADIO LINES USING RADIO MOBILE SOFTWARE AND MINI-

LINKTM DEVICES ................................................................................. 49 iii





I.

VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

Vision

The department has the vision to become a high standard of excellence in education and research in the field of electrical engineering

Missions

In order to achieve such vision, the department has defined its mission to produce Electrical Engineer graduates who are able to compete beyond the national labor market

The graduates will capable to respond to the vast growing engineering technology development through the support of excellent educational process, excellent management, and organization, international standard of competence of the teaching staff and international reputation in specific research activities.

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II.

GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES

This laboratory manual has evolved over the years to meet the needs of students taking Telecommunication Engineering at the Electrical Engineering

Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia. The intention is to provide the student with an organized, user-friendly tool to better enable him or her to understand laboratory aspects of telecommunication engineering as well as to hopefully make learning laboratory material and preparing for lab activity a bit easier.

Each lab practical module is set up as a complete module that demonstrates some basic telecommunication engineering principle or technique. In this manual, nine practical are included. Each module includes the objectives, basic theory, equipments needed, and step-by-step procedure that provides all the information needed to understand that lab. Finally, each lab module ends with a set of questions form that tells the student exactly what he or she gets on the lab activity.

The lab module are designed to give the student "hands-on" laboratory experience to better reinforce certain topics discussed in lecture as well as to present a number of selected telecommunication engineering principles not covered in lecture.

Practitioners must follow whole series of Telecommunication Engineering

Lab consisting of six practical modules. Practitioners must prepare lab materials, through lab module, course materials, and other related sources.

Each practitioner must do and collect the Preliminary Task before the laboratory activities begin. The time late that can be tolerated is 15 minutes. If practitioners late more than 15 minuters without any reasonable cause, they cannot join the laboratory activity on that module. If the practitioners do not follow the laboratory activity, they would have grade 0 on that module. At the end of the activity, practitioners must answer the questions and problems from the practical sheet base on the experiment. We hope you can utilize this

3




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 laboratory manual and also hope it makes your study of telecommunication engineering easier.

III.

PRACTICAL/LABORATORY WORK AND MODULES

1.

TRANSMISSION LINE

In this assignment the measurement of voltage standing wave (vswr) of waveguide components is undertaken using a waveguide slotted-line and probe detector. Voltage standing wave ratio, invariably abbreviated to vswr, is one of the fundamental parameters used in specifying component performance. It quantifies the degree of mismatch a component presents to the waveguide feed line.

The concept of impedance in waveguides and the use of the Smith Chart in impedance and matching calculations are introduced. The measurement of impedance of a waveguide component is carried out and the results used to determine the position of a capacitative probe to effect matching.

1.1

Objectives

1.

Understand the concept of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio in the transmission line;

2.

Understand the concept of impedance and admittance in the transmission line

3.

Understand how to use Smith Chart to determine the value of impedance and admittance in the transmission line.

Theory

Energy moves along the transmission line as electromagnetic wave. The wave generated by the signal source and flows in a transmission line to load is called as incident wave. If the value of the load impedance, Z

L

, is equal to the value of the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, Z

0

, then all the energy comes from the source will be absorbed by the load. In other words, if the transmission

4




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 line with finite length terminated with load impedance Z

L

= Z

0

, then for the incident wave, line will appear as a line with an infinite length, because at all points, including at the load terminal, the ratio between the voltage and current will be equal to 𝑍

𝑂

. If the load impedance is not equal to the characteristic impedance of the line, there is energy reflected back toward the source and called as reflected wave. In Figure 1.1 is shown a picture of a transmission line terminated by load.

Figure 7.1

. A transmission line terminated by load

These reflected waves set up standing wave patterns in the transmission lineas illustrated in figure 1.2.

Figure 7.2

standing wave

The ratio of maximum and minimum voltage amplitude on a standing wave called as Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and defined as:

𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥

…. (1.1) 𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛

If the electric field is probed with a diode detector at low power levels, the diode detector will obey a square law. That is, the current measured in the diode detector will be proportional to the square of the electric field being probed so that: 𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 2

…. (1.2) where k is a constant of proportionality.

5





𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = √ 𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛

.... (1.3) 𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 𝑘𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥

2 𝑘𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛

2

= 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 2

The corresponding waveguide reflection coefficient is

𝛤 =

𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅−1

𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅+1

…. (1.4)

The waveguide return loss (in dB) is defined as

…. (1.5)

There are two ways in determining the value of VSWR, namely:

1.

Direct Methods

By measuring the current values along the transmission line, the results of these measurements will obtain current value at each point in the transmission line,

VSWR graphs can be drawn by plotting each value of current at any point in the transmission line.

2.

Indirect method (Double minimum method)

Indirect method is used to improve the direct method if the value of VSWR more than 10.

Reflected waves indicate that the load impedance does not match to the line impedance.This causes the calculation of the amount of transmission becomes complicated. To simplify the calculations, we use Smith Chart. Smith Chart is a diagram used to understand the characteristics of transmission lines and microwave circuit elements. This diagram consists of real and imaginary component, in which the real component is shown by full circles, while the imaginary component is shown by the curved shape. Some characteristics of transmission line can be calculated by the Smith Chart, such as VSWR, load impedance, load admittance and reflection coefficient. From the Smith Chart , it can be determined whether the transmission line is matching or not.

6





Impedance is the ratio of voltage to current at a point in the transmission line, while admittance is the ratio of current to voltage at a point in the transmission line.

Equipment Required

All experiments using FEEDBACK Microwave Trainer MWT530.

No Component

1 Microwave Trainer Board

Quantity

1

2 Variabel Attenuator 1

3 X-band CW Gun Oscilator Source 1

4 Slotted line

5 Probe diode detector

6 Short circuit plate

7 Resistive termination

8 Waveguide horn antenna

1

1

1

1

1

1 9 E-plane tee

1.

Microwave Trainer Board

Figure 7.3

Microwave Trainer Board

2.

Variabel Attenuator

Is a resistive vane-central slot type; used to set attenuation level and control power transmission in waveguides. Maximum attenuation vane setting 0◦ approx. 36 dB; minimum at 90ᵒ less than 1 dB

.

7





Figure 7.4

Variabel Attenuator

3.

X-band CW Gun Oscilator Source

Frequency:fixed 10.687 Ghz

Output Power: 10 mW typical; 5Mw minimum.

Figure 7.5

X-band CW Gun Oscilator Source

4.

Slotted line

Waveguide slotted line; for sampling electric field pattern in waveguide; used with probe detector to measure guide wavelength, VSWR and impedance.

Figure 7.6

Slotted Line

5.

Probe diode detector

Probe detector, diode detector mounted in coaxial section with inner conductor acting as a probe;used in conjunction with slotted line and directional coupler to detect microwave signals. The diode detector in waveguide mount itself is used to rectify microwave signals for their detection; at low power levels diode detector output current is directly proportional to the microwave power being detected .

8





Figure 7.7

Probe diode detector

6.

Short circuit plate

Metal plates used to short-circuit waveguide section; employed in impedance measurements to determine reference planes, also used to measure guide wavelength and crystal detector law in conjunction with slotted line.

Figure 7.8

Short Circuit Plate

7.

Resistive termination

Is a waveguide section containing a taper lossy material to absorb incident microwave signals; ideally should absorb totally incoming signals without any reflection- it then acts as a matched load .

Figure 7.9

Resistive Termination

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8.

Waveguide horn antenna

Is an important microwave antenna widely used as a feed to microwave parabolic reflectors in radio, satellite, and radar systems, and also as an antenna in its own right.

Figure 7.10

Waveguide horn antenna

9.

E-plane tee

Acts as a power divider in the plane containing the incident E (electric field).

Figure 7.11

E-Plane Tee

Experiment Procedure

1.2.1

Measurement of VSWR using Direct Method

1.

Set up the equipment as shown in figure 1.12 .

2.

Set up the switch conditions on the console as follows:

Amplifier and detector: switch to detector output.

Left-hand keying switch: switch to internal keying.

Right-hand switch: initially off.

10





Figure 1.12

3.

Set the sensitivity to mid-position. Set the attenuator at position

20°. After switch on the console power supply, the main green switch, then energize the microwave bench by switching the righthand switch on.

4.

When the detector probe is moved along the slotted line, then the value of current will vary. Adjust the sensitivity and, if necessary, the attenuator setting to obtain a meter reading close to full-scale deflection.

5.

Carefully move the probe detector to locate the position of the first minimum current. Record the 𝐼 𝑚𝑖𝑛1

and the postition as x

1

.

6.

Carefully move the probe detector to locate the position of the first maximum current. Record the 𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥2

and the postition as x

2.

And also the next minimum current ( 𝐼 𝑚𝑖𝑛3

) and the postition as x

3.

7.

Using the same procedure, do it for short circuit and horn antenna.

1.2.2

Measurement of Impedance (normalized)

Here is how to determine the load impedance by using the Smith Chart:

1.

Determine the VSWR with a direct method;

11





2.

Draw VSWR circle on the Smith Chart;

3.

Point Q where r = 1/VSWR represents the input impedance of the load at electric field minimum

4.

Calculate the length of guide wavelength (𝜆 𝑔

) by the formula 𝜆 𝑔

= 2(𝑥

3𝑠𝑐

− 𝑥

1𝑠𝑐

)

5.

The distance d of first electric field minimum from the load input is defined by 𝑑 = 𝑥

1

= 𝑥

3

− 𝑥

3𝑠𝑐

6.

Move 𝑑/𝜆 𝑔

from the point Q .

7.

Find the value of normalized load impedance.

1.2.3

Caution and equipment explanation

WARNING : Although the microwave power levels generated by the equipment are below 10 mW and not normally dangerous, the human eye can suffer damage by exposure to direct microwave radiation. Therefore:

NEVER look directly into an energized waveguide .

REFERENCE:

1.

Manual Feedback Microwave Trainer MWT530

2.

William H.Hyat and John A.Buck. Elektromagnetika, 7 th ed. Erlangga.

2006

3.

Stuart M. Wentworth . Fundamentals of Electromagnetics with

Engineering Aplications.

Wiley.2005

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2.

ANALOG MODULATION

This laboratory work is part of the Telecommunication Engineering Lab series. Each tutorial in this series teaches you a specific topic of common analogue modulation by explaining the theory and giving practical examples. This tutorial covers an introduction to analogue modulation, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and its properties.

2.1

Objective

In this practical, you will learn some types of analog modulation, especially

AM and FM modulation.

Theory

Modulation is the process of laying on the information signal to the signal carrier .

In other words, modulation is the process to vary the carrier signal based on the information signal variation.

Two types of modulation schemes:



Linear modulation: linear relationship between the modulated signal and the message signal(e.g. AM, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB).



Angle modulation: the angle of the carrier wave is varied according to the message signal(e.g. FM,PM)

2.1.1

Amplitude modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation uses a variation of signal amplitude to carry or represent information. The wave that the amplitude being varied called as carrier signal. Signal that makes the variation is called as modulating signal (information signal). Suppose the carrier signal is v

C and the information signal is v

M

, shown by equation: v

C

(t) = V

C sin( ω

C t) .... (3.1) v

M

(t) = V

M sin ( ω

M t) .... (3.2)

So, the modulated signal is v(t) = (V

C

+ V

M sin ( ω

M t))sin ( ω

C t) .... (3.3)

It can be changed into v(t) = V

C

(sin ( ω

C t) + m sin ( ω

M t)sin ( ω

C t)) .... (3.4)

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Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 where m= V

M

/V

C

= index modulation. Because of sin ( ω

M t)sin ( ω

C t)) = (1/2)[cos(( ω

C

− ω

M

)t) − cos(( ω

C

+ ω

M

)t)], so, there are three different frequency components, they are:



The original carrier wave, with frequency ω

C

, there is no variation and doesn’t bring any information.



Components with frequency ( ω

C

− ω

M

) , the amplitude is proportional to the modulation index. This component is called as lower side frequency.



Components with frequency ( ω

C

+ ω

M

) , the amplitude is proportional to the modulation index. This component is called as upper side frequency.

There are some information in lower side frequency and upper side frequency.

2.1.2

Frequency modulation (FM)

Frequency modulation technique also involves the carrier wave and signal information. FM uses frequency changes to represent the information. Frequency variation is shown by how many changes in the phase of result signal of modulation. At constant frequency (angular)ω radians / second, phase changes every radians / second. Phase of carrier signal that has not been modulated v c

=V c

sinω c t is s = ω c t. In FM, the signal information varies the frequency of the carrier signal, so that the frequency of the modulating signal becomes:

ω = ω

C

+ Dcos ω

M t .... (2.5)

Where D = kV

M is peak value of deviation and k = frequency slope of frequency modulator.

The total phase change in time, t, is s =

 

=

 c t





D

 m

 sin

 m t

…. (2.6) so the modulated signal can be define as v



V c sin





 c t



D

 m

 sin

 m t



 v c



V c sin

  c t

  sin

 m

 t



V F c

…. (2.7)

…. (2.8)

…. (2.9)

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F

 sin

 c t cos

  sin

 m

 t

 cos

 c t sin

  sin

 m

 t

By using the Bessel functions,

F



J

0

  sin

 c t



J

1

 

 sin

  c

  m





J

2

J

3

 

 sin

  c



2

 m

 

 sin

  c



3

 m



 t t



 sin sin



  c



2



 c



3

 m m

 t



 t t





...

sin

  c

  m

 t

…. (3.10)

This equation has infinite component. So it means an FM also has sideband that is infinite number. But in practice if higher the order, Bessel function value gets smaller, so that its bandwidth can be limited.


2.1.3

No 2.1.4

Component 2.1.5

Quantity

2.1.6

1 2.1.7

53-100 RAT Measuring 2.1.8

1 system

2.1.9

2 2.1.10

Amplitude Modulation 2.1.11

1

2.1.12

3 2.1.13

Workboard 53-130

Computer set 2.1.14

1

2.1.15

4 2.1.16

Arbitrary function generator AFG 3081

2.1.17

1

2.1.18

5 2.1.19

Digital Storage

Oscilloscope GDS-820C

2.1.20

1

2.1.21

6 2.1.22

Spectrum

GSP827

Analyzer 2.1.23

1

2.1.24

7 2.1.25

Coaxial Cable 2.1.26

2

15





Figure 3.1

Arbitrary function generator AFG 3081

2

3

1

5

4

7

1.

Carrier Frequency

2.

Carrier Level

3.

Modulation Level

4.

1 kHz Level

5.

Time Constant

6.

BFO frequency

7.

Carrier Balance

Figure 3.2

Amplitude Modulation Workboard

6

16





Figure 3.3

Spectrum Analyzer GSP827

Figure 3.4

Digital Storage Oscilloscope GDS-820C


2.1.27

Amplitude Modulation

For analog modulation, Feedback software is used. General procedure for operating Feedback software: a. Starting to operate Feedback software:

1. From main menu, click toolbar: system → index

2. Choose the assignment according to the practical sheet

3. Choose the practical. b. Ending the practical:

1. Click: System → end practical

2. If you want to end your practical in Feedback software, click: System

→ quit

2.1.28

ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL 1: Amplitude Modulation with Full

Carrier

1.

Set the <carrier level> to maximum

2.

Set <modulation level> to zero

3.

Note the signal at all monitoring points

22





4.

Now increase the <modulation level> and observe at monitor point

<6>

5.

Increase the <modulation level> until the carrier amplitude just reaches zero on negative modulation peak .

6.

Observe the signals at all the monitoring points both with the oscilloscope and the spectrum analyzer at various modulation levels.

Figure 3.5

Assignment 1 Practical 1 configurations

2.1.29

ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL 2: Demodulation using an Envelope

Detector

Here the signal from the amplitude modulator from Assignment 1

Practical 1 is demodulated using an envelope detector.

1.

Select <Practical 2> from the <Practicals> menu in Assignment 1.

2.

Set the <carrier level> to maximum.

3.

Set the <modulation level>to about half scale.

4.

Set the <time constant> to minimum.

5.

Use the oscilloscope to monitor the detector output at monitor point

<16> and adjust the <time constant>.

6.

Increase the time constant and note that the amplitude of the detected output.

7.

Use the spectrum analyzer to observe the carrier component amplitude.

8.

Compare the original modulating signal with the detector output in both shape and phase at various time constants using the oscilloscope.

23





Figure 3.6


2.1.30

ASSIGNMENT 2 PRACTICAL 1: Double Sideband with Suppressed

Carrier

1.

Use the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer to examine the signals at monitor point <4> and <5>.

2.

Set the <carrier balance> to mid-scale.

3.

Examine at <6> and note the wave shape.

4.

Use the spectrum analyzer to observe that there are two sidebands but no carrier.

5.

Adjust the <carrier balance>.

6.

Note the effect on carrier amplitude.

7.

Adjust <modulation level> and <carrier level> and no the effect.

8.

Monitor at <13> and adjust the <BFO Frequency> for stable trace, so that the BFO is in phase with the original carrier.

9.

Observe that the product detector output is the same as the modulating signal.

24





Figure 3.7


2.1.31

Frequency Modulation

Spectrum analyzer, Function Generator, and oscilloscope are used for FM practical

4.2.1 Time Domain Analysis

1.

Switch on the function generator and oscilloscope.

2.

Using coaxial cable, connect the output from the function generator with the channel from oscilloscope.

3.

Set the frequency value of the carrier signal in function generator.

4.

Set the frequency deviation in function generator.

5.

Push <autoset> at oscilloscope to ease the observation automatically.

6.

Observe the message signal and the modulated signal at the oscilloscope’s monitor.

2.1.32

Frequency Domain Analysis

1.

Switch on the function generator and spectrum analyzer.

2.

Using coaxial cable, connect the output from the function generator with the channel from oscilloscope.

3.

Set the frequency value of the carrier signal in function generator.

4.

Set the frequency deviation in function generator.

5.

Adjust the frequency range of view in spectrum analyzer

6.

Observe the spectrum of the signal

7.

Analyze by using Bessel function and Carson Rule

25





3.

DIGITAL MODULATION

In this chapter, we covered various aspects on digital transmission of information at baseband frequencies. When it is required to transmit binary data through a radio communication channel or to make more efficient utilization of the bandwidth of a line communication channel, it becomes advantages to modulate a carrier signal with the digital data before transmission. Three basic forms of digital modulation, corresponding to the equivalent analog modulation schemes of AM, FM, and PM, are known as amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phase-shift keying (PSK). We will consider each of these modulation briefly.

1.1

Objective

In this practical, you will learn kinds of digital modulation, especially ASK modulation and FSK modulation.

Theory

Generally, information source is an analog signal, such as speech signal.

Dealing with some advantage over the analog signal, digital signal is created.

Digital communication block diagram shown below.

Figure 4.1 Digital Communication Block Diagram

26





Just like basic telecommunication system block diagram, the system consists of transmitter, channel, and receiver. As shown above, signals are transmitted over the noisy channel. The information transmitted will be corrupted by noise. This condition will create some information error when the signal is received in the receiver.

The advantages of digital communication over the analog communication are:



Minimalizing the effect of noise in the signals transmitted



Easy to be multiplexed and processed



Easy to evaluate error



Cost effective implementation a.

Information Source

Information source can be a continuous signal or discrete signals. In digital communication, analog signals should be converted into the digital one using

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). b.

Source Encoder and Decoder

Source coding is used to code information source in order to make information more suitable for being transmitted. Source encoder will reduce the number of bit needed for transmitting some kinds of information. This technique will reduce the bandwidth needed. Source decoder is used to decode information after signals received in the receiver. c.

Line Coding and Decoding

Line coding applies digital data format without using modulation technique.

The requirements of line coding are spectrum at low frequency, transmission bandwidth required, timing content, error monitoring, and code efficiency.

The examples of line coding are Non Return to Zero (NRZ), Return to Zero

(RZ), Manchester, Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), HDB3, etc. d.

Encryption and Scrambling

Two main reasons for using encryption and scrambling are confidentiality and authentication. e.

Channel Coding dan Decoding

In high speed data transmission, the ‘1’ and ‘0’ are usually of very short duration. Channel coding and decoding is applied for reducing bit errors that

27




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 are caused by the noisy channel. Channel coding process data stream to make it compatible with channel characteristic. The technique is applied by adding some parity bits to the digital word. f.

Digital Carrier Modulator and Demodulator

The main purpose of digital modulator is to map binary information into signal waveforms in order to make the binary information capable to be transmitted over the channel. g.

Communication Channel

Communication channel is any medium that is used to transmit signals from transmitter to receiver. In practice, the channel is noisy and will disturb signals.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is digital modulation technique represented by amplitude level of the information. In ASK, binary information, such as 0 and 1, will be stated as a different amplitude level. In a band pass ASK, the signal is represented by:

(1)

Figure 4.2 ASK modulatedDigital signal

There are two kinds of demodulation and detection schemes for ASK: no coherent

(asynchronous) and coherent (synchronous).

28





Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

In frequecy shift keying, the frequency of the carrier varies with the baseband informantion. For example, binary 0 will have carrier frequency f1 while binary 1 will have carrier frequency f2. The modulated signal for binary FSK is formulated by

(2)

Figure 4.3 FSK modulatedDigital signal

FSK signals can be demodulated and detected by using both non coherent technique and coherent technique.

Phase Shift Keying

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is digital modulation technique that using different phase carrier according to the binary information.

29





Figure 4.4 PSK modulatedDigital signal


All experiments using TEKNIKIT FEEDBACK

• 53-100 RAT Measuring system

• Modulation and Keying Workboard 53-160

Figure 4.5

Modulation and Keying Work board 53-160

4.2 Experiment Procedure

General procedure for operating Feedback software: a. Starting to operate Feedback software:

1. From main menu, click toolbar: system → index

2. Choose your assignment according to your lesson

3. Choose practical according to your lesson b. Ending the practical:

1. Click: System → end practical

2. If you want to end your practical in Feedback software, click: System

→ quit

30





3.2.1

ASSIGNMENT23 PRACTICAL 1 :Production of ASK

1.

Set all the potentiometer on work board into the middle level.

2.

See signal in every points using oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer.

Write the practical result on your practical sheet. For your information, you can maximize your oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer view by:

2.1

Click: condition menu.

2.2

Click: change size.

3.

Set MS bit switch <7> and LS bit switch <8> according to the data word needed.

3.2.2

ASSIGNMENT 23 PRACTICAL 3 : Suppressed Carrier ASK

1.


2.

See signal in every points using oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. Write the practical result on your practical sheet. For your information, you can maximize your oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer view by: a.

Click: condition menu. b.

Click: change size.

3.

Set MS bit switch <7> and LS bit switch <8> according to the data word needed.

3.2.3

ASSIGNMENT 24 PRACTICAL 2 :Production of FSK

1.


2.

Set MS bit switch to 0 and LS bit switch to 2

3.

See signal in every points using oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. Write the practical result on your practical sheet. For your information, you can maximize your oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer view by: a.

Click: condition menu. b.

Click: change size.

3.2.4

ASSIGNMENT 24 PRACTICAL 3 : PLL Demodulation of FSK

1.


31





2.

See signal in every points using osciloscope and spectrum analyzer. Write the practical result on your practical sheet.

4.3 References

1.

George W. Hutchson, John K.H. Leong, Lim Choon Kwee, Nah Cherng

Kai. “Communication Principles and Systems”. School pof Engineering,

Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore.

2.

Shanmugam, Sam. “Digital Analog Communication Systems”. John Wiley

& Sons, Inc. Canada. 1979.

3.

“___”.”Teknikit Digital Communication”. Feedback Instrument Ltd,

England.

32





4.

TELEPHONY SYSTEM

Objective



Examines how a single telephone sends and receives signals in the telephone system.



Learning the principle of the conversion of analog signals into digital signals



Knowing the working principles of multiplexing especially TDM.

Theory

This is a simplified circuit of the whole TELEPHONE to demonstrate the pirinciples of operation. There are 3 circuits elements used : TELEPHONE,

HANDSET and the LINE to the switching centre.

Figure 2.1 Basic Telephony system

There are three signaling circuits in the main telephone, the SWITCH

HOOK, which is operated when telephone is first lifted, the KEYPAD for sending numbers and the ALERTER. There are also three speech circuits, a RECEIVER

(Rec), TRANSMITTER (Tx) or microphone, and the HYBRID circuit. In this practicals, we will use three functions of telephony system : 1. Switch Hook, 2.

Keypad Operation, 3. Keypad code of DTMF for signaling detection.

33





4.2.1

Switch Hook

This practical demonstrate the simple but essential function of the switch hook. Its names derives from the first telephones in which the receiver hung from a hook at the upright telephone. The functions are :



Signaling to the switching centre that the telephones is in use



Disconnecting the alerter, and connecting to the other telephone.

4.2.2

Keypad Operation

This practical is an introduce to the operation of KEYPAD, which uses DTMF signaling.

4.2.3

DTMF

Dual Tone Multi-Frequency signaling, or Touch tone dialing. There are 7 frequencies available in the keypad circuit. The two frequencies are chosen from a set of 4 low frequencies (697 to 941 Hz) and 3 high frequencies (1.21 to 1.48

KHz). One low and one high frequency are used for each button.

Figure 2.2 DTMF signaling on keypad

DTMF signaling is a replacement for the pulse dialing previously used in automatic telephones. Pulse dialing operates at the 10 pulses per second, by interrupting the current flow from the SLIC.

34





4.2.4

PCM

Transmitted signals will decrease the quality. This degradation is caused by theexistence of things, among others:



Attenuation



Noise



Interference

To reduce these impact, the analog signals need to be converted to digital form, because it is more resistant to noise and attenuation. The conversion of analog signals into digital form through three stages of the process of sampling, quantization, and coding that all three are part of the Pulse Code Modulation

(PCM).

Sampling

Sampling is the process of measuring the amplitude of a continuous-time signal at discrete instants. It converts a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal.

Sampling frequency which is usually used in the process of digitizing the voice signal is 8 KHz for digital telephony. Mathematically this can be analogous to sampling as a result of multiplication (combining) signals are sampled with a sampling signal. Here is a picture of the information signal, the signal wave sample and sampling results:

Figure 5.1 Information Signal

Figure 5.2 Digital Signal

35





Figure 5.3 Signal Sampling Result

Quantization

Quantization represents the sampled values of the amplitude by a finite set of levels.

It converts a continuous-amplitude sample to a discrete-amplitude sample.

In this quantizing many comparator level is 2n where n is the number of bits used.

Coding

Coding designates each quantized level by a (binary) code. Here is a picture of quantization and coding process:

Figure 5.4 Quantizing

Figure 5.5 Coding

36





4.2.5

TDM

Multiplexing is a method of using a channel of communication together.

Multiplexing is intended to save resources from the communications channel. One form of multiplexing is the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).

TDM is the time interleaving of samples from several sources so that the information from these sources can be transmitted serially over a single communication channel.

In which one frame is divided into several time slots. Each time slot has the same period and each frame has the same number of time slots, so each time slot on each channel talks repeatedly at fixed intervals, so that TDM is a synchronous system. Time slots can be used by one user to a channel talks. Other types of multiplexing are Frequency Division

Multiplexing (FDM) and Code Division Multiplexing (CDM).

Figure 5.6 The principle of time divison multiplexing (TDM)


All experiments using TEKNIKIT FEEDBACK

37





4.2.6

No 4.2.7

Component 4.2.8

Quantity

4.2.9

1 4.2.10

53-100 RAT Measuring 4.2.11

1 system

4.2.12

2 4.2.13

Telephone and Interface 4.2.14

1

58-100

4.2.15

3 4.2.16

Computer set 4.2.17

1

Figure 2.3

Telephone and Interface 58-100


USING FEEDBACK SOFTWARE Practical Instruction (done at the time of beginning using software Feedback)



From the main menu to find out the tasks to be performed, click toolbar >> index. It will show a collection of assignment.



Click the assignment you are doing



Then click the toolbar Practical accordance with the practical you are doing

To proceed to the next practical, a. click toolbarSystem >> End practical

38




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 b. Then start over by clicking the next toolbarPractical .

ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL 1 : SWITCH HOOK

1.

Press the button below the microphone handset,

2.

Note the operation change-over switch and reading on the ammeter

ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL 2 : KEYPAD OPERATION

1.

Switch the telephone to the ‘TONE’ position

2.

Keep the telephone Off Hook, and leave the line current control at the normal centre position

3.

Press one button on the keypad. Observe the signal on the line, shown on the oscilloscope. Keep the button pressed for this. Use the ‘options’ menu to display the full screen oscilloscope

ASSIGNMENT 4 PRACTICAL 1 : KEYPAD CODES

1 Press the button on keypad

2 Observe the signals on the line

3 Observe the frequency of signal at the output of each filter

ASSIGNMENT 7 PRACTICAL 1 and 4: Basic Sampling and Aliasing Error

1.

Follow the general instructions. click toolbar practical → basic sampling

2.

Set frequency of oscilloscope 1 to approximately 800 Hz and output Vpp 2 volt.

(Change display size with a `menu option ').

3.

Observe the waveform on the oscilloscope 1, the clock, the sampling wave (at test point 7) and the output on the low pass filter. Analysis it!

4.

Change the sample time by using the menu 'option' to ¼. Observe the waveform occurs. Analysis it!

5.

Repeat step 3 by changing the sample time into 1 / 8.

6.

Repeat steps 1-3 for 500 and 2 kHz frequency.

7.

Analysis the result

ASSIGNMENT 9 PRACTICAL 1 : Quantizing

1.

Follow the general instructions. click toolbar practical → quantization

39





2.

Set the voltage to 0 (zero) volt, using `DC Test Linear controllers' and recalibration to get accurate results.

3.

Set the input voltage to 1 V, observe the digital output.

4.

Repeat for 2 V and a maximum voltage untill the digital display does not change. Observe the digital output.

5.

Repeat to -1 V and -2 V and to a minimum. Observe the code changes' at zero voltage.

6.

Analysis!

ASSIGNMENT 9 PRACTICAL 2 : Quantizing Noise

2.

Follow the general instructions. click toolbar practical → quantization noise

3.

Set the frequency at 300 Hz and voltage amplitude (peak) at 0.2 volts by using the controller `Fine control '.

4.

Set the resolution to 4 bits, by using the menu 'Option ".

5.

Observe the digital output (test point 7) and the results of the output filter (test point 8)

6.

Repeat for different bits of resolution.

7.

Use the 'spectrum analyzer' to see the output

8.

Analysis!

ASSIGNMENT 9 PRACTICAL1 : Introduction of Multiplexing

1.

Follow the general instructions. click toolbar practical→introduction to multiplexing

2.

Observe the output on the oscillator 4 which is a result of demultiplexing (test point 7) and output filters.

3.

Compare the form of waves (test point 14) by using a large display. set oscillator 1 to 0 (zero) volt and varying the amplitude to determine the time slots used by each signal.

4.

Increase the output value of oscillator 1.

5.

Compare the input waveforms for each oscillator with output wave by using the menu `option 'to choose a time slot.

5.

FIR filter using DSK TMS320C6713

40





Objectives



Understand the DSP and its applications



Understand the concept of FIR filters and design FIR filter

Theory

5.2.1

Overview of DSK

DSK TMS320C6713 is one of the types C6000 that can work on a fixedpoint or floating-point. However, DSP is still a starter kit, which is a platform that can simulate DSP C6713. This type is intended for educational purposes, research, and evaluation. However, the results of the application that we created in the DSK type is very likely to apply to the actual C6713 DSP.

Texas Instruments publish a series of DSP board for applications DSP processors with low cost, one of which is a series of DSK TMS320C6713 DSP board. Basically, this board was developed as a low-cost platform that has high performance to facilitate learning for all about digital signal processing. On the

DSP board is already integrated components that related with signal processing using DSP (Digital Signal Processor). Components of board is hardware, but can be programmed using Code Composer Studio software. In Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively display DSK TMS320C6713 and the block diagram of DSK

TMS320C6713.

Figure 1.1 Display DSK TMS320C6713

41





Figure 1.2 Block diagram of DSK TMS320C6713

The main components as well as supporters of the DSK TMS320C6713 include:



Processor TMS320C6713

It is a processor with a clock speed of 225 Hz which support the operation of fixed-point and floating-point. Operating speed can reach 1350 million floating-point operations per second (Mflops) and 1800 million instructions per second (MIPS). In addition, the processor is able to perform 450 million multiply-accumulate operations per second.



CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device)

CPLD contains registers that serves to regulate the features that exist on the board. On the DSK C6713, there are 4 types of CPLD registers, namely:

2.

USER_REG, Register to set switches and LEDs as desired by users.

3.

DC_REG, Register to monitor and control the daughter card.

4.

VERSION Register for indications that related to the version of the board and CPLD.

5.

MISC Register to manage other functions on the board.



Flash memory

DSK uses flash memory to booting. In the flash contains a small program that called POST (Power On Self Test). This program is run when DSK

42




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 was first on. POST program will examine the basic board functions as a

USB connection, audio codec, LEDs, switches, and so on.



SDRAM

The main memory that serves as a repository of instructions and data.



AIC23 Codec

Serves as ADC and DAC for the incoming signal to the board.



Daughter card interface

Additional connectors are useful for developing applications on board.

There are three connectors, namely memory expansion, peripheral expansion, and Host Port Interface.



LEDs and Switches

LEDs and switches is a feature that can help in building applications because can be programmed as desired by the user.



JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)

Is a connector that can transfer data at very high speeds. This will be useful in real-time applications.

DSK can be used for many things, ranging from communication simulation, control system to image and sound processing. DSP commonly used in communications applications (mobile). Embedded DSP can be found in cellular phones, fax / modems, disk drives, radios, printers, hearing aids (hearing aids),

MP3 player, high-definition television (HDTV), digital cameras and others. The use of DSP in many tools can reduce the price of production, because the DSP can be programmed according to the needs, the softaware is cheap and sufficient hardware support.

5.2.2

Digital Filters

The digital filter is a mathematical procedure or algorithm that processes the digital input signal and generates a digital output signal that has certain properties in accordance with the purpose of the filter. This filter can use in many applications. Most of the signal processing applications using filters. In PSD, the

43




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 filter that designed is digital filter. Digital filter can be divided into two IIR

Digital Filters (infinite impulse response) and FIR (finite impulse response). This division is based on impulse response filter. FIR has a finite impulse response length, whereas IIR infinite. FIR not has pole, then the stability can be guaranteed, while IIR has poles so more unstable. In the high-order digital filter, error that happen because rounding the filter coefficients can cause instability.

In general: a.

Finite Impulse Response (FIR)

Formula FIR can be seen as follows: y ( n )

 k

N



1 



0 h ( k ) x ( n

 k ) (1) b.

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)

IIR formula can be seen as follows: y ( n )

 k







0 h ( k ) x ( n

 k ) (2)

The basic operation that used in signal processing just a simple multiplication and summation. However, these two operations are performed is very numerous, so to implement in the application is required a very fast processor to perform mathematical calculations. So, designed a microprocessor that works specifically for digital signal processing called the Digital Signal

Processor (DSP).

5.2.3

FIR Filter

FIR filter serves to operate a real-time digital filter on a DSP. Named

"finite" or limited because there is no feedback on the type of filter. There is no feedback because the value of a signal sample is limited to the value of (N-1) so that the number of samples depends on the number of coefficients N. On the

TMS320C6713 DSK, the use of FIR filters include the use of the ADC and DAC are integrated with the DSP board. ADC serves to capture and transform the signal into discrete form, whereas the DAC function transform back into an analog signal.

44





In general, an FIR is defined by the impulse responses, h(n), where h(n) is filter coefficients as found in Figure 3. The value and number of filter coefficients are determined by the desired filter specifications. Manually a value and the number of filter coefficients can be searched using a variety of methods that exploit the concept of discrete Fourier transform and windowing techniques.

Figure 1.3 FIR Filter with bi is the value of filter coefficients and q is number of filter coefficients.


In practical to this module used such tools in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Equipment used in Module Digital Modulation

No Component Quantity

1

DSK TMS320C6713

2 Software MATLAB

1

1

4

Software Code Composer Studio

5

Microphone

6

Audio Speaker

Experimental Procedure

1

1

1

In general, this experiment using MATLAB Simulink software and integrated with CCS studio so it can be programmed on the TMS320C6713 DSK.

The above process is called as the targeting process. For digital filter design is done in Simulink with the help of FDA Tool.

45





5.2.4

targetting Simulink in the DSK TMS320C6713

Simply, the targeting process used SIMULINK ® and CCS. To connect

SIMULINK with DSK needed ® Real Time Workshop, Embedded Target for TI

C6000 DSP, and Link for CCS. These three things can be found in SIMULINK ® and must be done configuration settings. The third relationship that can be seen in the figure below.

In Figure 2 below show the process of debugging and verification conducted by the CCS software. The use of CCS allows to generate codes that will be used in the DSP C6000 so that no need programming manually because it was done by the CCS

Figure 1.4 Flowchart of targetting in DSK C6000

5.2.5

Design of Filters

Designing Filters use the help of Filter Design and Analysis (FDA) tool that found in MATLAB software. The results from the use of this tool will be obtained FIR filter coefficients required specifications. In this design, used methods Blackman.

Specification of Digital Filter design:



Low Pass Filter



Sampling Frequency (fs) = 16 000 Hz



Cut off Frequency (fs) = 3000 Hz



Transition Width = 1000

In this design method is used Blackman

46




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 f = transition width / sampling frequency

= 1000 Hz/16000Hz

= 0.0625

The number of coefficients

(N) = 3.3 / f

= 3.3 / 0.0625

= 53

Furthermore, the number of coefficients will be entered into the FDA tool.

5.2.6

Practical Procedures

By using the filter specifications such as the example above, then the steps to create a filter is as follows: (Assistant MUST accompany)

1. Open the Simulink file FIR.mdl. Then, DSK connect with a computer, Perform diagnostics and enable the studio CCS program when there is no alarm;

2. Then open the block FDA Tool in FIR.mdl (available 3 blocks FDA tool where each FDA tool will be controlled by a single button on the DSK). In Figure 3 below display the simulation FIR filter

Figure 1.5 Display FIR filter simulation

3. Fill in the desired filter specifications on the display are simulated as in Figure

4 below;

47





Figure 1.6 Input simulation parameters

4. Perform targetting from Simulink to DSK TMS320C6713 by pressing the incremental build as contained in Figure 5 below. Remember DO NOT SAVE

IN;

Figure 1.7 Display icon to perform targetting

5. Connect the Line in DSK with output on the computer, and Line Out DSK on the computer microphone input. Connect the headphones on DSK with

Loudspeaker;

6. Open the file 44100.wav that will serve as an input audio signal. This file is generated signal at a frequency of 100-7000 Hz;

7. Open the file spectrumliat.mdl and run it;

8. Press the DIP switch on the DSK to see the results of the filters;

9. Fill borang observations and perform the above steps to design a filter with the specifications given by the assistant then. In the process of targeting the experimentalist must be accompanied by an assistant.

48





6.

RADIO LINES USING RADIO MOBILE SOFTWARE AND

MINI-LINK

TM

DEVICES

6.1

Objective

1. Learning to simulate one or more radio lines with modified parameters using Radio Mobile software

2. Understanding type and function of components on MINI-LINK

Theory

6.2.1

General Theory

Radio waves which propagating on the air will experience several different physical phenomena, such as reflection, transmission, diffraction and scattering. Propagation environment is the geographical environment in which radio waves propagate from transmitter to receiver. Propagation environments strongly influenced by the physical parameters such as pressure, temperature , humidity , refractive index, topography, vegetation distribution, roads, and buildings. Radio wave propagation can be determined by modeling the different physical mechanisms, such as damping vacuum, atmospheric attenuation, attenuation due to vegetation, and others.

The simplest radio propagation is line-of-sight. Microwave signals can be blocked by buildings or valleys. The waves must avoid any obstacles or tilt on the earth to make transmission. If the position between the building is blocked, it is necessary to put an antenna tower higher, in order to remain in a position to "see each other " ( line of sight). In general, the propagation is called line-of-sight if there are no waves diffraction effects, this means that there is no obstacles in first Fresnel ellipsoid. In Figure 7.1 below shown a simple model of radio propagation path analysis line-of-sight.

49





Figure 9.1 Simple Radio Line Propagation

In Figure 9.1, the power vacuum propagation loss(free space loss) is given by equation (1) below.

(1)

If transmission loss, LR and LT on Figure 1 is not counted, the power received is

(2)

All units on quotation (2) on International Standard.

6.2.2

Radio Mobile Software

The first step to create a wireless system is to make a design and simulation of the system. One of the tools to design and simulate a wireless system is the software Radio Mobile. Radio Mobile is a software developed byRoger Coude for amateur radio users. Radio Mobile using digital

50




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 terrainelevation model for the calculation of the coverage and signal strength received at various points along the radio path. Radio Mobile automaticallybuilds a profile between two points on a digital map showing the coverage area and first Fresnel zone. During the simulation, the software will check the line-of-sight and calculate the path loss. By using Radio Mobile, it is possible to make a network of several different topologies, including network master/slave, point-to-multipoint. This software can be used to calculate the coverage area of a base station in a point-to-multipoint, working for a system that has frequency of 100 kHz to 200 GHz.

6.2.3

MINI-LINK

T M

Ericsson is a company that already has experience in the field of microwave technology for over forty years and experience in the field of telecommunications for more than 130 years. Ericsson was the first company that has successfully demonstrated the direct speed of 2.5 Gbps over the air and also the first to introduce commercial products with a 512 QAM modulation.

MINI-LINK

T M

manufactured by Ericsson in its own factory in

Sweden. Ericsson has had extensive experience of MINI-LINK

T M

ranging from planning to construction of MINI-LINK

T M

networks around the world. MINI-LINK

T M

a microwave transmission technology devices are the most widely used around the world.

MINI-LINK

T M is the world's leading microwave solution, suitable forany network scenario. It enables flexible and speedy network rollout, and provides gigabit capacity and carrier-grade availability. Ericsson's microwave offering consists of a number of products:

MINI-LINK

T M

TN, a modular solution for evolving networks providingtransport technology flexibility and integrated traffic handling

MINI-LINK

T M

CN, compact and cost efficient hop solutions formicrowave transport

MINI-LINK

T M

PT, all outdoor solutions for packet microwave transport

MINI-LINK

T M

SP, multi access aggregation node and indoor unit for

51





MINI-LINK

T M

PT

MINI-LINK

T M

LH, an Ethernet Trunk Radio providing high capacities over long hops

Marconi LH, a compact high-capacity trunk radio solution for SDH

Figure 9.2

Ericsson Microwave Port ofolio

Ericsson developed a microwave as the transmission technology for several reasons:

• Environmental conditions that are difficult to reach. Especially in Indonesia, many environmental conditions such as islands, mountains, forests, etc.. Environmental conditions like this right if you use radiobased transmission techniques (microwave).

• The implementation does not take a long time. To build an optical fiberbased transmission lines, sometimes it takes more than six months.

• The high cost of installation per meter of fiber optic technology.

• Transmission technology is easy to add capacity and capabilities.

Some applications that take advantage of MINI-LINK

TM is a mobile network, the transmission of an enterprise to operator, transmission networks in government and the military, and microwave backbone network. In figure 7.3 shown some application MINI-LINK TM .

52





Figure9. 3 MINI-LINK

TM application

MINI-LINK equipment on Telecommunication Laboratory:

1. Outdoor units (ODU) consisted of a radio unit (RAU) and a compact antenna. ODU is the part that relates to the frequency bands allocation and in no way depends on the traffic. a) Radio unit (RAU)

The basic functions of the radio unit (RAU) is to transmit and receive RF signals and converts them to / from the cable signal format radio (cable radio). Cable radio is part of that serves to connect the RAU and MMU (Modem Unit). RAU can be connected to an antenna that has a wide band width on an integrated system or separately. RAU connected to the antenna through a waveguide interface. RAU removal and replacement can be done without affecting the antenna.

Figure 9.4 Radio unit MINI-LINK

TM

53





Radio frequency spectrum available on the MINI-LINKTM RAU is 6, 7, 8, 10, 11.13,, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38 GHz for Radio Split and 70/80 GHz for All Indoor. Here is a performance RAU table.

Tabel 9.1 RAU MINI-LINK

T M

Performance b. Antenna

Microwave antennas on the MINI-LINK have a diameter variation between 0.2 m to 3.7 m, and consists of a single polarization and dual polarization. All antennas are compact, or in other words low profile. Shown in Figure 7.5 MINI-LINK microwave antennas.

Figure 9.5 Antenna

54





Antenna with RAU can be a separate system or integrated, as there are in Figure 7.6 (a) and 7.6 (b). In Table 7.2 show specifications antenna used on MINI-LINK

T M

.

Figure 9.6 Antenna which separately installed with RAU and antenna which installed integrated with RAU on MINI-LINK

T M

Tabel 9.2 Antenna specification used on MINI-LINK

T M

2. Indoor Unit (IDU)

Indoor section, the access module, a part that was in the room. IDU traffic capacity version is supplied with different modulation schemes (CQPSK or 16

QAM), system configuration, and does not depend on the frequency band used.

Modules contained in the Mini-Link E are not all the same as the modules contained in the Mini-Link TN.

55





The following are IDUs devices, both of which are on the Mini-Link E as well as the Mini-Link TN, which was granted by PT Ericsson Indonesia to DTE FTUI: a.

Access Module Magazine (AMM)

AMM is a place to put a variety of indoor devices. AMM is comprised of various sizes. In the Mini-Link E, AMM measures include: AMM 2U-3, and AMM 4U1, while the Mini-Link TN, ukran AMM AMM including 1p,

2p B AMM, AMM 6p C, AMM 6p D, and AMM 20p B . Keep in mind, U is a unit of length dimension which is used to indicate the height AMM, U =

44 mm. AMM can be mounted fitting into 19-inch racks.

AMM installed on MINI-LINK

T M

in Telecommunication Laboratory DTE

FTUI is:

AMM 2U-3 for Mini-Link E

AMM 2U-3 can be mounted 1 piece SAU2: one high school, and two

MMU. The modules are mounted on AMM 2U-3 in the

Telecommunications Laboratory DTE UI is one fruit and one fruit SMU

MMU. Display shown in Figure 7.7 AMM 2U-3.

Figure 9.7

AMM 2U-3

Keep in mind, the composition of the modules tepasang the AMM shall comply with the provisions as shown in Figure 7.8. If only one MMU is installed, then the MMU must be placed in the second slot (second from top).

Figure 9.8 Slot on AMM 2U-3

56





AMM 2p B for Mini-Link TN

AMM 2p B consists of four slots, the slots 00, 01, 02, and 03. 00 slots reserved for NPU3 or NPU3B. The power supply required for the AMM 2p

B is a DC voltage of -48 V or +24 V. Display shown in Figure 9 AMM 2p

B and arrangement of the AMM 2p slot B. b.

Modem Unit (MMU)

Figure 9.9 AMM 2p B (a) and

Slot on AMM 2p B (b)

MMU is a modulator and demodulator unit. MMU can be mounted on a

Mini-Link E-and Mini-Link TN. MMU Mini-Link E produced Ericsson consists of various size capacities, including 2x2 Mbit / s, 4x2 / 8 Mbit / s,

2x8 Mbit / s, 2x8 Mbit / s, 34 +2 Mbit / s, and the MMU can directly have the capacity 2x2Mbit / s - 34 +2 Mbit / sMMU on Telecommunications

Laboratory DTE UI is MMU 2x8 Mbit / s are used for Mini-Link E.

Display shown in Figure 10 MMU 2x8 Mbit / s.

Figure 9.10

MMU 2x8 Mbit/s

In Table 7.3 below the MMU specification described in the

Telecommunications Laboratory DTE UI. In the block diagram shown

Figure 7.11 MMU 2x8 Mbit /s.

57





Table 9.3 MMU 2x8 Mbit/s Specification

Figure 9.11 MMU 2x8 Mbit/s block diagram c. Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU)

SMU is a unit that works to reduce traffic from MMU and / or provide protection for the benefit of switching between microwave network connection. SMU consists of several types, such as Sw (2 & 4 E1), 8x2

Mbit / s, and 16x2 Mbit / s. SMU found on the Mini-Link E. SMU in the

Telecommunications Laboratory DTE UI is SMU 8x2 Mbit / s. In Figure

7.12 and 7.13 respectively shown SMU 8x2 Mbit / s and the block diagram.

58





Figure 9.12

SMU 8x2 Mbit/s

Figure 9.13

SMU 8x2 Mbit/sblock diagram d. Node Processor Unit (NPU)

NPU is the brain of the Node. NPU holds the overall configuration of

Node. DCM LAN connection are the NPU. In addition, there is also a USB port if you want to use the Local Craft Tool (LCT). NPU consists of several types, including NPU1 B, NPU1C, NPU3, and NPU3 B.

Figure 9.14

NPU 3

In addition to the ODU and IDU above, there are also other components contained in the MINI-LINK

T M

's in Telecommunications Laboratories

DTE UI.

59





1. Radio Cable

Radio cable is a cable used as a waveguide. In other words diberfungsi radio wiring for guiding radio waves.

2. Coaxial Connector

Coaxial cable connector also called radio connector. Coaxial connector is used for connecting between the coaxial cable as well as coaxial xable with a device having input/output ports of radio waves. In figure 7.16 shown the various types of coaxial connector used on the MINI-

LINK

TM contained in the Telecommunication Laboratory DTE UI.

Figure 9.15 Types coaxial cable used on MINI-LINK

TM

3. Grounding Cable & Grounding Bar

Grounding cable and grounding grounding bar is a device that aims to protect if there is excessive current.

4.

Figure 9.16 grounding bar

Mini Circuit Breaker (MCB)

MCB serves as a contact point and the power supply breaker.

60





Figure 7.17 MCB

5.

LSA

LSA used as a place to put traffic connection cable.

Figure 7.18

6.

19 inchi rack

19 inch rack used as a place to put modules, power supplies, DC power distribution, DDF panels, etc.

Figure 7.19

LSA

19 inch rack

61





7. E1 Cable

E1 Cable is where traffic is channeled.

Figure 7.20

E1cable

8.

Dummy Unit

Dummy units are used if there is an empty slot in the AMM. Dummy units required as the device is essential to maintain the cooling air in the AMM.

Figure 7.21 Dummy unit

9.

Cooling Arrangement ( Fan Unit )

FAN works to provide cooling unit is good and right for the Node.

Figure 7.22 Fan unit

10.

Software

This software is used to configure and analyze MINI-LINK

T M

performance.

Mini-Link Service Manager

62





Mini-Link Craft

3.


Table 4 The equipment that used in the Module Path Using Software

Radio Mobile Radio and Microwave Radio Path using the MINI-

LINK Produced by Ericsson

No Component

1 Radio Mobile Software

Quantity

1

2 MINI-LINK E Device

4 MINI-LINK TN Device

1

1

5 MINI-LINK Service Manager Software 1

6 Insertion tool

7 Computer

1

1

Practical Procedures

6.2.4

Radio Line using Radio Mobile Software

Point-to-Point Radio System

1.

Open Radio Mobile software (rmweng.exe);

2.

Open the Folder Properties (F8), select the name of the city with

Select a city name or enter a position (lattitude and longitude) of the city and select the size of the image (Size height);

3.

Open the Network properties (ctrl N), then open System . Make the desired system. Set the parameters of the system;

4.

Open unit properties (ctrl U), place the appropriate unit desired location;

5.

Open the Network properties , and open membership , specify the system used for each unit;

6.

To display all units on the map, click View, then click Show network , and the click All.

7.

Calculate the link budget for the link by clicking Tools , then click the radio link (F2). It can also display the details of the

63




Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424 Telp. 7270078 ext.131, Fax 7270050 simulation output. ( Tools → Radio → link → view details )

8.

Change parameters, such as antenna height, the unit being TX .

RX. Give your analysis!

Repeater on Point-to-Multi Point Radio System

1.

Open Radio Mobile software (rmweng.exe);

2.

Open the Folder Properties (F8), select the name of the city with

Select a city name or enter a position (lattitude and longitude) of the city and select the size of the image (Size height);

3.

Open the Network properties (ctrl N), and open the Parameters .

Make the desired parameters. Set the parameters of the parameter;

4.

Select System . Create two systems (repeaters and hand held) is desired. Set the parameters of the parameter;

5.

Select Membership .

For repeater:

• Select Command on Role of Repeater table;

• Repeater on System .

For Hand held:

• Select Subordinate on Role of Repeater table;

• Hand held on System .

6. Click Tools , select Coverage , select Find best site

7. Give your analysis!

References:



H. P. Westman et al., (ed), Reference Data for Radio Engineers, Fifth

Edition , 1968, Howard W. Sams and Co., no ISBN, Library of Congress

Card No. 43-14665 page 26-1



Demetrius T Paris and F. Kenneth Hurd, Basic Electromagnetic Theory ,

McGraw Hill, New York 1969 ISBN -0 048470-8, Chapter 8



Christopher Haslett, Essentials of radio wave propagation , Cambridge

University Press, 2008 052187565X pages 119-120



MINI-LINK Overview for University 2010-06-21 PA1, Ericsson.

64







MINI-LINK E ETSI Technical Description Rev B, Ericsson, 2005



Mariantoro, Rony. Mini-Link E & TN Operation and Maintenance . PT.

Ericsson Indonesia, 2010.



Petunjuk Konfigurasi Mini-Link E dan Traffic Node, Ericsson, 2010

65

Figure 7.1. A transmission line terminated by load

Laboratory Manual

Telecommunication Engineering

Redaction Team

TABLE OF CONTENT

I.

VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

II.

GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES

III.

PRACTICAL/LABORATORY WORK AND MODULES

1.

TRANSMISSION LINE

2.

ANALOG MODULATION

3.

DIGITAL MODULATION

4.

TELEPHONY SYSTEM

5.

FIR filter using DSK TMS320C6713

6.

**RADIO LINES USING RADIO MOBILE SOFTWARE AND**

MINI-LINK

DEVICES

Related documents

Products

Support

Figure 7.1. A transmission line terminated by load

Laboratory Manual

Telecommunication Engineering

Redaction Team

TABLE OF CONTENT

I.

VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

II.

GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES

III.

PRACTICAL/LABORATORY WORK AND MODULES

1.

TRANSMISSION LINE

2.

ANALOG MODULATION

3.

DIGITAL MODULATION

4.

TELEPHONY SYSTEM

5.

FIR filter using DSK TMS320C6713

6.

RADIO LINES USING RADIO MOBILE SOFTWARE AND

MINI-LINK

DEVICES

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**RADIO LINES USING RADIO MOBILE SOFTWARE AND**