Europe during the Renaissance?
Map book pages 90-91
Copy and answer the following questions!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Define the Renaissance.
Where did it begin?
What were the scholars rediscovering?
Who funded (paid for) art?
What family controlled Florence, Italy?
What was Florence? (pg 91)
What invention allowed the spread of ideas in
Europe?
What was the Renaissance?
What was the Renaissance, and where did it begin?
•Italy
•Italian Cities
•Urban Societies
•Major Trading Centers
•Rebirth of culture focused on the Secular (World)
•Moved away from life in the church
•Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life
http://www.history.com/topics/blackdeath
Europe after the Middle Ages
Florence, Italy
Financial Center of the Renaissance
The Renaissance was a time of renewal
•Renaissance means “rebirth” in Europe
after recovering from the Dark ages, the
plague, and lose of faith in the Catholic
Church people rediscovered Greek and
Roman art, science, and philosophy
•People had lost their faith in the church and began
to put more focus on human beings.
•The Renaissance produced new ideas that were
reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature
How did the Crusades contribute
to the Renaissance?
• Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
• Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern
markets
• Encouraged the use of credit and banking
• Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of
charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
• Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and
expedite trade.
• New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic
numerals) were introduced.
Italy failed to become united
during the Ages.
Many independent city-states
Milan
emerged in northern
and central
One
of the
richest
cities, an
it controls
trade
Italy
that
played
important
through the Alps.
role in Italian politics and art.
Venice
Sitting on the Adriatic, it attracts trade
from all over the world.
Florence
Controlled by the De Medici Family, who
became great patrons of the arts.
Genoa
Had Access to Trade Routes
All of these cities:
Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with
Middle Eastern markets
• Served as trading centers for the distribution of
goods to northern Europe
• Were initially independent city-states governed
as republics
Major Italian Cities
Milan
Venice
Genoa
Florence
Renaissance Man
• New Discoveries
• Humanism and Education
• Shift in Social Order
• Ancient
Philosophers:
– Socrates
–Plato
–Aristotle
Renaissance Man
• “Belief that a well-educated person knows a little about
everything”
• Deep knowledge/skill in one area.
• Men who had curiosity about the world, science, art,
architecture and wanted to earn a living plus believed it was
their civic duty to educate and change the world
• The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the
heart of Renaissance education.
Why were there so many Renaissance men during
the Renaissance?
o Lack of boundaries between disciplines
o Curiosity about the world
How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster
humanism in the Italian Renaissance?
Describes the school of philosophical, intellectual, and literary thought from
1400-1650:
•Emphasis on human freedom and responsibility;
•Return to the pagan classics;
•Reliance on God and faith weakened;
• Fortuna (chance) replaces Providence (God’s direction).
• The world as it is becomes an end rather than a preparation for
Heaven
•Celebrated the individual
•Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture
•Was supported by wealthy patrons
The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in
the arts, philosophy, and literature.
Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works
which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education
became increasingly secular.
Medieval art and literature focused
on the Church and salvation
Renaissance art and literature
focused on individuals and worldly
matters, along with Christianity.
Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of
Greece and Rome in their art
•They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused
on humanity and emotion, Sculpture emphasized realism
and the human form - HUMANISM
•New Techniques also emerged
•Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular
because it gave depth to the paintings
•Architecture reached new heights of design such as St.
Peter’s Basilica
Michelangelo Buonarroti - Born in 1475 in a
small town near Florence, is considered to be
one of the most inspired men who ever lived.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9owI
8k7x1E
David
Michelangelo
created his
masterpiece
David in
1504.
Michelangelo
was funded
by the
Medici
Family of
Florence.
Sistine Chapel
About a year after creating
David, Pope Julius II
summoned Michelangelo to
Rome to work on his most
famous project, the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel.
Creation of Eve
Separation of Light and Darkness
Creation of Adam
The Last Judgment
St. Peter’s
• Architect for St.
Peter’s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEE3
B8Fsuc0
La Pieta 1499
Marble Sculpture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gILlQ
MP-t_A
Moses
 Received funding from
Pope Leo X
Legacy
• World’s greatest sculptor
– Saw the figure inside the
stone and remove excess
•
•
•
•
Painter
Poet
Architect
Engineer
1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor,
Architect,
Engineer,
Scientist
Genius!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur3Jd
2AWBG0
Early Life
• Madonna of the Rocks
– Geometrical
arrangement of figures
– Foreshortening
– Background
treatments
– Artists live on
commissions
Milan
• Last Supper
– Used new fresco
method
– Built into the room's
end
• Light from the side
with the window
• Door cut below
• During WWII a bomb
hit the monastery
• Destroyed by erosion
Last Supper
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iV6_
wTrkd70
“Among all the studies and reasoning,
Light chiefly delights the beholder; and
among the great features of mathematics
the certainty of its demonstrations is what
preeminently tends to elevate the mind of
the investigator. Perspective, therefore
must be preferred to all the discourses
and systems of human learning.”
– Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa
• The greatness of
the Mona Lisa
– What do you see?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IitbJ
szd1kM
Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??
"'Those [artists] who are enamored
of practice without science,'
Leonardo explained, 'are like sailors
who board a ship without rudder and
compass, never having any certainty
as to whither they go.'"
– Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books, 2001, p. 85.
Notebooks
• Coded
– Read R
L with a mirror
• Scientific illustration
– Used science to support
art
Military
Aeronautics
Anatomy
Technology
•
•
•
•
•
Machines
Hydraulics
Vehicles on land
Architecture
Scientific method
“Those sciences are vain and filled
with errors which are not borne of
experiment, the mother of all
certainty.”
Leonardo da Vinci
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMf8hFBJylA
Legacy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Only 17 paintings
Notebooks
Drawings of unfinished works
Diverted rivers to prevent
flooding
Principles of turbine
Cartography
Submarine
Flying machine
Parachute
…And much more….
Big Idea Question of the Day:
Respond in complete sentences
4+
What impact did
Gutenberg Printing Press
have on education,
language, and religion in
Europe and around the
world?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qexDBgWM2X8 (Take Notes)
• Johannes Gutenberg
-Invented the movable
type printing press 1450AD
• Printing Press helped
disseminate ideas, the
production and sale of
books allowed
education to flourish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1vl2
j24Mtk
Northern Renaissance
• Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance
ideas.
• Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas
with Christianity.
• Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1450 AD) helps distribute
books, ideas, and increases literacy.
Northern Renaissance writers
• Erasmus—The Praise of Folly (1511)
• Sir Thomas More—Utopia (1516)
•Machiavelli – The Prince (1532)
Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects.
 Dutch humanist
Erasmus
 Pushed for a Vernacular form of
the Bible
 “I disagree very much with
those who are unwilling that
Holy Scripture, translated into
the vernacular, be read by the
uneducated . . . As if the
strength of the Christian
religion consisted in the
ignorance of it”
 Wrote the “The Praise of Folly”
 Used humor to show the
immoral and ignorant behavior
of people, including the clergy.
 He felt people should be open
minded and be kind to others.
Sir Thomas More
 English Humanist
 Wrote: Utopia - A book
about a perfect society
 Believed men and women
live in harmony. No
private property, no one
is lazy, all people are
educated and the justice
system is used to end
crime instead of
executing criminals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peSp
UDMcGR8
Niccolò
Bell Ringer – Page 55
Machiavelli Read - The Prince
by Niccolo
Machiavelli
Write and Answer the
Thinking Critically
Questions 1-2
Can read with a partner,
but must do own work
Political Ideas of the Renaissance
Niccolò Machiavelli –
Father of Modern Politics
 Wrote “The Prince” – A book
about rulers using absolute
power
 Machiavelli believed:
 “ The means justifies the end”
 “One can make this generalization about
men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and
deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy
for profit”
 Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of
his day and produced guidelines for the
acquisition and maintenance of power by
absolute rule.
 He felt that a ruler should be willing to
do anything to maintain control without
worrying about conscience.
• Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
• Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making
• Ruler keeps power by any means necessary
• The end justifies the means
• Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DN
BRL4nR8
Effects of the Renaissance,
Reformation, and Scientific Revolution
 Communal knowledge
possible
 Scientists could form
distant communities
 Page numbering and
indexes invented and
used
 Standardization in form
and spelling
 Reading moves from
communal to private
activity;
 Authorship becomes
more important and
profitable.
 Who wrote it becomes
important
 Early copyright and
intellectual property laws
established
 Decline of Latin and
move towards vernacular
language use
 Contributed to growing
nationalism
Renaissance Music
Basic structure
• Words dominate
• Tone painting
Texture
• Middle ages:
– Monophonic
• Renaissance:
– Polyphonic
• Late Renaissance:
– Homophonic
• Harmonies based upon Pythagoras
Petrarch
Sonnets, humanist
scholarship
Francesco Petrarch
1304-1374
Assembled Greek and
Roman writings.
Wrote
Sonnets to Laura,
love poems in the
Vernacular
Musical Notation
• Invented to publish books of music
• Invented instruments
• Instrumental arrangements appeared
Religious Music
• Natural
sounding
music
• Mass
• Composer’s
music had to
be screened
Giovanni Palestrina
• Adult life in Rome
– Choirmaster, singer,/ director of
music
• Reactionary period
– Church suppressed music that did
not enhance words of the Mass
– Polyphony was distracting
• Works were conservative
Giovanni Palestrina
• Wrote over 100 masses
– Gregorian chant
– Mass in Honor of Pope Marcellus
• Influenced later music
• Buried in St. Peter’s Basilica
– “The Prince of Music”
Secular Music
• New instruments
• Chansons favored in the court
– Courtly Love
• Madrigals
– Poetry and Music
Dances
• As important as music
• First considered a separate form of
art
• Some courts had dance masters
– “balli”
Bibliography
Images from:
Corbis.com
Web Gallary of Art
www.wga.hu
New Discoveries
The Age of Exploration
The Ottoman Empire
• Global Effects:
– Led to the Age of
Imperialism, where
European powers
dominated the planet
– Indigenous people in
North and South
America and Africa were
enslaved and exploited;
Effects
 Communal knowledge
possible
 Scientists could form
distant communities
 Page numbering and
indexes invented and
used
 Standardization in form
and spelling
 Reading moves from
communal to private
activity;
 Authorship becomes
more important and
profitable.
 Who wrote it becomes
important
 Early copyright and
intellectual property laws
established
 Decline of Latin and
move towards vernacular
language use
 Contributed to growing
nationalism
Science: Copernicus
Ptolemy vs. Copernicus