Chapter 2
Introduction to
Wireless Networking
2001/9/28
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
1
Outline
 Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems
 GPRS Overview
 Introduction to 3G
 Mobile Data Services
 3G Terminals
 Products Demo
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2
Evolution of Mobile
Communication Systems
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3
Cellular Networks
 North America:
 1G:
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System); Analog
 2G
 NAMPS; Analog
 TDMA (IS-54, IS-136); Digital
 CDMA (IS-95); Digital
 3G
 IMT-2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunications
for the year 2000); Digital
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4
Cellular Networks
 European
 1G
 TACS (Total Access
Communication System); Analog
 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone);
Analog; NMT-450, NMT-900
 2G
 GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications); Digital:
GSM900, DCS1800, DCS1900
 3G
 UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Systems);
Digital
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5
Cellular Networks
 Japan
2G
 PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)
 Germany
1G
 C-Netz
2G
 GSM
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Cordless Telephones
 European
 CT1, CT2 (Cordless Telephone,
second generation)
 DECT (Digital European Cordless
Telecommunications)
 America
 PACS (Personal Access
Communications System)
 Canada
 CT2Plus (CT2, enhanced version)
 Japan
 PHS (Personal Handyphone
System)
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7
Packet Networks
 RAM/Mobitex,
 ARDIS/Modacom
 TETRA (Trans European Trunked Radio System)
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Data over Cellular
 CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data, over AMPS)
 GPRS-136 (over IS-136 TDMA)
 IS-95B (over CDMA)
 HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service, over GSM)
 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
ECSD (Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data; circuit-mode)
EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS; packet-mode)
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9
Paging
 Germany, France, Switzerland
Eurosignal in 1970s
 Pan-European
ERMES (European Radio Message System) in 1992
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Coverage and Bit Rate
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Migration
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Evolving Towards Broadband Era
1 st Generation
2 nd Generation
1997
1998
Analog
AMPS
1999
3 rd Generation
2000
2001 2002 2003
Digital
★
Data: No
Frequency:
824~893 MHz
TACS
DAMPS/TDMA
Data
Speed (kbps)
Frequency
Text messaging
N/A
IMT-2000/UMTS
W -CDMA
CDMA 2000
CDPD
N/A
824~893 MHz
GSM
Data
Speed (kbps)
Frequency
Text messaging
9.6~14.4
HSCSD
64
GPRS
EDGE
115~144 384Kbps
900, 1800, 1900 MHz
Frequency
1885~2025MHz
and
2110~2200MHz
CDMA
Data: No
Data
Speed (kbps)
Frequency
Text messaging
N/A
CSD for CDMA PSD for CDMA
N/A
N/A
Speed
115~2048 Kbps
PDC
Data
Speed (kbps)
Frequency
2001/9/28
Text messaging PDC P
9.6~14.4
N/A
1800~1900 MHz
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13
Evolution of Mobile Data
2nd generationDigital radio systems on
circuit-switch telecom
networks,low data speeds
2 Mbps
1st generationAnalog-based systems
115 kbps
57.6 kbps
9.6 kbps
384 kbps
W-CDMA
EDGE
3rd generation
GPRS
HSCSD
GSM
AMPS
2nd generation
1st generation
1985
1997
1999
2000
2001/2002
1.SMS
Messaging
2.Web Mail
3.Information
Services
4.Financial
ServicesInformation
Access
5.Financial
Services transactions
6.Mobile
banking
7.Mobile
Shopping
8.Internet
Access
Evolving GSM
Source: GSA,and TCC
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Wireless Application Protocol
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14
GPRS OVERVIEW
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Data Services : from GSM to GPRS
Inefficient
use of radio
resources
Too
complicated
Too
expensive
Too
slow
No
need
packet
switched
transmission
Emerging
standards:
MDI, WAP, Java
PDA, Smart
Phones
Volume
oriented
accounting
New coding
schemes
&
channel
combining
Extensions of
corporate,
intranet,
& internet
applications
Shared use
of radio
resources
True
plug & play
Reasonable
costs
Comfortable
speed
Value added
services
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GPRS : Main Improvements
 Higher transmission rates
 four new coding schemes allow different data rates of
CS-1 9.05 kbit/s, CS-2 13.4 kbit/s (in 10/00)
CS-3 15.6 kbit/s, CS-4 21.4 kbit/s (in E/01)
 channel combining
 Increased radio resource efficiency
 radio resources will be used only during data transmission
 shared access of the same channel
 Connection of GSM and IP world
 Volume dependent charging
 Faster session set-up
 Always connected
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bidirectional
unidirectional
bidirectional
Point to
Multipoint
Point to
Point
unidirectional
COMMUNICATION SERVICE
GPRS Covered Applications
Group Communication
Video
Conference
Group Call
Video
Broadcast
Multicast
Broadcast
Traffic Telematics
Dialog Messaging
Video Phone
interactive
Multimedia
Internet Surfing
Fleet Management
Multimedia
Video
Route Guidance
2-way-Paging
Point of Sale
Database Access
File Transfer
FAX
Mobile Office
e-mail
continiously
GPRS
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Paging
Telemetry
bursty
TYPE OF DATA TRANSMISSION
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
18
GPRS : an Ideal Transport for WAP

WAP-enabled GPRS terminals/handsets will provide
easy access to the world of information at your fingertips
E-Commerce
Application
WWW
Content
Wireless Network
WAP Gateway
Internet/
Intranet
GPRS
Information
Application
WWW
Content
Carrier
Application
Application
Server
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WAP Migration from GSM to GPRS
GPRS
GSM
Traffic Alert:
Traffic Alert:
Motorway A8
from München
to Nürnberg
congested
Alternative route:
leave motorway at
X-Dorf and follow
the orange signs
Nürnberg
Y-Dorf
A8
X-Dorf
>
OK
>
>
>
München
OK
• User receives basically the same information, but with
GPRS better presentation of information possible
• WAP over GSM is inefficient use of radio resources
• WAP over GSM is too expensive
• WAP over GSM is too slow
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WAP and GPRS are the Enabler for
Converting Voice and Data
Audio / Video Steaming
Computer
 Internet access
 Electronic mail
 Real-time image
transfer
 Multimedia document
transfer
 Mobile computing
Telecommunication
 ISDN services
 Video telephony
 Wideband data services
– mobility
– high speed
services
– mobility
– personal
services
UMTS
 Video on demand
 Interactive video
services
 TV/radio/data
contribution &
distribution
– mobility
– wideband
services
Mobile Data Applications are the first step to combine Internet with Mobility
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Integration of 2G and 3G
Application
Application
Service Capability
Servers
Service
MSC
HLR
SGSN
SG
GMSC/Transit
Control
Media Gateway/GGSN
Media Gateway
Transport
GSM
EDGE
Backbone
Element
Backbone
Element
Internet
Intranets
Backbone
Element
WCDMA
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PSTN/
ISDN
User data
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
Control
22
Conceptual Network
Architecture of GPRS / 3G
SSS
PSTN
(Voice)
BSS
GPRS
Internet
GSM&GPRS system
WAP
UTRAN
U_MSC
VPN
3G system
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3G Introduction
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The Third Generation Systems
Specifications: 3GPP WCDMA & 3GPP2
CDMA2000
 High data rate for Video transmission and
networking
 Main applications: audio & video phones、stock
exchange、 e-mail、mobile banking、mobile Internet、
e-maps、Information or news etc.
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25
Characteristics of 3G
 Wideband CDMA
 Multimedia applications
 better audio quality
 increased capacity
 better bandwidth efficiency
 high data rate
 integration with 2G systems
 global roaming
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26
Spectrum
China
Japan
GSM1800
1900
MSS
IMT-2000(FDD DL) MSS
IMT-2000 MSS
(FDD DL)
MSS
MSS
IMT-2000
TDD
1800
Reserved
IMT-2000
TDD
PCS C
PCS F
PCS E
PCS B
PCS D
PCS A
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IMT-2000 MSS
(FDD UL)
IMT-2000
ITU-R
MHz 1700
UPCS
IMT-2000 Additional spectrum
IMT-2000
(FDD DL)
IMT2000
IMT-2000(FDD UL) MSS
IMT-2000
TDD
GSM1800
(DL)
PHS
PCS C
PCS F
PCS E
PCS B
PCS D
PCS A
Americas
Reserved
GSM1800
(UL)
MSS
IMTPCS RLL DECT 2000 PCS RLL
GSM1800
DECT
Europe
IMT-2000
(FDD UL)
IMT-2000
TDD
IMT-2000
TDD
AsiaPacific
2000
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
IMT-2000 MSS
2100
2200
27
License
S. KOREA
SOUTH
AFRICA
AUSTRALIA
NEW
ZEALAND
HONG
KONG
SWITZERLAND
JAPAN
NORWAY
PORTUGAL
IRELAND
NETHERLANDS
Awarded
March 00
FINLAND
SPAIN
DENMARK
FRANCE
SWEDEN
ITALY
GERMANY
BELGIUM
Awarded
March 99
TAIWAN
UK
AUSTRIA
Auction running
March 00
1999
2001/9/28
2000 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
2001
28
Data Transmission Rate

Outdoor (rural):
 maximum rate: 144 kbit/s
 maximum speed 500 km/h

Outdoor (suburb):
 maximum rate: 384 kbit/s
 maximum speed 120 km/h

Indoor and Metropolitan:
 maximum rate: 2 Mbit/s
 maximum speed 10 km/h
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2001/9/28
Smaller cities
Microcell, indoors and private
National and legacy
Large cities
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
30
$2$
Content Adaptation
A BRIDGE
23K bytes
8K bytes
4K bytes
600 bytes
16 bytes
24-bit color
192x192
256 color
128x128
4-bit grey
96x96
B&W
64x64
Text
2.9
0.42
Time to transmit at 14.4k bps (in seconds)
16.4
5.7
0.01
Intelligent Filtering
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31
Broadband and Services
GSM @ 9.6 kbps
GPRS @ 56 kbps
3 mins
1,000
250
42
100
15 secs
ip
de
oc
l
ip
Vi
PP
W
Au
di
oc
l
Do
c
T
Do
c
or
d
Ph
ot
o
(lo
ng
)
W
eb
Pa
ge
ai
l
Em
(s
ho
rt)
ai
l
Em
70
100
139
279
4
o
ot
Ph
W
d
or
c
Do
T
PP
c
Do
lip
lip
oc
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Au
Vi
21
3
1,000
3 mins
15 secs
7
2
t)
g)
ge
or
lon
Pa
(
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(
l
b
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ai
ail
W
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100
83
21
6
10
2
1
1
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7
10,000
1,000
E
42
EDGE/UMTS @ 384 kbps
Transmission Time
(Seconds)
Transmission Time
(Seconds)
10
557
14
)
rt)
ge
ng
ho
Pa
(lo
s
(
l
b
i
l
e
a
ai
W
Em
Em
10,000
10
100
279
1
GPRS @ 115 kbps
15 secs
139
15 secs
1
3 mins
1,000
3 mins
83
25
4
10
10,000
3,333
1,667
833
Transmission Time
(Seconds)
Transmission Time
(Seconds)
10,000
1
o
ot
Ph
W
d
or
c
Do
P
PT
c
Do
c
dio
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lip
V
oc
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Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
o
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32
What are the Driving Forces ?
Mobile Internet Services &
Applications
Downloading a 2MBytes music file
 CSD at 9.6 kbit/s
 GPRS at 100 kbit/s
 EDGE at 384 kbit/s
 UMTS at 2 Mbit/s
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33
$2$
Conceptual Service Diagram
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Multimedia Services
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35
Voice and Data Markets
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Mobile and Internet Markets
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37
M-Business: Mobile and internet
1800 Subscriptions worldwide (bn)
1600
1400
1200
Mobile
subscriber
Mobile
Fixed
Mobile Internet
Fixed Internet
1000
Mobile internet
subscriber
800
600
400
200
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source: Ovum, ICN M CM
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38
Mobile Data Services
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39
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
 voice market starts to saturate
Other technologies
 new technical possibilities
GSM
1996
1997
Annual Growth
MS ('000)
 GSM grows steady
World
1998
Total
1999
2000
2001
2002
Mobile Penetration
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
 Focus on revenue generation
25,0%
20,0%
15,0%
10,0%
5,0%
Mobile Penetration
Mio Mobile Subscriber
Global Trends in Mobile
Communications
OR
 Focus on subscriber base growth
0,0%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Source: Siemens
2001/9/28
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
NEW SERVICES
40
Predictions for Mobile Data Market
Growth in subscriber base and data volume lead to exponential revenue increase
80
in million subscriber
70
60
innovators
early adopters
early majority
 growth in mobile data is expected
Late majority
to be 70% p.a. in next 5 years
50
40
(Merryl Lynch)
30
in 1997 the market has moved
20
out of the development phase
10
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
(FT 1997)
2005
Mbytes per user per month
 data will account for up to 75%
of total mobile traffic
30
25
20
15
 by 2005 up to 40% of people in
Today
1.8 Mb/user/month
10
5
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
the EU will be using mobile phones (wireless
internet)
1.8 Mb/month=21 bits/sec/user/BH
Source: UMTS Forum
2001/9/28
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41
An Example of Mobile Data
Services: i-mode (NTT DoCoMo)
 I-mode gained 4½ million subscribers within the first 10 month of
operation
 subscribers have access to hundreds of content proverders and
thousands of Web sites
 content avalible that business users and consumers want and need

successful due to creation of a complete “ecosystem“
applications, network and terminals
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42
Mobile Data – The Value Chain
Possibilities
Advantages of occupying the element
 Traditional business
 Existing customer
relationship
 Owner of equipment
 Separation IT & Telecom
 Closer customer

relationship

 Joint fixed/mobile 
offering
 Value Added Offering
possible
 Evolution towards
GPRS/UMTS
Operator
 Higher Churn rate through
lack of control over content
 Missed Opportunities in
Internet Business
 Decreasing Margins
 Less control over customer
relationship
Service
Provider
 RoI
 Required
know how
 lack of control
over content and
quality
Control over content
Content revenues
Quick application roll
out
Entrance to vertical
market
Content
Provider
 RoI
 Strong
competition
 Appropriate
alliances
 Required
know how
Operator has the opportunities to get
into the service and content
provisioning for mobile data
User
Operator´s position in the value chain
100 % operator
Operator’s opportunities
0 % operator
Risks of occupying the element
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43
M-Business: future value chain
Operator
Service
Provider
Content
Provider
User
Enterprise
Backbone
Provider
Access
Provider
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Application
Service
Provider
Service
Provider
User
Retailer
Content
Provider
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
44
Detailed Value Chain for M-Business
Content
Packagers
Content
Provider
Service
Packagers
Service
Provider
Retailers
Users
Network
Operators
Infrastructure
Supplier
Terminals
Equipment
Vendor
100% current PLMN
partly current PLMN
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45
Billing Possibilities
Time ?
Volume ?
Transaction ?
QoS ?
Flat Fee
What do users accept?
Keep it transparent to your customers
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46
In the voice arena, the network operator
captures more than 70% of the market
Traditional value chain split in the market
End
User
Network
Operator
Service
Provider
Portal Community
Provider
Content
Provider
100%
100%
80%
60%
72%
40%
20%
23%
3%
2%
0%
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Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
Source: Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies
47
Importance of Roles
Future value chain split in the market
End
User
Network
Operator
Service
Provider
Portal Community
Provider
Content
Provider
100%
100%
80%
The network operators must ensure that the content will be
accessed through their network - otherwise they will miss out
60%
Advertisement
revenues
40%
38%
12%
20%
25%
25%
0%
2001/9/28
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
Source: Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies
48
Business Model (1)
Today’s voice dominated world
GSM/UMTS
Advertisement
Example:
• Voice, fax
• WLL
• email
Revenue Flow
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49
Business Model (2)
User pays for access and ASP
Example:
• Online Banking
• E-cash
• appointment
GSM/UMTS
Application
Service
Provider
Content
Provider
2001/9/28
Advertisement
Revenue Flow
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
50
Business Model (3)
User pay only for content/ASP
Example:
• Personal radio
• Interactive games
• e-betting
GSM/UMTS
Application
Service
Provider
Content
Provider
2001/9/28
Advertisement
Revenue Flow
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
51
Business Model (4)
User contracts only Operator
GSM/UMTS
Application
Service
Provider
Content
Provider
2001/9/28
Example:
• Tourist Info
• Sports results
• Micropayment
e.g. Parking, Vending
Advertisement
Revenue Flow
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
52
Business Model (5)
User contracts with ASP
GSM/UMTS
Application
Service
Provider
Example:
• Government Services
• Car Perfomance
Monitor
• Gaming e.g. Nintendo
Advertisement
Revenue Flow
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53
Applications Category
Application Types:
Interaction and Commerce
Banking Services
Entertainment/Games
Reservation & Booking
Intelligent Vending Machine
i.e. Drinks, Cigarettes, Tickets
Interactive Shopping
Online Auctions
Prepaid recharging (Honey Money)
Bank Account Enquiry
Online Banking
Stock Trading
Trivial Pursuit
Interactive Games (Chess)
e-postcard
Audio streaming
Betting (horse race)
Lotto, Bingo
Information services
Tourist Information
Hotel & Restaurant Finder
Public Directory Services
Horoscope
News (all types)
i.e. world, sports, financial, travel,
traffic, events, weather, TV-program,
Mobile Office
e-Mail
Organizer
Corporate Directory
Voice-Mail
Fax
Notifications
Unified Messaging
Intranet Access
Education
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Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
Location Services
Restaurant-Finder
Navigation Guide
Surveillance & Security
Video Surveillance
Household Devices Control
Traffic Guidance
54
3G Terminals
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55
Trends of Handsets
TEXT
FILES
VIDEO CLIPS
Typical applications:
Simple messaging
Event notification
Push/pull info services
Simple e-commerce
Web browsing
business processes
leisure services
e-commerce
E-commerce (interactive shopping,
adverts etc)
Entertainment services
Business processes
Typical file size:
SMS
E-mail
WML
0.2 kB
5 kB
2 kB
GSM
2001/9/28
.DOC (text)
.XL (s/sheet)
.PPT (graphics)
.GIF (photo)
.HTML (web page)
200 kB
200 kB
1,000 kB
100 kB
30 kB
MPEG-4 (30sec video) 4 MB
MPEG-3 (3 min audio) 2 MB
GPRS
Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
EDGE/UMTS
56
Concepts of 3G Handsets
 Data Rates: 384k~2M bps
 Color screen of high resolution
and quality
 Support multimedia
 Dual mode (GSM/UMTS) operation
 Bluetooth transmission viable
 Global roaming
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57
Products Demo
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