Our class presentation
HPC301
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Erik Erikson – Danielle & Kate
Jean Piaget – Courtney & Jennifer
Sigmund Freud – Emma & Kristen
Maria Montessori – Sarah, Kaylea
Albert Bandura – Lisa, Kerryanne
J. Fraser Mustard – Leah & Courtney
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Lawrence Kohlberg
B.F. Skinner
T. Berry Brazelton
Kate and Danielle
German psychologist and
lecturer at Harvard and Yale
Universities
 Refined Sigmund Freud's stages
of development
 Famous for the phrase “identity
crisis”
 8 stages:
– emotional development task
– wide range of influences on
children's behavior
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Age
Stages
Infancy: Birth to 18 months
Trust vs. Mistrust
Early Childhood: 2 to 3 years
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Preschool: 3 to 5 years
Initiative vs. Guilt
School Age: 6 to 11 years
Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence: 12 to 18 years
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Youth Adulthood: 19 to 40 years
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle Adulthood: 40 to 65 years
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Maturity: 65 to Death
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Serve as a good guideline
Good idea of emotional
structure in children for parents
 Good idea of personality
structure in children for parents
 Positive and negative attributes
 Based off of our culture
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Every child develops at different
stages and not all follow strict
guidelines
 Nurture vs. Nature can change
the stages that a child develops
 Biological differences between
girls and boys
 More attention paid to younger
generations
By: Courtney Craig and Jennifer Murray
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The study of the development of children's understanding,
through observing them and talking and listening to them
while they worked on exercises he set.
This theory is primarily known as the “Development Stage
Theory”
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Piaget’s theory applied to people of all ages; stages;
Sensori Motor (Birth – 2yrs)
Pre- operational (2yrs – 7yrs)
Concrete operational (7yrs – 11yrs)
Formal operation 911yrs and up)
 Piaget’s aspect of child development he studied was
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“Intellect”
Intellect is the ability of the mind to understand and
comprehend knowledge
Highly Supported
world wide
 Very influential
 Important impact on
education
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Piaget's whole work lacks scientific
principles
Piaget's emphasis is on concepts of
relationship.He does not investigate terms
of concepts.
In his approach no direct teaching was
involved
A child cannot engage in a difficult
thought nor cannot perform any useful
scientific activity.
Kristen and Emma
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Founder of modern psychiatry
Theorized that child experiences affect their
adult hood
Believed sensory experiences associated with
feeding and toilet-training affect personality
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Starts at birth
Continues throughout childhood
Affects adulthood
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Age vs. personality development
How growing up affects the personality
How people around you affect personality
ADVANTAGES
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Changed how people
defined psychology
Sigmund Freud ‘s theory
has been taken and
redefined by many other
theorists
DISADVANTAGES
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Many mis-diagnosed
patients
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Society often classified the
theory as sexist
Founder of Montessori Method
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This method is characterized by emphasis on
independence, respect for child’s natural psychological
development and freedom of limits. She started to
research philosophy methods in 1897. In 1907 she opened
her first classroom in Rome called the Casa Dei Bambai or
Children’s House. She would refer to her work as
“scientific pedagogy.” Her theory is a model of human
development and is an educational approach. She had two
basic methods with children, and developing adults in
psychological self-construction and children under the age
of six have an innate path of psychological development.
She believed that children act freely in an environment
prepared.
This method applies to the ages from birth to 18 years old.
E.g. Birth to three years, six to twelve, and twelve to
eighteen.
 Ages birth to three- She was testing all of their ability’s to
see if something would change in their body as they got
older. Also to see the different opportunities between
them.
 Ages six to twelve- Montessori used the term “cosmic
education” to show both the universal scope and the idea
that education in the second plane helped the child realize
the human role in the functioning of the universe.
 Ages twelve to eighteen- Education for these ages is less
well developed. She did not establish a training program
for this age group for teachers in her lifetime.
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 Maria Montessori was basically making up a
program for the psychological development of
children’s minds. She was creating a method that
would help them learn the roles of human
development and society, something that would
get there minds on the right track. She found a
way to help children learn most things with
mathematics, sciences and other more important
things in the world. She would also have to test
her theory out to see if it would work, and to see
how a child's mind actually developed.
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Try and make a more enjoyable way for children
to learn and keep them interested, teaching
them manners, learning everything has there
own place. Children’s minds are like sponges,
they are always up to learn something new and
absorb it all. Montessori also realized that every
child learns at there own pace therefore
different ways of learning and different paces.
The environment provides a natural sense of
discipline, the teacher plays a very good role in
the classroom for the children.
Does not give kids enough free time to play,
they do a lot of learning through play. She has
been said to be to “rigid” and did not allow
children to reach there creative potential.
. He believed that
environment shapes
behavior and vice versa
. He believed that children
learn by observing and
modeling others
. He believed that if a child
sees another kid being
rewarded it is as effective
as being rewarded oneself
. We think this theory applies to ages 2 to 5.
. We think this is because Little kids look up to their parents
and if they see them doing something wrong or right then
they think it is ok
• Albert Bandura was studying environment within children
and parents
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The advantages to this theory is that parents
now know that they need to be careful of
what their doing because their children are
watching.
The disadvantages to this theory is that some parents don’t
know how to set a good example towards their children
Brain Development
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He believes that community support for early
childhood development has important
benefits for society.
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The age that this theory applies to is children
under the age of six.
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He was studying the brain development for
children under six and how support from the
community on this benefits society.
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Advantages of this theory would be gaining
more knowledge on younger children.
Having more support from the community.
Will benefit our society.
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Disadvantages of this theory would be that
not everyone would necessarily benefit from
it, depending on your outlook.
Some people in the community or in our
society might not support this theory.
Mrs. Goulet
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Kohlberg believed that moral development
occurs in stages
As a child’s intellect and social skills develop,
they are able to better understand right and
wrong.
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Stage 1 – Obey rules to avoid punishment
Stage 2 – Understand that there isn’t one way
of looking at something. Is it OK to steal
bread if is to feed your family?
Stage 3 – Around the teen age. Believe in
living up to expectations of family. Good
behaviour means his motives were good. A
druggy who steals has bad motives (selfish)
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Stage 4 – Maintaining social order. Obeying
laws, respecting authority, and performing
one's dutie
Stage 5 - They begin to think about society in
a very theoretical way, stepping back from
their own society and considering the rights
and values that a society ought to uphold
Stage 6 – Justice - respecting the basic
dignity, of all people as individual
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All ages – Each stage progresses as the child
grows up. This goes into adulthood
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The study of moral reasoning believes we are
not born with a code of what is right and
wrong.
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Good for parents to believe that moral
reasoning can be developed and cultivated
Disadvantages
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This study was only conducted on boys and
therefore cannot be universally applied
Mrs. Goulet
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Skinner believed that then environment
influences behaviour
Children do things to either avoid
punishment or to gain a reward
Children are passive in their own
development
Ex. If a dog gets a pet or a treat for doing
something he will likely do it again
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I assume this applies to young children. See
disadvantages.
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A scientific approach to explaining and
predicting behaviour
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Great for raising a young child.
Helps us understand why “time out” works
Disdvantages
Doesn’t take into account that a child has free
will and will develop their own moral compass
Mrs. Goulet
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Believed in focusing on an individual’s
strengths vs. their drawbacks
The Scale, looks at a wide range infant
behavior (up to 2 months old)
By the end of the assessment, the examiner
has a behavioral "portrait" of the infant,
describing the baby's strengths, adaptive
responses and possible vulnerabilities.
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The findings allow parents and care givers to
tailor care giving to the baby's specific
physical needs and behavioral style.
Does the baby like to be handled? Is the baby
receptive to social interaction? Does the baby
easily calm herself?
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Study of why infants do what they do and
how to use this information to care for them
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Up until Brazelton, studies only showed a
child’s abnormalities. This study shows their
capabilities
Disadvantages
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Babies change and evolve. Parents shouldn’t
stick to the study as a bible for parenting their
child