Factors affecting grains consumption:
The evidence from NHANES survey data
Lisa Mancino, ERS-USDA
Andrea Carlson, CNPP-USDA
National Health and Nutrition Exam Survey
Collected by CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics
• First collected in 1960. Became ‘continuous’ in 1999
• For any given year is ~ 5,000 people around the US
(15 counties each year)
• Oversamples:
Certain age groups: 12-19, 60+
Specific minorities: African Americans, Mexican Americans
Low income persons (< 130% of poverty level)
Pregnant women
NHANES 1999-2001
NHANES (1999-2000)
Diet
Information
Health
Information
Demographic
Information
What it has
What it lacks
• 1 24 hr recall
• What was eaten, when
and where
• Measured BMI
• Waist circumference
• Weight and diet history
• Detailed physical
activity
• Gender
• Age
• Race ethnicity
• Marital status
• Household income
• A second recall
• Where food was
purchased
• Diet and nutrition
knowledge
• Household size
• Ability to link children’s
information with
parents’
• Geographic information
NHANES (1999-2000)
Provides a snap shot of consumption:
What
When
Where
Who
What
Dietary Patterns
Servings, cups or ounces
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Whole
Grains
Other
Grains
Fruits
Vegetables Lean Meat
Equivalent
(oz)
Dairy
Proposed Recommended Intake*
Average Intake
*US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
Added
Sugar
(cups)
Solid Fats
(ozs)
What
Broad Categories
Pancakes, waffles,
french toast
Quick breads
2.0%
5.5%
Ready to eat
cereals
5.8%
Flour mixes/meat
substitues
0.02%
Breads & rolls
27.6%
Cakes, cookies,
pies, pastries
9.0%
Pastas, cooked
cereals, rice
9.8%
Crackers & salty
snacks
10.7%
Grain mixtures
18.2%
Other
11.3%
What
Specific foods
Mixtures
Other
Pizza
Burgers
Noodle Soups
Chicken patties
Macaroni and Cheese
Corn Dogs
Spaghetti with sauce Fish Sandwiches
Rice & tomato sauce
Pot Pies
Snacks
Corn chips
Pretzels
Corn puffs and twists
Crackers
Popcorn
What
Whole Grains
Breads & rolls, 2%
Pastas, cooked
cereals, rice, 2%
Ready to eat
cereals, 3%
Crackers & salty
snacks, 5%
Non whole grains,
86%
When
% All Grains (% of all calories)
Brunch
1%
19%
(15%)
36%
Breakfast
(35%)
Dinner
Snack
19%
(26%)
Lunch
25%
(23%)
When
Whole Grains
Brunch
1%
19%
Dinner
33%
Breakfast
1%
19%
33%
18%
29%
Lunch
18%
Snack
29%
Where
Specific Places: % of All Grains (% of all calories)
0%
20%
Home
Work
64%
9.1% 7.2%
4.9%
14.8%
(62%)
(9%) (9%)
(5%)
(15%)
40%
Restaurant
60%
Fast Food
80%
100%
All Others
Who
By types of grains reported
8
7
0.97
1.6
Number of Servings
6
5
5.7
5.7
5.8
4
3
2
1
0
Full Sample
Whole Grains
Reported Whole Grains
Reported No Whole
Grains
All other Grains
Who
Do the amounts and types of grains
consumed vary by
 Socioeconomic factors
Income, Marital status, Education, Ethnicity
 Biological factors
Gender, Age, Body weight,
 Lifestyle factors
Physical Activity, meal patterns, health behaviors, diet
history
Who
Socioeconomic factors
Amount of all grains Any whole grains
Adults
Education
Non-Hispanic black
Hispanic
0.37
-0.66
-0.78
-0.48
0.19
0.05
Children
Income
Who
Biological Factors
Amount of all grains
Any whole grains
Adults
Age
-0.04
0.01
Men
2.19
-0.22
Waist Measure
-0.64
Children
Age
0.19
Boys
1.96
BMI
-0.06
0.09
-0.01
Who
Lifestyle Factors
Amount of all grains Any whole grains
Adults
Cigarettes
-0.01
Alcohol
-0.03
-0.13
Breakfast
1.90
Snacking
0.02
Optimism (Weight)
-0.41
Portion Control
Extreme Measures
-0.89
-1.17
0.71
Who
Lifestyle Factors
Amount of all grains
Any whole grains
Children
Breakfast
1.54
0.90
Snacking
0.03
0.01
So….
Can we say anything about shifts in grain consumption?
• Changing Demographics
–
–
–
–
Age
Ethnicity [whole grains] (adults)
Education [whole grains] (adults)
Income (children)
• Changing diets and lifestyles
– More health conscious ?
For More Information
ERS-www.ers.usda.gov
CNPP-www.cnpp.usda.gov
NHANES-www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm
Lisa-Lmancino@ers.usda.gov
Andi-Andi.carlson@cnpp.usda.gov
The End