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In context of Subcontinent
Dated:22-09-2013
By
Muhammad Ali Khan

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Introductory
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Society
Evolution and Growth
Muslim Society
Evolution of Muslim Society o o o
Earlier period (Prior to 712)
712 to 1526
Governing Principles of Evolution
Growth of Muslim Society
 Mangols 1526-1757
 Governing Principles of Growth
Fall 1757-1857
Impacts on Subcontinent
Appraisal

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 People who interact in such a way as to share a common culture
 The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, due to shared beliefs, values, and activities
 The term society can also have a geographic meaning and refers to people who share a common culture in a particular location

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 Culture
 Laws
 Government
 Institutions
 Religion
 Economy
 Art and Architecture
 Identity/Ideology
 Collective Consciousness

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Consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society
Through culture, people define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society
Culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions
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Institution refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities.
Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work,

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"The complex way of knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and other capabilities and habits of man".
 Language
 Family as Unit of Society
 Division of labor
 Moral Code
 Art and Architecture

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Having Muslin Identity
Culture
Sources of Law
Ideology

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 Invaders
 Settlers /Refugees
 Sufis /Ulemas/Intellectuals
 Reformists Movement
 Service Gentry

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o Earlier period (Prior to 712) o Pre-Muslim Civilizations o Early Links by o Traders o 712 to 1526 o Invaders o Sufias/Ulema o Role of Service Gentry o Refuges and Settlers

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 Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent from ancient times in Malabar region, which linked them with Arab peninsula
 In Malabar, the Moppilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam as they were closely connected with the Arabs than others with the ports of
South East Asia

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 Invasion of Muhammad bin Qasim,Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate
 Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed
Muslims to India
 Many Sanskrit books were translated into Arabic as early as the Eighth century during the reign of the second
Abbasid caliph al-Mansur [754–775]

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 The first was the rich Mali Kingdom in Africa, which attained its zenith under Mansa Musa (d. 1332)
 The second was the Mamluke Empire embracing Egypt and
Syria
 The third, and by far the most powerful, was the Sultanate of Delhi

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The Slave Dynasty
The Khiljis (1296-1316)
 conquered all of India and Pakistan, from Peshawar to Malabar, an area covering more than a million and half square miles
The Tughlaqs (1316-1451)
 Muhammad bin Tughlaq (d. 1351), primarily because we know a great deal about his court through the writings of Ibn Batuta
 So rich was the Delhi Sultanate that Ibn Batuta, 1335-1341, records that whenever the Emperor passed through the streets of Delhi, the courtiers following him threw coins of gold and silver in the streets for the amah (common folk) use to pick
It was in this magnificent Delhi court that the final resolution of the tug-of-war between the Sufis, the anti-Sufis, the philosophers, the doctors of law and the ruling elite took place

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 South- Arabs
 North-Ghouriz
 West -Afghanis
712
1196-1206
998 to 1120

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By the middle of the 14 th century, trade routes between Africa,
Europe, the Middle East, Central
Asia, India and China, which had been cut by the Mongol invasions, had been restored
With the conversion of Ghazan the
Great (1295), Persia was back in the fold of Islam
This removed the barrier to travel by land from India to West Asia and from there to Africa and Spain.
A flexible Islam welded together a world order wherein people and ideas traveled freely from one continent to another
Iran / Mongolia: Ghazan Khan (r.1295-1304) with his wife Kokachin at court, 13th century

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 Mangools,Qureshis,Drawadian,Arayan
 The Mongol devastations resulted in a substantial migration of men of learning from Central Asia and Persia into India
 The influx of the Sufis provided the spiritual momentum for the spread of Islam in India and present Pakistan, The migration was not confined to dervishes and Sufis
 A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought employment in Hindustan
 Others migrated further east to the Indonesian islands

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 In Slave Dynasty
 Chihalgani was the group of most important and powerful forty nobles or highly placed officers in the court of Iltutmish
 Iltutmish had organized them as his personal supporters
 Modern Kitchen Cabinet
 Influencing the establishment of Military and
Administration and Annexation of areas

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Muslims are descendants of migrants from the
Iranian plateau or Arabia (Settlers and Refuges)
Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes,
Conversion was a result of the actions of Sufi saints and involved a genuine change of heart
Conversion was due to Invadors

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 Conversion came from Buddhists and the masses conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive Hindu caste system
 As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant
Muslim civilization and global polity at large

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 Chughtai Turks
 Reformist Movements
 Role of Service Gentry
 Settlers

 North_West-ChughtaiTurks
 West –Afghan/Patthan
1526
1739 and 1721
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A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought employment in Hindustan after Babur and Hamuyn’s return, Many Settlers came with Babur too
 Mujadaid Alaf Sani
 Shah Wali Ullah

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Ders-e-Nizami
 Farangi Mahal Lakhnow, Mulla Nizam-o-Din
Ideology of Life
 Dunya as Maya to Balance of lives
Language
 Persion,Urdu,Lashkari
Intellectual Development
 Sheikh Mubarak, Faizi,abu Al-Fazal, Shah Wali
Ullah

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 India, whose social structure was fossilized by the caste system, was ready to accept a universal religion like
Islam
 The most important reason for the success of the Sufis lay in the spiritual bent of the Indian mind by humanity, and dignity of man
 Every culture produces an ARCHETYPE that personifies the ethos of that culture. Islam introduced the concept of
Equality

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 The Sufis were eminently successful not just because of Zikr, and carity, but because they established effective institutions to do their work in their own lifetime and to continue it after they departed
 Purification by Qawwalli and Arifana Kalam,
Chanting Slogans

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 The first Moghul emperor Babur was himself a Sufi mystic. Emperor Akbar was a murid of Shaykh Salim
Chishti (Fatehpur Sikri, d. 1572)
 He made annual pilgrimages on foot to the tomb of
Shaykh Salim as well as to the tomb of Khwaja
Moeenuddin of Ajmer
 Since the methods and processes of the Sufis have changed little over the last thousand years, the Chishtiya order, together with its sister Qadariya and Suhrwardi orders, provide a cultural link between modern Islam with the Middle Ages.

28 services rendered by the Muslim Saints for the propagation of Islam during the sultanate period
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Spreading the message of Islam
Academic persuasion-
 Fataqa e alamgiri by sheikh nizam ud din Burhan puri
Islamic way of justice at courts
Introduced education system in subcontinent
They made society pragmatic
Jizya was abolish in the regime of khilji on recommendation of Sufiz

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Khanqahs’s role in the demonstration of Islamic idea of
Tauheed as a working principal in the social life of India

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Geographical spread of Islam was possible due to Sufis
Introduction of mystical Islam in subcontinent
They travelled from one corner to other to spread of message of Islam
Khangah, an institution of education, shelter and peace
Urs- a festival, a social event a commerce, a chance to reinforce the message of the sufi
Lahger – as help of poor and the needy

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Tolerance
Piety and
Chirsma and Purity of Character
Adaptation and Flexibility

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33 services rendered by sufis and Ulemas in developing the Muslim society in the sub continent

34 comparison between the teachings, Khanqah organization and attitude towards the state of sufi saints of Chistiya and suharwardi orders or silsilahs of sufism in India

35 the teachings of suharwardi and Chistia orders

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Khanqah organization of suharwardi and Chistia orders

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Attitude towards the state of Sufi saints of Chistiya and suharwardi orders

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Bahudin Zakria
Moin-ud-Deen Chisti
1182-1262
1142 -1236

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The first of the Chishti saints was Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 329 /AD 940–
41), Abu Ishaq Shami established the Chishti order in Chisht
During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq, who spread the Delhi
Sultanate southward, the Chistiyyah order spread its roots all across
India
During the Mongol invasion in AD 1220 and Safavid attack in 1509 many Chishti Sufis migrated to Uch,Ajodhan, Bhakkar and Sehwan in
Sindh
The Khanzada subdivision of the Rajput clan was converted to Islam by Chishti Sufis

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Away from pom and show
Aloofness from who were in the power
Avoided meeting the rulers
They did not accepted any appointment in the palace
Non chalant
Peaceful

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 The first of the Suhrawardi saints was Abu al-
Najib Suharwardi (490–563 AH).
 The Suhrawardiyyah order achieved popularity in Bengal
 The Qadiri order was founded by Abdul-Qadir
Gilani, whose tomb is in Baghdad. It is popular among the Muslims of South India, Kernatka and
Kerala

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 Qadria_The origin of this order can be traced back to KhwajaYa‘qubYusuf al-Hamadani (b. AD
1140
 It was patronized by the Mughal rulers, as its founder was their ancestral p ī r, or spiritual guide
 "The conquest of India by Babur in 1526 gave considerable force to the Naqshbandiyya order, who lived in Central Asia

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 Turk Elites
 Ulema
 Sufis
 Sadats
 Community
Governance
Court, Judicial System
Religion
Khan/Maik/Ameens/Bureaucracy
Based on Profession

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Muslims Elites/Nobels
Establishing the Modern trends
Used to control the masses and Influence the King
 Sheikh Mubarak
 Abu Alfazal
 Sheikh Faizi

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Spread of Islam
 Case one By Invaders
 If accepted by Elites
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Society became Islamic,
Islam Spread Fast
Local culture was absorbed
Example Iran and Africa
If accepted by Common Masses
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Society did not became Islamic,
Islam Spread Slow
Local culture was not absorbed
Example Subcontinent

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 Case two By Sufis
 If accepted by Elites
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Society became Islamic,
Islam Spread Fast
Local culture was absorbed
Example Iran and Africa
 If accepted by Elites
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Assimilation of Society ,
Islam Spread Slow
Local culture was not absorbed
 Example Subcontinent

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 Early Links Traders
 Introduction Invaders
 Spread and Social Fabric Sufis/Ulemas
 Preliminary Fabric Altutmash
 Early Consolidation Balban
 Initial Economic Stability Khilgis

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 Annexation and Federation Babur-The Lion Heart
 Development of Infrastructure Sher Shah Suri
 Revenue System
 Art, Music, Architecture
Sher Shah and Akber
Jahangir and Shahjahan
 Education and Ideology
 Islamic Identity
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Cultural Growth
Art and Literature
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb
Early Mughls
Late Mughals

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 Ethnic Response
 Raja Dahir, Khushal khan Khatak,
 Muslim Identity
 Sufia, Mujadad Alaf sani, Alamgir
 Assimilation or Synthesis
 Bagat Kabir, Guru Nanak, Akber

52 o Pattern of Evolution o Introduction by Traders/Invaders o Spread by Sufis o Early Identity as Muslim o Cultural Identity o Art and Architecture o Struggle for strong Military o Establishment of
Administrative/Govt System o Consolidation of Masses o Synthesis by,Bagat Kabeer and
Gru Nanak
Governing Principles o Strike on cast system and
Equality o Piety and Humanitarianism by Sufis o Tolerance o Freedom of Worship

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Pattern of Growth
Building Institutions (Revenue System and Administration)
Political Maturity (Establishment of Central Govt.)
Development of Collective Consciousness (Nationalism and Muslim Nationalism)
Defined Sources of Islamic Law (Fatawa-e-Alamilgiri)
Development of Islamic Ideology (Dara v/s Alamgir)
Mature Education System (Dars-e-Nizami, Shadat-e-Amliya, Shadat-e-Fazliya)
Strong Military and Political System
Social Harmony (Deen-e-Elahi)
Reformist Movements (Alaf Sani and Baqi Billah, Shah Wali Ullah)
Consolidation of Muslim Identity (Reversal of Deen-e-Elahi by Alamgir)
Appointment of Qazi to administor Muslim Law
Creation of Large Educated Muslim Class
Muslim Culture

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 Strong Military
 Economic Strength
 Social Harmony
 Popularity of Monotheism
 Strong Court System
 Patronage of Art and Culture
 Music,Poetry,Language,Dress,Festivals,Culinary
Department,Painting and Miniatures, Ventilated House,
Treat/Party

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 Islam Introduced in this land
 Sultanat was one of the three power centers of
Muslim Rule
 Introduction of Public Policy
 Economic Prosperity and growth
 Establishment of Early State and Central Govt
 New Education System
 Introduction of system of Administration and
Revenue

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 Isolation of India was broken
 Rise of Regional Languages (560)
 Social Democracy
 Hospices/Khangah as unit of Development
 Arrival of man of learning
 New Language-Lasraki
 Fusion of three great Cultures/Civilizations
 Impacts were so strong that Hindus Reformis movements as Anti thesis, Arya Samaj, Brhamo Samaj

Invaders
• Political
• Ideological
Traders
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• Economic
• Cultural
Sufis
• Social
• Educational
Service Gentry
• Social
• Intellectual
Settlers/Refuges
• Social
• Economic
• Cultural
Reformist
Movement
• Religious
• Social

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 It is an irony of Islamic history that those who should have been the most liberal in their tolerance of dissident thought, namely the philosophers, turned out to be the most intolerant
 Weak Military
 Foreign Invasion