Block
World History 10
Documents for Final Essay
Directions:
The theme for the essay is POWER.
As you prepare the documents, remember to
dig past the surface and make meaningful
connections to course material. Use the
scaffolding questions provided.
In-class essay will be
Friday, June 6th.
At the beginning of the exam, you will be given
a question related to the theme of power along
with12 of the 30 documents in this packet.
You may not bring in the documents with you.
Good Luck!
Document 1a
Document 1b
According to the documents above and your knowledge of history, how did international trade
strengthen or destroy societies?
Document 2a
Encomienda System in the Spanish Colonies
Document 2b
According to the documents above and your knowledge of history, what were the attitudes and
purposes behind the Encomienda System in the Spanish American Empire?
Document 3
According to the document and your knowledge of history, what type of government does Hobbes
believe is necessary to maintain social order and why? What leaders throughout history might agree
with Hobbes?
Document 4
Using the document above and your knowledge of history, explain how and why Enlightened
philosophes questioned religious and political institutions of Europe in the 18th century?
Document 5: Excerpt from “La Marseillaise” – the French National Anthem written in 1792
Arise children of the fatherland
The day of glory has arrived
Against us tyranny's
Bloody standard is raised
Listen to the sound in the fields
The howling of these fearsome soldiers
They are coming into our midst
To cut the throats of your sons and consorts
To arms citizens! Form your battalions
March, march
Let impure blood
Water our furrows
It is us they dare plan
To return to the old slavery!
Drive on sacred patriotism
Support our avenging arms
Liberty, cherished liberty
Join the struggle with your defenders
Under our flags, let victory
Hurry to your manly tone
So that in death your enemies
See your triumph and our glory!
Using the document above and your knowledge of history, what were the French revolutionaries
hoping to achieve?
Document 6:
Using your knowledge of history, identify and explain the statement Robespierre is trying to make
about terror.
Document 7a
“Capital and Labour” – a political cartoon by John Leech, published in 1843 in Punch, a satirical magazine.
Apply your knowledge of history to the above cartoon and explain the point Leech is trying to make
about industrialization.
Document 7b
Using your knowledge of history and the document above, explain what statement Marx and Engels
are trying to make about social classes. What is their perception of industrialized Europe?
Document 8
“Letter to Queen Victoria” From Commissioner Lin Zexu of China 1839
We find that your country is sixty or seventy thousand li [about one-third of a mile] from China. Yet there are
barbarian ships that strive to come here for trade for the purpose of making a great profit. The wealth of
China is used to profit the barbarians. By what right do they . . .use this poisonous drug to injure the
Chinese people?
. . . I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the
harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your country, then even
less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries—how much less to China! Of all that
China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to people. . .
Suppose a man of another country comes to England to trade, he still has to obey the English laws; how
much more should he obey in China the laws of the Celestial Dynasty?
What did Commissioner Lin Zexu say was hypocritical about England’s opium trade?
Document 9
Based on your knowledge of history and the political cartoon, how was China treated differently from
the African colonies by the Imperialist nations? Why?
Document 10a
The Rhodes Colossus: Striding From Cape Town to Cairo From the British magazine Punch, 1892
Document 10b
From: Cecil Rhodes, Confessions of Faith, 1877
I contend that we [Britons] are the finest race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is
for the human race…It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep
this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more Anglo-Saxon race, more of the
best, the most human, most honourable race the world possesses.
According to the documents, why did Rhodes believe England was justified in expanding into Africa?
Document 11
King Leopold II of Belgium ordered various mutilations of Congolese men, women and children for various
“offenses”.
Why would Leopold have used such public and brutal tactics to control the Congolese?
Document 12
“Illustration of Singing by the Plum Garden” – Japanese woodblock print from 1887
What elements of Western culture and Japanese culture are portrayed in image? What does this tell
you about Japanese society at the end of the 19th century?
Document 13:
According to the map and your knowledge of history, why was the Meiji government motivated to
industrialize?
Document 14
Transforming the Face of India – Post World War I
“. . . Failure to answer, nay, refusal to tackle that question has rendered wholly academic the discussion of
abandonment. Even were it otherwise we could still look back proudly. British brains, British enterprise,
and British capital have, in a material sense, transformed the face of India. Means of communication have
been developed: innumerable bridges, over 4000 miles of railway, 7000 miles of roads, testify to the skill
and industry of British engineers. Irrigation works on a stupendous [huge] scale have brought 30,000,000
acres under cultivation and thus greatly added to the agricultural wealth of a country which still lives mainly
by agriculture. But on the other hand, the process of industrialization has already begun. The mills of
Bombay [Mumbai] have become dangerous competitors to Lancashire [England], and the Indian jute
[rope] industry is threatening the prosperity of Dundee [Scotland]. Thanks to improved sanitation (much
resented by the more ignorant beneficiaries), to a higher standard of living, to irrigation, to canalization, to
the development of transport, and to carefully thought-out schemes for relief work, famines, which by their
regular recurrence formerly presented a perennial [continuing] problem to administrators, have now
virtually disappeared. To have conquered the menace of famine in the face of greater longevity, of
diminished death rate, and the suppression of war, is a remarkable achievement for which India is wholly
indebted to British administration…”
- Sir John A. R. Marriott, The English in India (1932).
According to Marriott, how has British colonization benefitted India?
Document 15
From On Nonviolent Resistance by Mohandas K. Gandhi
There are two ways of countering injustice. One way is to smash the head of the man who
perpetrates injustice and to get your own head smashed in the process. All strong people in the world
adopt this course. Everywhere wars are fought and millions of people are killed. The consequence is not
the progress of a nation but its decline…Pride makes a victorious nation bad-tempered….No country has
ever become, or will ever become, happy through victory in war. A nation does not rise that way; it only
falls further. In fact, what comes to it is defeat, not victory...
But through the other method of combating injustice, we alone suffer the consequences of our
mistakes, and the other side is wholly spared. This other method is satyagraha. One who resorts to it
does not have to break another’s head; he may merely have his own head broken. He has to be
prepared to die himself suffering all the pain. In opposing the atrocious laws of the Government of South
Africa, it was this method that we adopted. We made it clear to the said Government that we would never
bow to its outrageous laws…So long as it is your endeavor to control us with justice and love we will let
you do so. But if you wish to strike at us from behind we cannot permit it. Whatever you do in other
matters, you will have to ask our opinion about the laws that concern us. If you make laws to keep us
suppressed in a wrongful manner and without taking us into confidence, these laws will merely adorn the
statute books. We will never obey them. Award us for what punishment you like, we will put up with it.
Send us to prison and we will live there as in a paradise. Ask us to mount the scaffold and we will do so
laughing. Shower what sufferings you like upon us; we will calmly endure all and not hurt a hair of your
body. We will gladly die and will not so much as touch you. But so long as there is very life in these our
bones, we will never comply with your arbitrary laws.
What is satyagraha and why does Gandhi advocate this form of protest?
Document 16
Kwame Nkrumah: An Independent Africa, 1961
For centuries, Europeans dominated the African continent. The white man arrogated to himself the right
to rule and to be obeyed by the non-white; his missions; he claimed, was to "civilize" Africa. Under this
cloak, the Europeans robbed the continent of vast riches and inflicted unimaginable suffering on the
African people....It is clear that we must find an African solution to our problems, and that this can only
be found in African unity. Divided we are weak; united, Africa could become one of the greatest forces
for good in the world...Never before have a people had within their grasp an opportunity for developing a
continent endowed with so much wealth. Individually, the independent states of Africa, some of them
potentially rich, others poor can do little for their people. Together, by mutual help they can achieve
much......There is a tide in the affairs of every people when the moment strikes for political action. Such
was the moment in the history of the United States of America when the Founding Fathers saw beyond
the petty wranglings of the separate states and created a Union. This is our chance. We must act now.
What is one thing Africa must do to become strong?
Document 17a
George H.T. Kimble, in a 1962 New York Times Magazine article, “Colonialism: the Good, the Bad, the
Lessons,” gives his point of view.
. . . they [the colonial powers] failed to provide the African with sufficient [preparation] . . . None of the
newly independent countries had enough skilled African administrators to run their own . . . [or] enough
African technicians to keep the public utilities working. . . . And no country had an electorate that knew
what independence was all about. . . . For all its faults, colonial government provided security of person
and property in lands that had known little or either. . . . It was the colonial powers who were largely
responsible for the opening of the region to the lumberman, miner, planter, and other men of means
without whom its wealth would be continued to lie fallow [uncultivated].
Document 17b
Source: Jacana – Investors in African Entrepreneurs (December 2012)
The Captions Read:
 70% of Diaspora African MBA students plan to return from U.S. and Europe to work after graduation
 35% of African respondents plan to start their own business
o African respondent breakdown of the sectors most attractive for starting own business:
 27% Consumer Goods
 27% Financial Services
 20% Technology
 13% Infrastructure
 13% Retail
Using the above documents and your knowledge of history, identify and explain the legacy of
European imperialism in Africa.
Document 18
Using your knowledge of history, identify and explain the statement Mazzini is trying to make about the
future of Italy in 1831.
Document 19
Using your knowledge of history, identify and explain the statement Sun Yat-Sen is trying to make
about the problems facing China in 1905, and the path it must take to fix these problems.
Document 20
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (Nuremberg Laws) September 15, 1935
Moved by the understanding that purity of German blood is the essential condition for the continued existence
of the German people, and inspired by the inflexible determination to ensure the existence of the German
nation for all time, the Reichstag has unanimously adopted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
1. Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden. Marriages
nevertheless concluded are invalid, even if concluded abroad to circumvent this law.
2. Annulment proceedings can be initiated only by the state prosecutor.
Article 2
Extramarital relations between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden.
Article 3
Jews may not employ in their households female subjects of the state of German or related blood who are
under 45 years old.
Article 4
1. Jews are forbidden to fly the Reich or national flag or display Reich colors.
2. They are, on the other hand, permitted to display the Jewish colors. The exercise of this right is protected
by the state.
Using your knowledge of history, explain what function the Nuremberg Laws served in Nazi Germany.
Document 21a: Nazi Propaganda Poster: “Love Live Germany!!”
Document 21b: Soviet Propaganda Poster: “Liberated women! Build up socialism!”
Based on the images above and what you know from history, how was propaganda used by totalitarian
regimes to spread their ideology?
Document 22
The United Nations Declaration Against Colonialism (1960)
The General Assembly, mindful of the determination proclaimed by the peoples of the world in the Charter of
the United Nations to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights of men and women and of nations large and
small, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom...declares that:
1. The subjection of the people to alien subjugation, domination, and exploitation constitutes a denial of a
fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the
promotion of world peace and cooperation.
2. All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that they freely determine their political status
and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.
3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social, or educational preparedness should never serve as pretext for
delaying independence.
4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in
order to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence.
According to the UN Declaration Against Colonialism what are three things to which all people have a
right?
Document 23
Ho Chi Minh declaring independence and the end of French control of Vietnam in Hanoi
August 1945
“All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. Among these
are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. . .” [American Declaration of Independence]
“ Men are born and remain free and with equal rights. . .” [Declaration of the Rights of the Man and Citizen of
the French Revolution of 1791]. Nevertheless for more than eighty years the French imperialists, abusing
their ‘liberty, equality, and fraternity,’ have violated the land of our ancestors and oppressed our countrymen.
Their acts are contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice. They have exploited us without our country.
They have despoiled our rice lands, our mines, our forests, our raw materials. . . Vietnam has the right to be
free and independent. All the people are determined to mobilize all their spiritual and material strength, to
sacrifice their lives and property, to safeguard their right to liberty and independence.”
Henry J. Benda & John A. Larkin, eds, The World of Southeast Asia:
Selected Historical Readings (1967): 270-273.
By quoting great documents of American and French freedom what hypocrisies is Ho Chi Minh
pointing out?
Document 24
“Guatemala Seeks United Fruit Land” New York Times Feb 19, 1953
A provincial agrarian reform committee has approved the “denunciation” of all but one-seventh of the
United Fruit Company’s 300,000 acre holdings on the Guatemalan Pacific Coast. . .
Under the law, land left fallow is liable to expropriation for distribution among landless peasants. . . .
Whether the company finally loses none or all of the land petitioned for, the case has served as a
reminder that United Fruit remains, in the Government’s eyes, as among its most bitter enemies, allied in
principle if not in actual fact with the big private landowners fighting agrarian reform.
The United Fruit Company has 11,000 persons on its payroll and is by far the largest single employer in
the country. In 1951 . . . it paid the Government in various taxes and duties $1,700,000 and more than
$13,000,000 in wages to its employees.
Besides, the company can point with pride to the wages it paid its workers. The average is $2.25 daily,
which is two to three times greater than elsewhere in the country. It also has programs of free education,
housing, and medical attention. . . .
Even if the company’s record of recent years had been twice as good, it still would not be able to live
down in the eyes of the rabid nationalists who control the Government its less attractive past and its
reputation as a “state within a state with a law unto itself.”
Why do the nationalists claim the United Fruit Company has been a “state within a state with a law
unto itself”?
Document 25
Source: Wei Jingsheng “The Fifth Modernization”
Wei Jinsheng was a political dissident in China who led the ‘Democracy Wall Movement in 1978-1979. He
was sentenced to 15 years of prison.
“What is true democracy? It means the right of the people to choose their own representatives to work
according to their will and in their interests…In China, however, if a person even comments on the already
dead Great Helmsman Mao Zedong or the Great Man without peers in history, jail will be ready for him with
open doors and various unpredictable calamities may befall him….
“Let me respectfully remind these gentlemen: We want to be masters of our own destiny. We need no gods or
emperors. We do not believe in the existence of any savior. We want to be masters of the world and not
instruments used by autocrats to carry out their wild ambitions. We want a modern lifestyle and democracy
for the people. Freedom and happiness are our sole objectives in accomplishing modernization. Without this
fifth modernization all others are merely another promise.”
According to Wei Jingsheng, what does it mean to truly be a modernized country?
Document 26
Use your knowledge of history and the document above to explain the relationship between the United
States and Europe after World War II.
Document 27a:
American Cartoon Responding to the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Document 27b:
Using the above documents and your knowledge of history, identify and explain the legacy of the Cold
War.
Document 28a
“Tank Man”
Document 28b
Source: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 32: The
Morning of June 4 (June 4, 1989)
“The crackdown continued through the night, and by early morning June 4, as this cable reports, the PLA
was in control of Tiananmen Square. Based on eyewitness accounts of the violence, this SITREP is the
Embassy’s initial effort to provide some detail on the final PLA assault on the approximately 3,000
demonstrators who had not yet left the square. “Some 10,000 troops,” the document says, formed a ring
around the square, and “a column of about 50 APC, tanks, and trucks entered Tiananmen from the east.”
Demonstrators shouted angrily, the cable states, and “PLA troops in Tiananmen opened a barrage of rifle
and machine gun fire.” Another column of military vehicles entered soon thereafter, and more gunfire
ensued, “causing a large number of casualties.” The document also describes violent PLA clashes with
demonstrators on Changan Boulevard, the main thoroughfare in the Tiananmen area, and in other parts of
Beijing. Embassy officials also report conversations with angry citizens, some “claiming that more than
10,000 people had been killed at Tiananmen.” One woman claimed to have witnessed a tank running over
11 people. She also told Embassy officers that she had seen PLA troops “breaking the windows of shops,
banks, and other buildings.”
Why did the Chinese Communist Party believe such harsh measures were necessary to suppress the
Tiananmen uprising?
Document 29a
Source: Catherine O’Donnell from University of Washington
“New study quantifies use of social media in Arab Spring”
In the 21st century, the revolution may not be televised – but it likely will be tweeted, blogged, texted and
organized on Facebook, recent experience suggests. After analyzing more than 3 million tweets, gigabytes of
YouTube content and thousands of blog posts, a new study finds that social media played a central role in
shaping political debates in the Arab Spring. Conversations about revolution often preceded major events,
and social media has carried inspiring stories of protest across international borders.
“Our evidence suggests that social media carried a cascade of messages about freedom and democracy
across North Africa and the Middle East, and helped raise expectations for the success of political uprising,”
said Philip Howard, the project lead and an associate professor in communication at the University of
Washington…During the week before Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak’s resignation, for example, the total
rate of tweets from Egypt — and around the world — about political change in that country ballooned from
2,300 a day to 230,000 a day. Videos featuring protest and political commentary went viral – the top 23
videos received nearly 5.5 million views. The amount of content produced online by opposition groups, in
Facebook and political blogs, increased dramatically.
Political discussion in blogs presaged the turn of popular opinion in both Tunisia and Egypt. In Tunisia,
conversations about liberty, democracy and revolution on blogs and on Twitter often immediately preceded
mass protests.
Document 29b
A protester in Tahrir Square in Cairo Egypt, 2011
According to these documents, what role has social media played in revolutions of the 21st century?
Document 30a
Document 30b
According to these graphs, how has China’s economy changed during the second half of the 20th
century?