Analysis of
Piezoelectric Energy
Transfer with Plate
Technology
Teacher: Mrs. King
Name: Alexis Hopkins
Grade: 8
•Agenda or Summary Layout
A second line of text could go here
Question, Variables and Hypothesis
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
Item 4
Item 5
Background Research
Materials
Experimental Procedures
Data Analysis and Discussion
•Agenda or Summary Layout
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Item 6
Item 7
Item 8
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
B ibliography
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•Question
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What is the optimal conveyance system and optimal frequency for
the transfer of energy from a flat plate piezoelectric system to energy
storage or as feedback to a system?
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A flat plate piezoelectric system is a pressure plate with a piezoelectric device embedded in the
pressure plate.
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A conveyance system for the purposes of this experiment will include common land
conveyances of man including bipedal, bicycle, motorcycle and automobiles.
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All conveyances will be defined by their weight and frequency.
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An energy storage system is any system that can convert the output of a flat plate piezoelectric
system into a battery.
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A feedback system is any system that directly uses the output of a flat plate piezoelectric system.
•Hypothesis
If the energy production of a piezoelectric crystal is
limited to the recovery time of the crystal to the
pressure applied to the crystal, then the optimal
conveyance system and optimal frequency for a flat
plate piezoelectric system would be derived from the
conveyance system which does not permanently
crush the piezoelectric device embedded in the flat
plate during the application of the system to the flat
plate.
•Discussion of Sample Size and Trials
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I plan to have four trials in my experiment.
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The four trials will consist of four different piezoelectric crystals. The sample
size depends on the test I will be performing.
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I will be performing a continuity test, a resistance test, a peak voltage test,
a frequency test and a weight test.
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I will have a sample size of 1 for the continuity and resistance tests.
I will have a sample size of 10 for the peak voltage and frequency tests.
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I will have a samples size of 3 for the weight test.
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I will compare the performance of the crystals based on the data from the
five tests to three types of conveyances.
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Each conveyance will be categorized by operating speeds (frequencies)
and weight. The range of frequencies will be reduced to the most
common frequencies used.
•Variables
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Independent Variable
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The independent variable in this experiment is the flat plate piezoelectric
systems.
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Dependent Variable
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The dependent variables in this experiment are the voltage and current
produced by the flat plate piezoelectric system.
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Control Group
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The control group will be the minimal frequency which all test cases can be
based on. I expect this to be the equivalent frequency of one footstep per
second for an average size person.
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Constants
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The constants in the experiment will be the size of the flat plate piezoelectric
system, the weight of the masses dropped on the system and the frequencies of
each conveyance test case.
•Background Research
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Piezoelectricity is the production of electricity by the application of pressure
on a substance.
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Electricity is characterized by the terms voltage, current and
resistance.
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Flat Plate Technology is the concept of inserting a substance
between two plates.
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Energy storage is the storage of energy in a battery or other storage
device.
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Crushing pressure is the amount of pressure required to damage an
item.
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Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth. It ranks 7 out of
10 on the Mohs scale, which determines the hardness of a mineral,
which means that it can be very difficult to crush.
•Background Research
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Rochelle salt is known in the scientific area as potassium sodium
tartrate.
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Rochelle salt has been used as a laxative and used in the process to
make the silver lining on mirrors.
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Rochelle salt can be made from baking soda and cream of tartar.
Both of these items are commonly found in most kitchens.
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Rochelle salt was one of the first materials discovered to produce
piezoelectric qualities.
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Rochelle salt crystals have been used in needles of record players,
microphones and earpieces.
•Background Research
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Some materials conduct electricity. These materials are called
conductors.
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Some materials do not conduct electricity. These materials are
called non-conductors.
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If you attach a multimeter to a conductor and select the Continuity
Test, you will hear a steady tone indicating that electricity can
conduct through that conductor.
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DC or Direct Current is used to describe systems that provide a
constant non-varying voltage or current.
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AC or Alternating Current is used to describe systems that provide
changing voltage or current.
•Materials List
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Crystal Made from Scratch
500 g (1 lb) of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)[NaHCO3]
200 g (7 oz) of cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate)[KHC4H4O6] [see
note below]
Oven
Pyrex container
500 mL (2 cup) glass beaker or Pyrex measuring cup
Sauce pan with water
2 mL (1/2 tsp) measuring spoon
Spoon for stirring
Coffee Filter
Filter paper or paper toweling
Distilled or demineralized water
A shallow dish (e.g., Petri)
Heating plate or stove
Thermometer
Balance
Plastic or glass container
Heating plate
Beaker of 2 to 4 liters
•Materials List
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Other Items
Quartz Crystals
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3 – Double Hex Quartz
1 – Small Quartz
Oscilloscope with leads
Multimeter with leads
9 – 15 cm x 15 cm Aluminum Foil
Sharpie®
Butter Spreader
Roll of Paper Towels
Calculator
Box of Plastic Sandwich Bags
Wire Ties
C-Clamp (7.7 cm)
No. 2 Pencil (16 cm)
2 Sets of wires with Alligator Clips on each end
Ruler
Pair of cutting pliers
•Experimental Procedures
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First Reaction –Making Sodium Carbonate
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This involves the conversion of baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate)[NaHCO3] to sodium carbonate(washing soda)[Na2CO3]
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Place the contents of a 500 g box of baking soda into a suitable Pyrex
container.
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Heat in an oven at about (65 deg C for one hour.
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Increase the temperature to 120 deg C and hold there for about an hour.
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Repeat this increase for 175 and 230 deg C, for an hour each.
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Remove the container and allow cooling to room temperature.
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Place the sodium carbonate into a sealed container until used further.
•Experimental Procedures
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Second Reaction – Making Rochelle salt
This involves the reaction of cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate
formulation only)[KHC4H4O6] with sodium carbonate [Na2CO3] to
produce Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate)[NaKC4H4O6].
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Place a suspension of 200 g (7 oz) (maximum) of cream of tartar in 250 mL
(one cup) of water into a beaker of at least 500 mL (2 cups) capacity.
Heat the beaker by placing it into a saucepan containing water.
Heat the saucepan (e.g. on a stove or laboratory hot plate) until the outer
water is just simmering.
Add about half a teaspoon (2.5 mL) of sodium carbonate to the beaker
and stir the contents. The solution will bubble.
Add more sodium carbonate stepwise until no more bubbles form.
Filter the hot solution by using filter paper of a coffee filter.
Concentrate the solution (by evaporation) to about 400 mL or a little less
by heating.
Allow the filtrate to cool and then store in a cool place for several days.
Collect the resulting crystals by decantation (pouring the excess liquid into
another container) or by filtration.
Dry the crystals by blotting with clean filter paper or paper toweling.
For a better yield, concentrate again this solution left over after step 9 by
heating and repeat steps 7 to10 above.
This should yield about 210 g of Rochelle salt.
•Experimental Procedures
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Removal Rochelle Crystals
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Use the butter spreader to remove Rochelle salt from the
container.
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Separate Rochelle salt by size.
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Flakes.
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Small Crystals (smaller than 1.25 cm3, roughly .5 cm x .5 cm x .5 cm).
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Large Crystals (larger than 1.25 cm3, roughly .5 cm x .5 cm x .5 cm).
Measure volume and weight of the Rochelle salt
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Measure the flakes as a volume and weight of all flakes.
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Measure the small crystals as a volume and weight of all small
crystals.
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Measure each large crystal.
Describe the appearance of the Rochelle salt
•Experimental Procedures
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Quartz Crystals
Measure the dimensions of each Quartz
crystal.
Calculate the volume of each Quartz
crystal.
Describe the appearance of the Quartz
crystal.
•Experimental Procedures
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Simulated Flat Plate Assembly
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Cut 2 aluminum foil patches 15 cm x 15 cm
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Fold each in half length wise twice
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Fold each in half width wise once
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This creates two flat electrical conducting patches about 3.75 cm x 2.5 cm in size.
Cut 2 paper towel patches 28 cm x 14 cm
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Fold each in half length wise three times
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Fold each in half width wise twice
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This creates two non electrical conducting patches about 13 cm x 7 cm in size.
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Cut ends off of a pencil to make a striking pin.
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Assemble Electrical Contact Surfaces
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Pack a layer of paper towel covered by a layer of aluminum foil against opposing sides
of a crystal.
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This allows me to insert the assembly (paper towel – foil – crystal – foil – paper towel)
inside of a C-Clamp.
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Tighten the C-Clamp to hold assembly.
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This creates a good electrical contract with each piece of the foil to the crystal without
applying too much pressure on the crystal.
•Experimental Procedures
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Select Crystals for Testing
Review the data obtained to this point
and select which crystals will be used in
the testing.
Base the selection on how well each
crystal will fit in the test equipment and
survive the testing.
•Experimental Procedures
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Continuity and Resistance Test
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Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
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Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.
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Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each
other.
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Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the
alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter.
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Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the
alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter.
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Perform a continuity test. I expect that there will be no continuity. There should be no
current flowing through the assembly at this point.
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Select the highest resistance setting on the multimeter (10 Mega Ohms). Verify the
resistance is more than 10 Mega Ohms.
•Experimental Procedures
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Peak Voltage Test
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Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
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Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.
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Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each
other.
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Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the
alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter.
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Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the
alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter.
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Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top.
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Select the 2 Volts DC setting on the multimeter.
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Place one end of the pencil on the crystal.
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Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the multimeter.
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Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.
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Select the 2 Volts AC setting on the multimeter.
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Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.
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Repeat steps 1 through 12 for the remaining crystals.
•Experimental Procedures
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Frequency Test
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Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
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Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.
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Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other.
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Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other
end of the cable to a lead on the probe connected to the Oscilloscope.
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Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the
other end of the cable to the other lead on the probe connected to the Oscilloscope .
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Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top.
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Select the following on the Oscilloscope.
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Set Volts / Division to .1 volts
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Select DC
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Select Trigger to CH 1 with Auto-trigger on and 2 millisecond setting.
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Adjust wave form to center screen.
Setup a metronome to a frequency from the list below. (60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 152, 168, 184 beats
per minute)
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Place one end of the pencil on the crystal.
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Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the Oscilloscope.
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Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.
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Record the time it takes for the signal to return to 0 volts 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.
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Repeat steps 8 through 12 one time for each frequency.
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Repeat steps 1 through 13 for the remaining crystals.
•Experimental Procedures
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Weight Test
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Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
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Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.
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Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each
other.
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Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the
alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter.
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Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the
alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter.
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Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top.
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Load a BB Jar with BB’s to a weight from the list below (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 ,
800, 900, 1000 grams)
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Place one end of the pencil on the crystal.
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Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the multimeter.
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Record Peak Voltage 3 times by striking the crystal from a height of 5 cm.
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Repeat steps 7 through 10 one time for each frequency.
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Repeat steps 1 through 11 for the remaining crystals.
•Rochelle salt Dimensions
Rochelle salt
Volume (cm3)
cm3
Weight (g)
Flakes
52.60
(2.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 6 cm)
12 g
Small Crystals
58.50 cm3 (6.5 cm x 4.5 cm x 2 cm)
32 g
Large Crystal 1
6.44 cm3 (2.3 cm x 2.0 cm x 1.4 cm)
4g
cm3
Large Crystal 2
35.11
(3.8 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.8 cm)
24 g
Large Crystal 3
43.26 cm3 (5.7 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.3 cm)
32 g
Large Crystal 4
71.42 cm3 (6.2 cm x 4.8 cm x 2.4 cm)
48 g
Large Crystal 5
191.01 cm3 (10.6 cm x 5.3 cm x 3.4 cm)
126 g
Total
458.34 cm3
278 g
•Rochelle salt Appearance
Rochelle salt
Notes
Flakes
Yellowish-brownish, very brittle to touch, rough to touch, thin
Small Crystals
Clear-white, dull, various shapes (cubic, hexagonal, misshaped, oval, spherical), mostly
sturdy, smooth, rough in between.
Large Crystal 1
Spherical, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull,
composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 2
Misshaped, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull,
composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 3
Misshaped, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull,
composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 4
Misshaped, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull,
composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 5
Oval, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull, composed of
small crystals bound together
•Quartz Crystal Dimensions
Quartz
Volume (cm3)
Weight (g)
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
14.34 cm3 (2.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 6 cm)
22 g
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
25.60 cm3 (6.5 cm x 4.5 cm x 2 cm)
32 g
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
19.49 cm3 (2.3 cm x 2.0 cm x 1.4 cm)
32 g
Quartz # 4 – Small Crystal
2.30 cm3 (3.8 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.8 cm)
4g
Total
61.73 cm3
90 g
•Quartz Crystal Appearance
Quartz
Notes
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
Mostly clear in appearance, double hex, blackish dirt-like substance inside crystal (~
1 cm), majority clear, 3 small sides, 3 big sides (3 times the smaller sides), shiny yet
musty, grayish dirty appearance.
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
Double Hex, tan (1.5 cm) spots on side, several double-hexed quartz crystals
attached to the side, shiny yet musty, grayish dirty appearance.
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
Tan (1.5 cm) spots on side, Small double-hexed quartz crystals attached to the side,
can see a crack inside the crystal, shiny yet musty, grayish dirty appearance.
Quartz # 4 – Small Crystal
Mostly clear in appearance, dull ends.
•Selection of Crystals
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The Rochelle flakes and small crystals are too
small to fit into the test equipment. Rochelle salt
large crystal is medium sized of the five large
crystals. I will use this crystal for my Rochelle salt
test.
Quartz #1, #2 and #3 fit nicely in the test
equipment. Quartz #4 is too small for the test
equipment.
•Continuity and Resistance Test
Quartz
Notes
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to
initiating the testing.
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to
initiating the testing.
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to
initiating the testing.
Rochelle salt Large Crystal #
3
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to
initiating the testing.
Quartz
Notes
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10 MOhms.
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10 MOhms.
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10 MOhms.
Rochelle salt Large Crystal #
3
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10 MOhms.
•Peak Voltage Tests
Quartz 1
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average
DC (volts)
0.478
0.257
0.509
0.105
0.503
0.608
0.386
0.383
0.222
0.312
0.376
Quartz 2
AC (volts)
0.014
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.016
0.018
0.017
0.014
0.016
0.016
Sample DC (volts)
1
1.885
2
0.329
3
0.327
4
0.332
5
0.475
6
0.252
7
1.427
8
0.963
9
0.741
10
0.300
Average
0.703
Quartz 3
AC (volts)
0.638
1.668
0.783
0.354
0.224
1.118
1.022
0.339
1.154
0.597
0.790
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average
Rochelle salt
DC (volts)
0.112
0.118
0.111
0.102
0.106
0.092
0.156
0.095
0.067
0.078
0.104
AC
(volts)
0.449
0.012
0.214
0.013
0.011
0.032
0.145
0.010
0.756
0.014
0.166
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average
DC
(volts)
0.663
0.512
0.681
0.957
0.398
0.557
0.292
0.703
0.822
1.810
0.740
AC (volts)
0.142
0.189
0.547
0.375
0.140
0.279
0.527
0.267
0.143
0.815
0.342
•Peak Voltage Test Analysis
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All crystals provide both DC and AC voltages.
The average voltage is less than 1 volt and
greater than .1 volts with the exception of
Quartz # 1.
The crystals do produce electricity.
The Rochelle salt crumbled on the first strike. I
placed all of the remains into a plastic bag, tied
with a zip tie. I modified the foil plates to
include a point which was inserted into the
crushed Rochelle salt through a hole in the
plastic bag. Even crushed, the Rochelle salt
produce electricity.
•Frequency Test – Quartz 1 Voltage
Frequency (bpm)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.28
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.30
72
0.09
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.06
84
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.06
96
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
108
0.06
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
120
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
132
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.09
144
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.06
152
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
168
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
184
0.09
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.11
0.05
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.08
•Frequency Test – Quartz 1 Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average
(ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
72
84
96
108
120
132
144
152
168
184
9.0
5.6
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
7.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
•Frequency Test – Quartz 2 Voltage
Frequency (bpm)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
72
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.14
0.11
0.11
84
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.10
96
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
108
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.10
120
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.08
132
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
144
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.08
152
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.06
168
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.10
184
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.08
•Frequency Test – Quartz 2 Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
72
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
84
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
96
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
108
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
120
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
132
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
144
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
152
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
168
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
184
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
•Frequency Test – Quartz 3 Voltage
Frequency (bpm)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
72
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.08
84
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
96
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.11
108
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.10
120
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
132
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.10
144
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.08
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.12
152
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
168
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.10
184
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.10
•Frequency Test – Quartz 3 Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
72
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
84
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
96
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
108
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
120
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
132
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
144
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
152
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
168
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
184
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
•Frequency Test – Rochelle salt Voltage
Frequency (bpm)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
72
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.10
0.12
84
0.09
0.05
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.08
96
0.10
0.14
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.11
0.12
108
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.10
120
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.09
132
0.09
0.10
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.10
0.13
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
144
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
152
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
168
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.10
184
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
•Frequency Test – Rochelle salt Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
72
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
84
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
96
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
108
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
120
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
132
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
144
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
152
168
184
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
•Peak Voltage over Frequency
•Time to Zero Voltage in Milliseconds
•Frequency Test Analysis
•
•
•
•
•
•
The frequency range was from 1 Hertz (60 bpm) to 3.07 Hertz
(184).
Except for one test case, the peak voltage ranged from .05
to .15 volts over the range of tested frequencies.
I can conclude that the voltage output from any of the
crystals is not dependent on frequencies less than 3.1 Hertz.
The time to zero volts ranged from approximately 6
milliseconds to 12 milliseconds for all crystals over the range
of tested frequencies.
The Quartz crystals were mostly around 6 milliseconds.
The Rochelle salt was around 12 milliseconds up to 2.5 Hertz.
•Weight Test – Quartz 1
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.417
0.431
0.401
0.420
200
0.343
0.179
0.374
0.477
300
0.365
0.444
0.266
0.385
400
1.081
0.523
1.257
1.463
500
0.796
1.066
0.853
0.468
600
47.367
56.600
47.700
37.800
700
156.667
117.000
152.000
201.000
800
681.333
708.000
619.000
717.000
900
759.000
759.000
overload
overload
1000
#DIV/0!
overload
overload
overload
•Weight Test – Quartz 2
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
200
0.043
0.046
0.062
0.020
300
0.110
0.113
0.106
0.111
400
0.356
0.595
0.295
0.179
500
0.680
0.680
0.568
0.792
600
14.657
19.080
13.980
10.910
700
43.323
50.170
29.600
50.200
800
761.667
919.000
771.000
595.000
900
588.000
614.000
683.000
467.000
1000
#DIV/0!
overload
overload
overload
•Weight Test – Quartz 3
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
200
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
300
0.065
0.036
0.065
0.094
400
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
500
1.147
1.370
0.870
1.200
600
29.900
26.600
27.000
36.100
700
44.400
47.700
38.400
47.100
800
19.000
34.100
11.300
11.600
900
27.333
29.600
13.400
39.000
1000
56.833
70.400
29.700
70.400
•Weight Test – Rochelle salt
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.002
200
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.002
300
0.019
0.018
0.019
0.019
400
0.025
0.042
0.023
0.011
500
0.493
0.600
0.448
0.430
600
0.810
1.027
1.000
0.404
700
1.139
1.160
1.194
1.062
800
4.860
5.370
5.030
4.180
900
24.433
17.000
38.400
17.900
1000
51.233
44.500
50.600
58.600
•Peak Voltage over Weight in grams
•Peak Voltage over Weight in grams
•Peak Voltage over Weight in grams
•Weight Test Analysis
•
•
•
•
•
In general, increasing the weight increases the peak voltage.
The increase is not linear.
Quartz 1 and Quartz 2 observed overloads at the higher
weights. An overload is a measurement beyond the ability of
the multimeter.
Quartz 3 and Rochelle salt provided much lower voltage
than Quartz 1 and Quartz 2.
Quartz 1 and 2 were longer than they were wide. Quartz 3
was about as long as it was wide.
•Real World Expectations
•
•
A person, a bike or an automobile are all heavier than 1000
grams.
A person, a bike or an automobile all have a frequency for
striking a flat plate system greater than 3 Hertz.
•Automobile Frequencies
•
•
•
•
•
•
We can calculate the frequency an automobile or truck tire
will strike a flat plate system installed in the tire. For this
calculation, I will assume we have only one plate installed
and the tire puts pressure on the plate when the plate rotates
between the ground and the vehicle.
Most automobile tires are around 24 inches in diameter.
Most large truck tires are around 36 inches in diameter.
The circumference of a tire is pi times the diameter.
To convert miles per hour to a frequency of impact I can
divide multiply miles per hour by 5,280 (feet per mile) and
divide by the circumference of the tire. This provides us
cycles per hour
To convert cycles per hour, I can divide the cycles per hour
by 60 (minutes per hour) and then by 60 (seconds per
minute). This provides us cycles per second (Hertz).
•Frequency of an Average Automobile Tire
Miles per Hour
(mph)
Feet per Hour
(fph)
mph * 5280
Cycles per Hour
(cph)
fph / 6.28
Cycles per Minute
(cpm)
cph / 60
Cycles per Second (Hertz)
cpm / 60
1
5280
840.76
14.01
0.23
2
10560
1681.53
28.03
0.47
3
15840
2522.29
42.04
0.70
4
21120
3363.06
56.05
0.93
5
26400
4203.82
70.06
1.17
6
31680
5044.59
84.08
1.40
7
36960
5885.35
98.09
1.63
8
42240
6726.11
112.10
1.87
9
47520
7566.88
126.11
2.10
10
52800
8407.64
140.13
2.34
15
79200
12611.46
210.19
3.50
20
105600
16815.29
280.25
4.67
25
132000
21019.11
350.32
5.84
30
158400
25222.93
420.38
7.01
35
184800
29426.75
490.45
8.17
40
211200
33630.57
560.51
9.34
45
237600
37834.39
630.57
10.51
50
264000
42038.22
700.64
11.68
55
290400
46242.04
770.70
12.85
60
316800
50445.86
840.76
14.01
65
343200
54649.68
910.83
15.18
70
369600
58853.50
980.89
16.35
75
396000
63057.32
1050.96
17.52
80
422400
67261.15
1121.02
18.68
•Frequency of an Average Large Truck Tire
Miles per Hour
(mph)
Feet per Hour
(fph)
mph * 5280
Cycles per Hour
(cph)
fph / 9.42
Cycles per Minute
(cpm)
cph / 60
Cycles per Second (Hertz)
cpm / 60
1
5280
560.51
9.34
0.16
2
10560
1121.02
18.68
0.31
3
15840
1681.53
28.03
0.47
4
21120
2242.04
37.37
0.62
5
26400
2802.55
46.71
0.78
6
31680
3363.06
56.05
0.93
7
36960
3923.57
65.39
1.09
8
42240
4484.08
74.73
1.25
9
47520
5044.59
84.08
1.40
10
52800
5605.10
93.42
1.56
15
79200
8407.64
140.13
2.34
20
105600
11210.19
186.84
3.11
25
132000
14012.74
233.55
3.89
30
158400
16815.29
280.25
4.67
35
184800
19617.83
326.96
5.45
40
211200
22420.38
373.67
6.23
45
237600
25222.93
420.38
7.01
50
264000
28025.48
467.09
7.78
55
290400
30828.03
513.80
8.56
60
316800
33630.57
560.51
9.34
65
343200
36433.12
607.22
10.12
70
369600
39235.67
653.93
10.90
75
396000
42038.22
700.64
11.68
80
422400
44840.76
747.35
12.46
•Conclusions
•
•
If the performance stays the same for frequencies beyond
2.5 Hertz, then I expect the time to zero voltage ranges from
6 ms to 12 ms. This is the shortest range of time I can strike a
crystal and expect a peak voltage. Piezoelectric devices
work based on the concept of applying pressure to the
device. If you apply constant pressure, then you will not get
good performance. A time of 6 ms corresponds to .006
seconds. The frequency of 166.67 Hertz corresponds to this
time. A person at a jog has approximately 240 steps per
minute (6 mph). This corresponds to 4 steps per second (4
Hertz).
An automobile traveling at 70 miles per hour will provide a
striking frequency of 16.35 Hertz. A large truck, such as a
semi-truck, will traveling at 70 miles per hour will provide a
striking frequency of 12.46 Hertz. Both vehicles are well
below the maximum frequency of 166.67 Hertz.
•Conclusions
•
•
The weight of a large truck is more than an automobile. The
weight of an automobile is more than a person. Considering
there is no degradation of the peak voltage as weight
increases and there is data to support a heavier weight
produces a higher voltage, the larger vehicles will produce
more electricity to charge a battery or storage system.
The Quartz crystals did not display any damage or any
structure loss in any of the tests. The Rochelle salt crumbled
at even under hand pressure. However, the resulting powder
made up of fine Rochelle salt crystals still provided adequate
electrical performance.
•Conclusions
•
•
•
I conclude that either crystal could support for energy
transfer system from a flat plate piezoelectric system to
energy storage or as feedback to a system.
I conclude that all modes of transportation evaluated will
provide adequate support for energy transfer system from a
flat plate piezoelectric system to energy storage or as
feedback to a system.
Based on the data and analysis, the large truck traveling at
maximum velocity will provide the optimal conveyance
system and optimal frequency for the transfer of energy from
a flat plate piezoelectric system to energy storage or as
feedback to a system
•Conclusions
•
I recommend that Rochelle salt be considered for
an actual application over Quartz crystals.
•
•
•
Rochelle is readily produced from commonly available
products.
The powdered form made up of small Rochelle salt
crystals produces adequate performance.
The powdered form will be much more suitable to insert
into a shoe or tire without damaging the tire or making
the shoe uncomfortable.
•Acknowledgements
•
•
I would like to acknowledge several sources of support for this
project. Stephen Hopkins acted as my supervisor and mentor
for this project. He taught me about the basics of voltage
including how to measure voltage on a multimeter and an
Oscilloscope. He supervised me during the development of
the Rochelle salt from off the shelf products.
This project has opened a few opportunities for further
development. I have learned that we can produce energy
as a product of normal daily activities of walking, running,
biking and driving. The next step of this project would be to
create an insert for a shoe or tire that will charge a battery.
•Bibiliography
•
•
•
•
•
Wilmore, Jack H., Athletic Training and Physical Fitness,
Massachusetts:Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1976.
Eshbach, Ovid. Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 1975.
Maikle, Lara. Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science. New
York: DK Publishing, Inc., 1998.
“Intel International Science and Engineering Fair”, Society for
Science & the Public. 2008.
http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/
“Rochelle Salt Stabilizer MSDS”, ScienceLab.com, Inc., 2011,
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9926770
•Bibiliography
•
•
•
•
“Sodium bicarbonate MSDS”, ScienceLab.com, Inc., 2011,
http://www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Sodium_bicarbonate9927258
“Potassium bitartrate MSDS “, ScienceLab.com, Inc., 2011,
http://www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Potassium_bitartrate9927703
“Preparation of Rochelle Salt”, Wizard’s Cove by J.
Christopher Young, 1997,
http://www.seawhy.com/xlroch.html
“Mohs scale of mineral hardness”, Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., 2011,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardnes
s