FOOT AND ANKLE
ANATOMY
RESOURCES:
• Getbodysmart.com
• http://www.getbodysmart.com/
BONES
• The foot is made up of 26 bones
• The lower leg is comprised of 2 bones
• Forming the foot and ankle mortise of 28 bones
BONES OF THE FOOT
MUSCLES
• There are 19 muscles and tendons (tendon
attaches muscle to bone)
• muscles acting on the foot can be classified into
extrinsic muscles, those originating on the anterior
or posterior aspect of the lower leg, and intrinsic
muscles, originating on the dorsal (top) or plantar
(base) aspects of the foot.
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
Muscle
tibialis anterior
Origin
shaft of tibia and
interosseous
membrane
shaft of fibula and
extensor digitorum interosseous
membrane
extensor hallucis
longus
shaft of fibula &
interosseous
membrane
Insertion
Action
extends the foot;
medial cuneiform &
inverts foot;
base of first
supports medial
metatarsal
longitudinal arch
extends toes;
extensor expansion
dorsiflexes
of lateral four toes (extends) foot
base of distal
phalanx of big toe
extends big toe;
dorsiflexes
(extends) foot;
inverts foot at
subtalar and
transverse tarsal
joints
LATERAL COMPARTMENT
peroneus longus
shaft of
fibula
base of 1st
MT & medial
cuneiform
peroneus brevis
shaft of
fibula
base of 5th
metatarsal
bone
plantar flexes foot; everts foot at
subtalar & transverse tarsal joints;
supports lateral longitudinal and
transverse arches of foot
plantar flexes foot; everts foot at
subtalar & transverse tarsal joints;
supports lateral longitudinal arch
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
by way of Achilles
tendon to
calcaneum
plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
lateral supracondylar
ridge of femur
calcaneum
plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
soleus
shafts of tibia and
fibula
by way of achilles
tendon into
calcaneum
with gastrocnemius & plantaris is
powerful plantar flexor of foot; provides
main propulsive force in walking &
running
popliteus
lateral condyle of
femur
shaft of tibia
flexes leg; unlocks full extension of knee
by laterally rotating femur on tibia
shaft of tibia
distal phalanges of
lateral four toes
flexes distal phalanges of lateral four
toes; plantar flexes foot; supports medial
and lateral longitudinal arches of foot
shaft of fibula
flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar
base of distal phalanx
flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal
of big toe
arch
medial and lateral
gastrocnemius
condyles of femur
plantaris
flexor digitorum
longus
flexor hallucis
longus
DORSUM OF FOOT
extensor digitorum
brevis
calcaneum
by four tendons into
the proximal phalanx
of big toe and long
extensor tendons to
2nd, 3rd and 4th toes
extends toes
1ST LAYER OF SOLE
abductor hallucis
medial tubercle of
calcaneum; flexor
retinaculum
medial side, base of
flexes, abducts big toe;
proximal phalanx of big
supports medial arch
toe
flexor digitorum brevis
medial tubercle of
calcaneum
middle phalanx of four
lateral toes
flexes lateral four toes;
supports medial & lateral
longitudinal arches
abductor digiti minimi
medial & lateral tubercles
of calcaneum
lateral side base of
proximal phalanx 5th toe
flexes, abducts 5th toe;
supports lateral
longitudinal arch
MUSCLES OF LOWER LEG
MUSCLES OF FOOT
LIGAMENTS
• The lateral and medial ligaments of the ankle
support and strengthen the joint.
• The deltoid ligament is stronger than the lateral
ligaments. The strength of the deltoid prevents most
eversions.
PRIMARY
Primary ligaments of ankle include:
• medial
• Deltoid ligament - This strong ligament attaches to the medial
malleolus. It has four parts named for the bones that they
attach to: the tibionavicular, the tibiocalcaneal, the
anterior tibiotalar, and the posterior tibiotalar
• Calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring Ligament)
• lateral
•
•
•
•
•
Syndesmosis (includes AITFL, PITFL, TTFL, IOL, ITL)
Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
Calcaneal fibular ligament (CFL)
Lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTCL)
• If you’ve ever sprained an ankle, you injured one or
more of the ligaments that hold the joint together.
The lateral ligaments are damaged more often
than the stronger medial ligament.
LATERAL VIEW
MEDIAL VIEW
SIMPLIFIED VIEW (LATERAL)
ARCHES OF THE FOOT
MEDIAL/LATERAL
MEDIAL/LATERAL
• Medial arch is higher than the lateral longitudinal
arch. It is made up by the calcaneus, the talus,
the navicular, the three cuneiforms, and the first,
second, and third metatarsals
• The lateral arch is composed of the calcaneus, the
cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsals
ON A PERSON
PROBLEM WITH ARCHES
LOWER LEG
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
IN CLASS..
• Begin Body Diagram…
• Draw foot bones
• Draw lateral and medial ligaments
HOMEWORK
• Color worksheet pages