Honors Anatomy and Physiology
Study Outline 5: The Skeletal System
7 classes + 1 test + 1 lab
Big Ideas for this unit
 The skeleton is living and constantly remodeling itself. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of our skeleton is
remodeled each year. => Our body grows the equivalent of a completely new skeleton every 7 years.
 Bone is made up of 2 types of connective tissue (Bone and cartilage), connective blood forming tissue,
blood vessels and nerve fibers.
 The adult skeleton makes up approximately 1/5th of the body’s weight and contains approx. 206 bones
 The skeleton has both mechanical and physiological Functions:
o Supportive, Protection, Movement, Storage, Hematopoiesis
 There are two types of Connective Bone Tissue: Spongy (no Haversian system)and Compact (Haversian
system)
 Bones can be further classified according to shape:
o Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bones
o Bones have specific markings which help us identify them and also tell a little about the age and
activity level of the individual.
 The architecture of a long bone is designed specifically for its functions – Learn Gross Anatomy and
Microscopic anatomy of this bone
 Bone (connective tissue) includes: Osteocytes and osteoblasts cells within a matrix of calcium salts and
collagen
 Bone is covered in a fibrous connective tissue membrane (Perisoteum) and on joint surfaces it is
covered in articular cartilage
 Growth of bone occurs in the embryo (mostly cartilage) and also continually in the mature
skeleton(mostly bone).
 Factors affect bone growth and maintenance:
o Hereditary factors, Nutrition, Hormones, Exercise of physical stressors – weight bearing - bones
must bear weight or they will lose calcium and become brittle
 The skeleton is classified into 2 sections:
 Axial: Skull bones; Vertebral Column; Rib Cage
 Appendicular: Shoulder and arm; Hip and leg
 Joints – Articulations – connections between bones which allow movement.
 Classification of Joints based on Function or structure
o Synovial Joints – classified according to shape of joint
 Pathophysiology of bones: Abnormal spinal curves, fractures, inflammatory diseases of bone etc
Key Vocabulary Terms to understand
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroshes
Appendicular skeleton
Epiphyseal line
Axial Skeleton
Epiphyseal plate
Cartiliaginous joints
Epiphysis
Compact bone
Fibrous joints

Haversian System
Medullary cavity
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Pelvic girdle
Periosteum
Shoulder girdle
Spongy bone
Synarthroses
Synovial joints
Much of the material in this outline will be covered slide sets and not in lesson time to allow us to
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‘FLIP’ our classtime and have more practical discovery. You are responsible for learning all the
material in this outline (majority is in textbook or I will go over it). Keep on top of this!
1. Bones: An Overview
a. Functions of the Bones: (lesson 1 and slide set 1)
Five Functions
Explanation
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Hematopoiesis
ii. Osteomalacia (Lesson 1 and slide set 1)
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b. Composition of Bone: (Lesson 1 and slide set 1)
a. Inorganic matrix
b. Organici. Osteogenic cells
ii. Osteoblasts
iii. Osteocytes
iv. Osteoclasts
c. Classification of Bones: (lesson 1 and slide set 1)
i. According to type (two types) Lesson 1 and practical
Compact bone
Spongy (Cancellous)
bone
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ii. According to Shape
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
d. Bone Markings
i. Projections for Muscle and ligament attachment
ii. Projections that are part of joints
iii. Depressions and openings that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through
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e. Structure of a Long Bone (lesson 2 slide set 2)
i. Diaphysis
ii. Perisoteum
iii. Sharpey’s Fibers
iv. Epiphyses
v. Articular Cartilage
vi. Epiphyseal Line
vii. Epiphyseal Plate
viii. Yellow Marrow – medullary cavity
ix. Red Marrow
x. Bone Markings
f. Microscopic Anatomy
i. Osteocytes
ii. Lacunae
iii. Lamellae
iv. Central (Haversian) System
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v. Canaliculi
vi. Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals
g. Bone Formation, growth and remodeling (lesson 3 slid set 3)
FETUS
ADULT
i. Ossification
ii. Osteoblasts
iii. Appositional Growth
iv. Osteoclasts
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v. Bone remodeling
vi. Osteoporosis
h. Bone Fractures
i. Reduction
ii. Types of Fractures
iii. Repair of Fractures:
Hematoma
Formation
Fibrocartilage
Callus
Bony Callus
Bone
remodelling
Interactive skeleton label exercise at http://www.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/skeleton.htm
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2. Axial Skeleton (lesson 4 slide set 4)
a. Skull
i. Cranium
1. Frontal
2. 2 x Parietal
3. 2 x Temporal
4. Occipital
5. Sphenoid Bone
b. Facial Bones
1. Maxilla
2. Palatine Bones
3. Zygomatic Bones
4. Nasal Bones
5. Mandible
i. Sinus spaces
ii. Sinusitis
c. The Hyoid Bone
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d. Fetal Skull
a. Fontanelles
e. Vertebral Column (spine)
f. Vertebra
g. Intervertebral disc
i. Herniated disc
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h. Spinal Regions
i. Cervical
ii. Thoracic
iii. Lumbar
iv. Sacrum
v. Coccyx
vi. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
vii. Scoliosis
viii. Kyphosis
ix. Lordosis
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i. Bony Thorax (lesson 5, slide set 5)
i. Sternum
ii. Ribs
1. True ribs
2. False Ribs
3. Floating Ribs
a. Adam’s rib
3. Appendicular Skeleton
a. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
i. Clavicle
ii. Scapulae
b. Bones of the upper Limbs
i. Arm
1. Humerus
ii. Forearm
1. Radius
2. Ulna
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iii. Hand
1. Carpals
2. Metacarpals
3. Phalanges
iv. Bones of Pelvic Girdle
1. Coxal (Hip) Bones
2. Ilium
3. Ischium
4. Pubis
5. Comparison of male and female pelvis (Lesson 4)
Characteristic
female
male
General structure
And functional
modifications
Bone Thickness
Acetabula
Pubic angle/arch
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Sacrum
Coccyx
Pelvic inlet (brim)
Pelvic outlet
v. Bones of the Lower Limb (Lab)
1. Thigh
a. Femur
2. Leg
a. Tibia
b. Fibula
3. Foot
a. Tarsal Bones
b. Metatarsals
c. Phalanges
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d. Foot arches (lesson 4) and ( lab)
e. Shoe wear and orthotics (lesson 4)
f. Amputations and prosthetics Lesson 5 slide set 5)
PART TWO: Joints
1. Three Functional Categories of Joints: (Lesson 5 and slide set 5 and lab)
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
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2. Three Structural Categories of Joints: (Lesson 5 and lab and slide set 5)
Fibrous Joints-
Sutures
Synarthroses
Cartilaginous Joints-
Synovial Joints-
3. Synovial Joints (Lesson 5 and lab and slide set 5)
a. Classification of synovial joints based on shape
i. Plane Joint
o Example:
ii. Hinge Joint
o Example
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iii. Pivot Joint
o Example
iv. Condyloid Joint
o Example
v. Saddle Joint
o Example
vi. Ball and socket joint
o Example
4. Inflammatory Disorders of Joints (lesson 6 )
a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid Arthritis
i. Juvenile RA
c. Gout
5. Other conditions: Osteomyelitis
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