Chapter 13 Key Terms
Clot
Erythrocytes
Infarction
Leukocytes
Macrophage
Phagocytosis
Plasma
Lysozyme
1
Embolism
Hematopoiesis
Hemoglobin
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Plaque
Thrombosis
Eosinophils
2
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 13: BLOOD
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Composition

Formed elements
 Erythrocytes:
 Leukocytes:
red blood cells
white blood cells
 Thrombocytes:

platelets
Fluid part
 Plasma
 About
55% of blood
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Functions

Transportation






Oxygen from lungs to cells on Erythrocytes
CO2 from cells to lungs on Erythrocytes
Nutrients, ions, and water from digestive tract to cells
Waste products from cells to sweat glands and kidneys
Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
Regulation
Body pH (blood pH is usually 7.35-7.45)
 Body temperature



Clotting Mechanism
Protects against foreign microorganisms and toxins
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Blood Cells

Erythrocytes (red blood cells ) – make up
95% of blood cells

Leukocytes (white blood cells)
 Granular
– have granules when stained
 Neutrophils,
 Agranular
eosinophils, basophils
– no granules
 Monocytes,
 Thrombocytes
lymphocytes
(platelets)
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Plasma

Over 90% water

Albumin – maintains water balance between cells and blood

Globulins – antibodies and transport molecules

Fibrinogen – involved in clotting mechanism

Rest consists of solutes
 Ions,
nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones
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Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation

Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

All blood cells begin as hematocytoblasts (stem cells) and
differentiate into the different blood cells
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Erythrocyte Anatomy

Red tint because of pigment

Biconcave

Contains no nucleus

Contains hemoglobin molecule

Do not divide

Last approximately 4 months

Oxygen rich = bright red

Oxygen deprived = dark red
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Anemia

Decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

Symptoms
 Lack
of energy
 Shortness
 Pale
skin
of breath
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Leukocyte Anatomy

Have no color

Asymmetrical

Contain nuclei

Can leave blood and move into tissues

Clean up cellular debris and fight infections by phagocytosis
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Neutrophil

Contain very fine granules

4 lobed nucleus

Secretes lysozyme

Most common leukocyte
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Eosinophil

Coarse, red granules

2 lobed nucleus

Produce antihistamines to fight
allergies

Produce other chemicals to fight
parasites (hookworm, tapeworm)
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Basophil

Dark granules

2 lobed nucleus

Active in allergic reactions

Release heparin – anticoagulant

Release histamine – inflammatory

Release serotonin – vasoconstrictor
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Monocyte

Largest leukocyte

Large, irregular nucleus

Called macrophage when they
leave the blood

Phagocytize large particles
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Lymphocyte

Large, round nucleus

Involved in immune system

Become “memory cells”

Long life span
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Platelets

Small pieces of a megakaryocyte

Responsible for starting the clotting
mechanism

Prevent fluid loss from blood vessel
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Clotting Mechanism

Step 1: platelets clump together are site of injury, damaged
tissues release of thromboplastin
 Produces

Step 2: Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
 Done

prothrombin activator
by prothrombin activator in presence of calcium ions
Step 3: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
 Fibrin
forms long threads that act as a net
 Blood
cells and platelets get tangle in this net forming a clot
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Clotting Mechanism

Step 4: Syneresis
 Tightening
of the clot to make the wound
smaller
 Serum = yellow fluid seen after clot forms
(plasma)

Step 5: Mitotic Cell Division
 To

repair the damage to the blood vessel
Step 6: Fibrinolysis
 Dissolution
of the blood clot
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Unwanted Clotting

Plaque is a build up of cholesterol on the walls of blood
vessels

Thrombosis forms when platelets stick to plaque in unbroken
blood vessel (clot is called thrombus)

If a piece of a blood clot becomes dislodged and travels, it is
called an embolus (embolism when the embolus becomes
lodged in a blood vessel)

Infarction is when tissues die because of lack of circulation
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Blood Groups

Agglutination
 Clumping

of red blood cells
ABO Blood Group
 Antigen
A
 Antigen
B
 Body
develops antibodies against the antigen NOT present on
your erythrocytes
 Antibodies
react with antigens of the same type
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Rh Factor

Named after the Rhesus monkeys

Presence of Antigen D produces Rh positive blood

Rh negative person does not produce Anti-Rh antibodies
unless given a transfusion of Rh positive blood

Erythroblastosis fetalis
 Rh
negative mother carries Rh positive baby
 Antibodies
cross placenta and destroy baby’s RBCs
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Blood donation

4 main methods

Whole Blood: pint of blood taken from veins

Platelets: apheresis machine separates platelets from blood

Plasma: apheresis machine separates plasma from blood

Double Red Cell: apheresis machine separates RBCs from
blood

Type O and Rh negative donors are always needed!
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