Plants
Answer the worksheet Is it a
plant?
Check off all of the organisms that you
believe are plants and explain how you
determined whether or not they are
plants
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Is it a plant worksheet answers
The items on the list
biologically considered to
be plants are fern, grass,
moss, vine, tomato,
flower, tree, onion, weed,
bush, cactus, cabbage,
dandelion, and carrot.
Plants are multicellular
organisms that are
generally able to
make their own food
through photosynthesis.
Many plant cells contain
pigments capable of
absorbing light. Plants
have a structure called
a cell wall, which is made
mostly of cellulose.
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What makes a Plant a
Plant?
Plant Characteristics
How are Plants Classified
Plant Characteristics

They make their own food
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◦
◦
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the
sun
Plants use the energy to make food glucose (sugar)
Process is called Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts:
Plant Characteristics

Plants Have a
Cuticle
What is a Cuticle?
◦
◦
A waxy layer that
coats the surface of
stems, leaves, and
other plant parts
exposed to the air.
Keeps plants from
drying out.
Plant Characteristics

Plant Cells
have Cell
Walls
What is a Cell Wall
◦
◦
◦
a plant cell is
surrounded by a
rigid cell wall
outside of the
cell membrane
helps support and
protect the plant
Plant Characteristics

Plants reproduce with spores and sex
cells

there are two stages in a plants life:
sporophyte
gametophyte

What is a Sporophyte?


A plant in the
spore producing
stage of life.
Spores can grow
directly into an
adult plant
What is a Gametophyte?

The stage in a
plant’s life
where it
produces male
and female sex
cells.
More on Gametophytes

Male and female
sex cells must
join in order to
grow into a new
plant. This is
called
Fertilization.
Is It a Stem, Leaf, Root, Flower,
Fruit or Seed? Answer the
worksheet
Fruit/Vegetable
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrot
Celery Stalk
Corn Kernel
Garlic
Onion
Potato
Tomato
Zucchini
Part of Plant
Is It a Stem, Leaf, Root, Flower,
Fruit or Seed? Answers
Fruit/Vegetable
Part of Plant
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrot
Celery Stalk
Flower
Leaves
Root
Stem
Corn Kernel
Garlic
Onion
Seeds
Root
Root
Potato
Tomato
Zucchini
Fruit
Fruit
Fruit
Plant Body
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Shoot system =
leaves + stem
Root system
Meristem = cells
that divide for life
of plant, can give
rise to all plant
structures
Three Types of Plant Tissues

Vascular Tissue

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
Ground Tissue

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Transport
Support
Synthesis of Sugars
Storage
Support
Dermal Tissue

Protection
Division of Meristem Cells
Causes Plant Growth

Apical Meristem



tips of root and
shoot
increase in height
Lateral Meristem


cylinders within
plant body
increase in width
Plant Body
Leaf = blade + petiole
Functions
Exposes surface to sunlight
Major site of photosynthesis
Conserves water
Provides for gas exchange
Blade
Petiole
Stoma =
opening in the leaf
for gas exchange,
water evaporation
Plant Body
Stem: series of nodes and internodes
Functions
Holds leaves up to light
Transports substances
through vascular tissue
Xylem conducts water
and minerals
Phloem transports
sugar
Plant Body
Root
Functions
Anchors plant in soil
Takes up water and
minerals from soil
Leaf Parts



Stoma (stomata) – small pores that act as a
doorway for gases involved in photosynthesis
(found mainly on the underside of leaves).
Guard Cells – cells that regulate the opening of
the stomata.
Lower and upper epidermis – outer layer of a
plant that serves for protection, like skin.
Stoma Open vs. Closed

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Open – with light and when guard cells are
filled with water.
Closed – without light and when guard cells
are lacking water (dehydrated).
Why is it important to have stomata open?
Closed vs. Open
Why is it important to have stomata open?
GAS EXCHANGE for photosynthesis!
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When stomata are open
gas exchange important
for photosynthesis can
occur.
O2 can diffuse out and
CO2 can diffuse in.
Water can evaporate as
well (transpiration)
Conserves water
Photosynthesi
s
Structures of the Leaf
Transports
water and sugar
to stem and
Applying Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A.
B.
C.
Apical Meristem
Vascular Tissue
Stem
Leaf
Lateral Meristem
Where is the primary site of photosynthesis in a
plant?
Which one is responsible for an increase in plant
height?
Which one transports materials throughout the
plant?
Flowering Plant
Reproduction


Flowers are modified
leaves, specialized
for reproduction.
Flower parts undergo
meiosis to produce
haploid products


pollen grain
ovule (contains egg cell)
Flower
Mitosis
Meiosis
Mitosis
Pollen
grains
Ovule
Pistil
Stamen
Male part
A Complete Flower Has Both
Male and Female Parts
Produces pollen
Anther
Filament
Attracts
pollinator
Stigma
Petal
Style
Sepal
Ovary
Female
Produces egg
Encloses and
Protects Bud
Mature Pollen
Grain
Sperm Cells
Tube Cell Nucleus
2. pollen tubes grow
down stigma to ovary
Sperm
1. pollen grains
land on stigma
Stigma
Style
3B: Fusion of 2nd
sperm + two
polar nuclei
3. double
fertilization
3A: Fusion of
sperm + egg
Ovule
Polar nuclei
Ovary
Egg
Pollination
and
Fertilization
in a Flower
Development of Fruit and Seeds
From Flower Parts
Provides
nutrition
Endosperm
Triploid
Endosperm
Cell Fresh
Fruit
Ovary
Seed
Integument
Coat
Diploid
Embryo
Zygote
(new
plant)
Seed = embryo + stored food + seed coat
Fruit = ovary wall, mechanism for seed dispersal
Seeds
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
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A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased in
a protective covering and surrounded by a food
supply.
An embryo is an organism in its early stage of
development.
The seed coat surrounds and protects the
embryo and keeps contents of the seed from
drying out.
Conifers – Cone Bearers
Cones

A cone is an organ on plants in the
division Pinophyta (conifers) that
contains the reproductive structures.
The familiar woody cone is the female
cone, which produces seeds. The male
cones, which produce pollen. Female
cone contains ovules
Applying Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Seed
Fruit
Pistil
Anther
Pollen
Which one develops from the ovary wall?
Which one produces pollen?
Which one develops from a fertilized ovule?
What is the name of the female part of the
flower?
Transpiration

Evaporation of water through stomata

Plants lose 90% of the water they transport from the roots by
transpiration. What happens to the other 10%?

When water enters the guard cells,
pressure causes them to bow,
opening the stoma

When water leaves the
guard cells, pressure
and the cells come
closing the stoma
is lost
together,
Photosynthesis &
Respiration
What is Photosynthesis?
The process of photosynthesis is a chemical
reaction.
It is the most important
chemical reaction on our planet.
What is the Equation for the
Chemical Reaction of
Photosynthesis?
What is the equation for the
chemical reaction of photosynthesis?
What is the equation for the
chemical reaction of photosynthesis?
Six molecules of carbon dioxide react with
six molecules of water to form 1 molecule
of glucose and six molecules of oxygen.
Describe Photosynthesis
Describe Photosynthesis


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The process of changing light energy to
chemical energy
Energy stored as sugar
Occurs in plants and some algae
Plants need light energy, CO2, and H2O
Takes place in the chloroplasts, using
chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants
What happens during
photosynthesis?
What happens during
photosynthesis?

Plants capture light energy and use that energy
to make glucose

Sunlight provides the energy needed by
chlorophyll to change molecules of carbon
dioxide and water into glucose

Oxygen is also released in this reaction
What happens during
photosynthesis?
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

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Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called
stomata
CO2 combines with the stored energy in the
chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to make
glucose
The sugar is moved through tubes in the leaf to the
roots, stems and fruits of the plants
Some of the sugar is used right away by the plant for
energy; some is stored as starch; and some is built
into plant tissue
Why is this important to
us?
Why is this important to us?
We cannot make our own food (glucose,
energy), we must get our food from plants.
Plants are the first step in the food chain.
Why is this important to us?
The oxygen released during photosynthesis is
necessary for all living things.
What is Cellular Respiration?
What is Cellular Respiration?
The release of chemical energy for use by cells.
What is Cellular Respiration?
Once the energy that was in sunlight is changed
into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an
organism has to transform the chemical energy
into a a form that can be used by the organism.
This process is cellular respiration.
Describe Cellular Respiration
Describe Cellular Respiration

The breakdown of glucose molecules to
release energy

Takes place in all living things

Is a step by step process
What is the chemical equation for
cellular respiration?
What is the chemical equation for
cellular respiration?
What do you see in common with
the reaction for photosynthesis
and Cellular respiration?
What is different?
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