Chapter 12
The Second War for
Independence and the
Upsurge of Nationalism,
1812–1824
I. On to Canada over Land and Lakes
• The War of 1812
– US invasion of Canada was not successful
• U.S. Control of the Great Lakes was vital
– Oliver Hazard Perry claimed victories (1812-13)
• British invasion of New York State (1814)
Constitution and Guerrière, 1812 (USS Constitution won)
p225
II. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
• British burn Washington (Aug 1814)
• Americans hold Baltimore (Ft. McHenry)
– Francis Scott Key, “The Star-Spangled Banner”
• Peace treaty had signed at Ghent, Belgium
• British attack New Orleans (Jan. 1815)
– Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans*
*War had ended two weeks before battle
Map 12-1 p226
The Fall of Washington, or Maddy in Full Flight
President Madison (“Maddy”) was forced into humiliating withdrawal from
the capital in 1814, when British forces put the torch to Washington, D.C.
p227
III. The Treaty of Ghent
• Basically an armistice (Dec 24, 1814)
– Organized by Tsar Alexander I (Russia)
– All conquered lands were returned
– The war & treaty was a draw
IF THE WAR
DIDN’T CHANGE
ANYTHING
WHY LEARN IT?
We study the
War of 1812
Because…
it affects
POLITICAL HISTORY
And
SOCIAL HISTORY
IV. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
• Federalists were against the War of 1812
• Hartford Convention (Dec 1814-Jan 1815)
– Convened b/c Feds were against the War of 1812
• Collapse of the Federalist Party
Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and
Rhode
Island Contemplate
Abandoning the
Union,
engraving by
William
Charles, 1814 This
anti-Federalist
cartoon
shows Great Britain
welcoming back its
“Yankee boys” with
open
arms, promising
them
“plenty molasses and
codfish, plenty of
goods
to smuggle, honours,
titles, and nobility
into
the bargain.”
p228
Map 12-2 p229
V. The Second War for American Independence
• The War of 1812 important to the U.S.
– Other nations respected America’s fighting prowess
– Increased ‘national’ patriotism (less sectionalism)
– The Indians lost British support / protection
The White House and Capitol, by Anthony St. John Baker, 1826 This watercolor
painting reveals the rustic conditions of the early days in the nation’s capital.
VI. Nascent Nationalism
• National oneness after the war
– Navy victorious in North Africa (1815)
• Barbary Wars
– Bank of the United States OKd by Congress
(1816)
– New capital built in Washington
VII. “The American System”
• Nationalism manifested itself in manufacturing
– Tariff of 1816—for ‘protection’, not revenue
– Henry Clay’s develops the American System
• A strong banking system (easy & abundant credit)
• Revenue from the tariff helped eastern manufacturing
• Western roads / canals for better transportation
Adam Norris
(APUSH video guy)
p231
p232
VIII. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
• James Monroe (D-R) wins presidency (1816)
– Announced an “Era of Good Feelings”
• Troublesome issues
– Tariff, National bank, internal improvements
– Slavery was a growing issue
IX. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
• The economic ‘panic’ of 1819
– Cause: overspeculation of frontier land
• Long Term Results of the Panic of 1819
– Poorer classes hardest
– Inhumane debtors prison became a concern
X. Growing Pains of the West
• Nine frontier states added between 1791 -1819
– Kept North and South balance
– Continued westward movement
– Land was cheap (The Land Act of 1820)
– Improved transportation
Newcom Tavern, Dayton, Ohio Built in 1796, Newcom Tavern was a typical
way station for the pioneers flowing into the newly secured Old Northwest in
the early 1800s. Today it is Dayton’s oldest building.
p236
Building the Erie Canal
p237
XI. Slavery and the Sectional Balance
• Missouri asked Congress for statehood (1819)
• Tallmadge amendment—
– The required elimination of slavery in Missouri
• Sectionalism intensifies
– The South: it’s a threat to the ‘peculiar institution’
– The North: stop the evil spread of slavery
Western expansion increases
the concern over slavery
Antislavery Propaganda in the 1820s
These drawstring bags are made of silk and transfer-printed with “before” and
“after” scenes of slavery. On the left bag, an African woman cradles her baby on
the right one, the grieving mother is childless and in chains, while slaves are
being whipped in the background. These bags were purchased at an abolitionist
fair, held to raise money for the antislavery movement. Purses and the like sold
well at these events because women were prominent in the movement.
p234
XII. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
• Congress admitted Missouri as a slave state
• Congress admitted Maine as free state
– Had been a part of Massachusetts
• Future bondage prohibited north the 36 30’ line
The Missouri Compromise
limited the area of slavery
The Missouri Compromise kept a
political balance
Map 12-3 p235
XIII. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
– SCOTUS can invalidate unconstitutional state laws
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
– Federal laws supersede state laws
• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
– The right SCOTUS to review all state court decisions
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
– Federal Gov’t can regulate interstate commerce
• All cases limited state powers, state rights
XIV. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
• The Marshall Court decisions are felt today
– Increased the power of the Supreme Court
– Sense of nationalism became legal precedent
Feds
Slowly
Gaining
More power
XV. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
• Anglo-American Convention (1818)
– U.S./Canadians shared Newfoundland fisheries
– Northern border defined, shared Oregon
• Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)
– Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty
• U.S. renounced claims to Texas
Map 12-5 p240
Andrew Jackson in 1815
p241
Map 12-4 p240
XVI. The Menace of Monarchy in America
• Autocrats of Europe
– Wanted the world safe from democracy
– Stopped democracy in Italy (1821) and Spain (1823)
• Americans were alarmed
– Europeans stopped democracy in Latin America
– Fear of Russian desires in Alaska & California
XVII. Monroe and His Doctrine
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
– No colonization in western hemisphere
• Russo-American Treaty (1824)
– Fixed Russia’s southern line at 54 40’
• The Monroe Doctrine a Self-Defense Doctrine
– Based on America’s power to eject the trespasser
– Basically an expression of post-1812 nationalism
Map 12-6 p243
p245