Grace Masters
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A Moor was a Muslim of mixed Arab and Berber descent. Berbers were North
African natives who eventually accepted Arab customs and Islam after Arabs invaded North
Africa in the Seventh Century A.D. The term has been used to refer in general to Muslims of North Africa and to Muslim conquerors of Spain. The word Moor derives from a Latin word, Mauri , used to name the residents of the ancient Roman province of Mauritania in
North Africa. To refer to Othello as a "black Moor" is not to commit a redundancy, for there are white Moors as well as black Moors, the latter mostly of Sudanese origin.
Moors in Other Shakespeare Plays
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In Titus Andronicus Shakespeare introduces an evil Moor named Aaron who displays goodness near the end when he pleads for his child's life.
Othello introduces an upright and righteous Moor who displays evil near the end when he suspects his wife of infidelity and kills her.
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A Moor also appears in The Merchant of Venice . He is the Prince of Morocco, a suitor for the hand of Portia. Even before he arrives to make his bid for her, Portia, a racist snob, says, "[I]f he have . . . the complexion of a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wive me."
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Machiavelli was famous for his political book 'The Prince'
( Several hundred years ago in Italy, there was a ruler named Machiavelli. He was known as a legendarily harsh ruler, and his tactics have inspired other ruthless, backstabbing opportunists for centuries, such as business people. He wrote the book, “The Prince” which details his advice for how to get ahead, defeat your enemy, run you empire, treat your subjects, etc.
While many would view him as a villain for the crimes against humanity he undoubtedly committed on a regular basis, others aspire to live up to his level of motivation and proven success.)
Machiavelli was not the type to get his hands dirty.... he was more of a 'puppet master' type of person

a Machiavellian villain will set up people to do his dirty work by misdirection and suggestion.
Ideally this type of villain will get other people to do exactly what he wants, but they will never realize they are working for his purpose.
 Logo )
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 Excessive pride and passion ( Causes fatal error
Othello is a tragedy involving a great person whose downfall is caused by a character flaw or conflict with a higher power. Othello is a great and noble man, but his jealousy and his trust in Iago lead him to a tragic end, his “ Hubris” if you will, he murders
Desdemona and would have been executed if he had not killed himself.
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 Disproportion in the character's makeup that leads to downfall
A fatal flaw )
Recent scholarship has suggested that the interpretation of hamartia as a fatal flaw is itself flawed, and that the word more properly means any disproportion in the character's makeup that leads to downfall; thus an excess of a valuable or virtuous quality can in some circumstances be seen as hamartia.
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 Xenophobia is an unreasonable fear, distrust, or hatred of strangers, foreigners, or anything perceived as foreign or different.

Xenophobia symptoms
 Feelings of fear or dread when exposed to people or cultural items perceived by the phobic to be different
 Apparent hostility towards people or cultures perceived by the phobic to be different
 Distrust aimed specifically towards cultures perceived by the phobic to be different
 Rash generalizations and stereotypes aimed at a set of people who can be identified by superficial qualities
 Finding abusive and prejudiced behavior humorous
Xenophobia causes
Like all phobias, there is no universally specific cause that leads to the development of xenophobia.
Rather, various unique factors and experiences culminate in the development of the disorder. For some, such as veterans who fought in the Vietnam War, it is attendant with posttraumatic stress disorder .
After witnessing fellow American soldiers being killed, many veterans developed a hatred of people with Asian features. Other times, xenophobia is simply the result of poor upbringing or alienation from people and cultures different than one’s own.
Example of Xenophobia in Othello
 We're also interested in what Othello's speech reveals about his new father-in-law,
Brabantio. According to Othello, Brabantio "loved" him and "oft invited” Othello to tell stories about himself. It wasn't until Othello married Brabantio's daughter that the old man's xenophobia came to light.
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 Elizabethan Era, women were considered less important than men.
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 Offensive An unbeliever with respect to a particular religion, especially
Christianity or Islam…
Though invisible in the drama, the Turks play a significant part in Othello: references to the Turks and their Islamic/infidel culture illustrate the progress and illuminate the themes of the tragedy.

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Perhaps the most interesting and exotic character in the tragic play "Othello," by William
Shakespeare, is "Honest" Iago
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Dramatic Irony )
Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him and moves him closer toward his goals. He is the main driving force in this play, pushing Othello and everyone else towards their tragic end. Iago is not your ordinary villain. The role he plays is rather unique and complex, far from what one might expect. Iago is smart. He is an expert judge of people and their characters and uses this to his advantage.
For example, he knows Roderigo is in love with Desdemona and figures that he would do anything to have her as his own. Iago says about Roderigo, "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse." [Act I,
Scene III, Line 355] By playing on his hopes, Iago is able to swindle money and jewels from Roderigo, making himself a substantial profit, while using Roderigo to forward his other goals. He also thinks quick on his feet and is able to improvise whenever something unexpected occurs.
When Cassio takes hold of Desdemona's hand before the arrival of the Moor Othello, Iago says, "With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio." [Act II, Scene I, Line 163] His cunning and craftiness make him a truly dastardly villain indeed. Being as smart as he is, Iago is quick to recognize the advantages of trust and uses it as a tool to forward his purposes. Throughout the story he is commonly known as, and commonly called, "Honest Iago." He even says of himself, "I am an honest man...." [Act II, Scene III, Line 245] Trust is a very powerful emotion that is easily abused. Othello,
"holds [him] well;/The better shall [Iago's] purpose work on him." [pg. 1244, Line 362] Iago is a master of abuse in this case turning people's trust in him into tools to forward his own goals. His
"med'cine works! Thus credulous fools are caught...." [pg. 1284, Line 44] Iago slowly poisons people's thoughts, creating ideas in their heads without implicating himself. "And what's he then that says I play the villain, when this advice is free I give, and honest," [Act II, Scene III, Line 299] says Iago, the master of deception. And thus, people rarely stop to consider the possibility that old Iago could be deceiving them or manipulating them, after all, he is "Honest Iago." Iago makes a fool out of Roderigo. In fact, the play starts out with Iago having already taken advantage of him. Roderigo remarks, "That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse as if the strings were thine." [Act I, Scene I, Line 2] Throughout the play, Iago leads Roderigo by the collar professing that he "hate(s) the Moor" [Act I, Scene III, Line 344] and telling Roderigo to "make money" [Act I, Scene III, Line 339] so that he can give gifts to Desdemona to win her over. During the whole play however, Iago is just taking those gifts that Roderigo intends for
Desdemona and keeps them for himself. Roderigo eventually starts to question Iago's honesty, saying
"I think it is scurvy, and begin to find myself fopped in it." [Act IV, Scene II, Line 189] When faced

with this accusation, Iago simply offers that killing Cassio will aid his cause and Roderigo blindly falls for it, hook, line, and sinker. "I have no great devotion to the deed, and yet he has given me satisfying reason," [Act V, Scene I, Line 8] says the fool Roderigo. And with this deed, Roderigo is lead to his death by the hands of none other than, "Honest Iago." Cassio, like Roderigo, follows Iago blindly, thinking the whole time that Iago is trying to help him. And during this whole time, Iago is planning the demise of Cassio, his supposed friend. On the night of Cassio's watch, Iago convinces him to take another drink, knowing very well that it will make him very drunk. Cassio just follows along, though he says, "I'll do't, but it dislikes me." [Act II, Scene III, Line 37] Iago is able to make him defy his own reasoning to take another drink! Crafty, is this Iago. When Roderigo follows through with the plan
Iago has set on him, Cassio is made to look like an irresponsible fool, resulting in his termination as lieutenant. After this incident, Iago sets another of his plans in motion by telling Cassio to beg
Desdemona to help his cause, saying, "she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested." [Act II, Scene III, Line 287] And thus, Cassio is set on a dark pathwhich leads to trouble and mischief. Yet, Cassio follows it blindly telling Iago, "You advise me well." [Act II, Scene III, Line
292] With this, Cassio is eventually led into a trap where Roderigo maims him, and all that time, Iago - his friend - is behind it all. Lowly Iago, is capable of anything - not even Othello is safe from this villain.
Othello holds Iago to be his close friend and advisor. He believes Iago to be a person, "of exceeding honesty, [who] knows all qualities, with learned spirit of human dealings." [Act III, Scene III, Line 257]
Yes, he does know all about human dealings, but no he is not honest. He uses the trust Othello puts in him to turn Othello eventually into a jealous man, looking everywhere.