EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE (EI)
Presented by Derrick Lottes
OVERVIEW
• What is EI?
• History
• EI Models and Measurement
• Criticisms
• Applications in Industry
• Conclusion
What is EI?
• A self-perceived ability to identify, assess, and
control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of
groups
History
• Charles Darwin (1870s)
• Emotional expression for survival
• E.L. Thorndike (1920)
• Social intelligence
• David Wechsler (1940)
• Influence of non-intellectual factors on intelligent
behavior
History
• Howard Gardner (1983)
• Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• Interpersonal Intelligence
• Intrapersonal Intelligence
• Wayne Payne (1985)
• A Study of Emotion: Developing Emotional Intelligence
Models
• Ability-Based Model
• Mixed Models
• Trait EI Model
Ability-Based Model
• Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer
• “the ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to
facilitate thought, understand emotions, and to regulate
emotions to promote personal growth”
• The Ability-Based Model:
• Views emotions as useful sources of information
• Proposes that individuals vary in their ability
Ability-Based Model
• According to this model, EI includes four types of
abilities:
• Perceiving emotions
• Using emotions
• Understanding emotions
• Managing emotions
Measurement
• Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
(MSCEIT)
•
•
•
Based on a series of emotion-based problem-solving items
Measures individual’s abilities on each of the four types
Generates scores for:
•
•
each of the four abilities
a total score
• One study purported:
•
EI different from cognitive intelligence
• No distinction between measure and latent trait EI
• No evidence that measure provides incremental predictive
validity
Mixed Models
• Goleman’s model
• Focuses on EI as a wide array of competencies
and skills that drive leadership performance
• Goleman's model outlines four main EI
constructs:
• Self-awareness
• Self-management
• Social awareness
• Relationship management
Measurement
Two measurement tools are based on the
Goleman model:
• The Emotional Competency Inventory
• Emotional and Social Competency Inventory
• The Emotional Intelligence Appraisal
• Self-report
• 360 degree assessment
Mixed Model
• Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence
• Concerned with effectively:
• understanding oneself and others
• relating well to people
• adapting to and coping with the immediate surroundings
• Emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence
contributes equally to a person's general intelligence
• offers an indication of one's potential to succeed in life.
Measurement
Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory
• Self-report
• Consists of 133 items used to obtain a Total EQ
• Also gives 5 composite scores
• Limitations
• Self-report measure
• Highly susceptible to faking
Trait Model
• Petrides et al.’s Triat EI model is “a constellation
of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower
levels of personality.”
• Trait EI refers to an individual’s self-perceptions
of their emotional abilities.
• Definition encompasses:
• Behavioral dispositions
• Self-perceived abilities
Measurement
Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue)
• Self-report
• 15 subscales organized under 4 factors:
•
•
•
•
Well-being
Self-control
Emotionality
Sociability
• Along with scores for the subscales and main
factors, a global trait EI score is also given
• Reliability – Internal consistency
• 10 subscales range between .71 and .91
• 5 subscales are below .70
Measurement
• Scores were unrelated to nonverbal reasoning
• Raven’s matrices
• TEIQue scores were positively related to some of
the Big Five personality traits
• Positively related – Agreeableness (.47), Openness
(.41), Conscientiousness (.41), Emotional Stability (.42)
• Negatively related – Neuroticism (-.17)
Criticisms
• Theory
• EI cannot be recognized as a form of intelligence
• EI has little predictive value
• Measures of EI
• Ability EI scales measure:
• Conformity, not ability
• Knowledge (not actual ability)
• Personality and general intelligence
• Self-report measures are susceptible to faking
• Claims for the predictive power of EI are too extreme
Applications of EI in Industry
• Research of EI and job performance show mixed
results
• Compensatory model between EI & IQ (Cote &
Miner, 2006)
• Relationship between EI and job performance becomes
more positive as cognitive intelligence decreases
• Study supported compensatory model (Petrides, et al.,
2004)
Conclusions
• Idea of EI has been around since Darwin
• 3 types of models:
• Ability-Based Model
• Mixed Model
• Trait Model
• Utility is questionable at best
• Compensatory model
QUESTIONS???