fossiele primaten en co
http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendID=86201380
VIDEO's http://www.youtube.com/profile?user=TheOtherRDA&view=videos
http://www.wadsworth.com/anthropology_d/templates/stripped_features/primate_evolution/
http://books.google.be/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC&dq=Omomys&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
<--
Steiper2009Chap74.pdf
Cladogram-DNA.JPG
primate_tree1.jpg
Oligopithecus rogeri 5142.jpg
http://www.thenaturalcanvas.com/Mammals/
Oligopithecus rogeri
Oligocene, Oman
Extremely rare 0.25" tooth of a Catarrhine anthropoid primate
oligopithecus.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=2735825http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html
35 millions d'années, nous sommes à l'oligocène et les premiers singes modernes vont apparaître. Tout d'abord
arboricoles, ils vont se développer sur toutes les niches écologiques, investissant également le sol.
Nous connaissons plusieurs représentants des espèces vivant à cette époque : les singes de la région du
Fayoum en Egypte et ceux de Taqah (Sultanat d'Oman).
Si Oligopithecus est le plus ancien (-35 millions d'années) des singes retrouvés au Fayoum, aegyptopithecus est
le plus étudié et donc l'un des plus connus ! Tous ces singes ont la particularité d'avoir une boîte crânienne plus
volumineuse (par rapport aux Haplorrhiniens) et des orbites orientées vers l'avant.
http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/geschiedenis%20aarde/hominoidea3.htm
Het eerste fossiele bewijs van een grote Hominide is waarschijnlijk Oligopithecus (familie Oligopithecinae) uit de
onderste, oudste lagen van Fayoem in Egypte. Van dit dier werd slechts een kaak werd gevonden, maar de
kenmerken van de tanden bestempelen het dier als een mensaap en niet als aap.
Tot de Oligopithecinae behoren de Catopithecus and Proteopithecus. De recente vondsten van de Catopithecus
in Fayoum wijzen uit dat dit dier geplaatst moet worden aan de "onderkant van de menselijke stamboom".
Catapithecus was kleiner dan een kat en leefde in de boomtoppen. Het voedsel dat hij at bestond uit fruit en soms
uit insecten. Waarschijnlijk had het dier een lange staart en een aapachtig gezicht als een Klauwaapje
(Marmoset). Mogelijk ontwikkelde zich uit dit diertje ter grootte van een eekhoorn alle hogere Primaten, van
Gorilla, Chimpansee tot de Mens,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=PfGiD18nCYY
aegyptopithecus.JPG
Aegyptopithecus ::OVERVIEW
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/aegyptopithecus/aegyptopithecus_overview.html
The largest sample of early catarrhines come from the Fayum depression in present-day Egypt. Today
this region is arid desert, but during the Oligocene around 34 million years ago, it was a swampy forest
with a great density of ancient primates. Aegyptopithecus zeuxis was a small primate, around 6 kg,
with essentially apelike teeth, including broad flat incisors, low molars with somewhat bulbous cusps,
and sexually dimorphic canines. These dental features are more similar to living apes than to Old
World monkeys, but because the distinctive shearing molars of cercopithecoids evolved later,
Aegyptopithecus probably represents the ancestral condition for all catarrhines. Unlike living apes, the
molar teeth had a broad extra ridge, called a cingulum, surrounding the main cusps, which increased
the grinding area of the teeth.
The postcranial skeleton of Aegyptopithecus was basically monkey-like, with short, non-suspensory
forelimbs and a tail. The skull had many features found in later hominoids, including strong temporalis
muscle attachments, forming a low sagittal crest in most individuals. The two living catarrhine
superfamilies, the hominoids and the cercopithecoides, may have diverged before Aegyptopithecus
existed or after. Since Aegyptopithecus shows no derived similarities to either group, it may be very
similar to the primitive catarrhine lineage that gave rise to both living groups, even if it represents an
early hominoid or cercopithecoid.
Aegyptopithecus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=kZJW4IkO6Ig
Pri1_web.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Ht3zuNLUfQI
A.zeuxis2.JPG
Aegyptopithecus Zeuxis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=UrqMVYVDcao
http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/pl%20new/70%20monkeys.htm
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis lived 34-33 million years ago and is considered to be ancestral to both Old
World monkeys and apes. It had dental & facial similarities to the later apes Proconsul and
Dryopithecus but still maintains some prosimian aspects of the skull not found in any hominoids. Its
teeth and jaws were apelike yet it had a tail as in monkeys. There was a large sagittal crest on the top
of the skull. It weighed 9-10 pounds, similar to the size of a gibbon. Its limb proportions suggest it lived
in the trees. From its brain endocast, it had a small brain but an enlarged visual cortex (Simons,
1995)..
Old World Monkeys and Apes (aka the parvorder Catarrhini)have the same dental formula (2-1-2-3). If
you start in the middle of your mouth and count backwards on either side in half-parabola you should
find 8 teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 pre-molars and 3 molars. This sets us apart from New World
Monkeys who have a dental formula of 2-1-3-3. The more distantly related Strepsirhines (lemurs,
galagos, etc.), are differentiated further by the sharp pointy cusps on their teeth, which are very unlike
our flat grinding molars and pre-molars. Aegyptopithecus however shares the 2-1-2-3 dental formula,
establishing a link between us and our monkey cousins.
Quite remarkably, Aegyptopithecus had a very small brain, even for their size. This has given rise to
the idea that the large brains found in both Old World and New World Monkeys evolved independently.
Additionally Aegyptopithecus did not have the bony ear tube found in Catarrhines, indicating this trait
likely evolved later.
Most Oligocene primates have tooth form and microwear similar to modern fruit-eating primates. The
teeth of Aegyptopithecus suggest that there was additional coarse material in the diet.
The face and teeth of Aegyptopithecus are intermediate between that of primitive and advanced
primates (Kingdon, 2003). Aegyptopithecus possessed an ethmofrontal sinus which was once thought
to be a feature specific of apes (Rossie, 2002).
A.zeuxis
http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/pl%20new/70%20monkeys.htm
aegyptopithecus
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article1790141.ece
Male & female Aegyptheopithecus Zeuxis
Comparison of female (Left) and male (Right) crania of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, with unassociated
mandibles. Female cranium is CGM 85785; male cranium is CGM 40237
http://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/8731.full.pdf+html
Aegyptopithecus male& female
http://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/8731.full.pdf+html
Propliopithecus.JPG
Propliopithecus haeckeli
Propliopithecus had the 2-1-2-3 tooth pattern but its incisors did not project forward as in modern
catarrhines. Its premolars were not one-cusped as in apes and its skeleton suggests a leaping
lifestyle. Some species may have given rise to Aegyptopithecus. Some feel that Propliopithecus also
gave rise to Old World monkeys. Several species are recognized including P. haekeli, P. markgrafi, P.
ankeli, and P. chirobates (Simons, 1995; Delson, 1975).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propliopithecus
< prev #15 of 153 next >
pliopithecus.JPG
Slideshow
pliopithecus vindobonensis .jpg
Pliopithecus canmatensis
This is the jaw of a male Pliopithecus canmatensis. (Credit: Alba et al.)
1.Alba et al. A New Species of Pliopithecus Gervais, 1849 (Primates: Pliopithecidae) from the Middle
Miocene (MN8) of Abocador de Can Mata (els Hostalets de Pierola, Catalonia, Spain. American
Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009; NA DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21114
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100421102439.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliopithecus
2010 Spanish fossil primates.JPG
color_tree_thumb.jpg
arbrephilohominides.jpg
http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/homme_singe.html
image001.jpg
Eosimas tallus
Right Eosimas talus (IVPP V11846) from Locality 1, Shanxi Province, China.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6775/fig_tab/404276a0_F1.html#figure-title
Eosimas
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6775/fig_tab/404276a0_F4.html#figure-title
Consensus tree from PAUP analysis.
Eosimias
FIGURE 2. Medial talar and calcaneocuboid features.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6775/fig_tab/404276a0_F2.html#figure-title
eosimias.jpg
http://blogs.scienceforums.net/evoanthro/files/2009/05/eosimias.jpg
http://blogs.scienceforums.net/evoanthro/2009/05/20/huge-little-adapoid/
eosimas.gif
Further steps in identifying Eosimias
http://www.athenapub.com/eosimias1.htm
VICTORIAPITHECUS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriapithecus_macinnesi
20 millions d'années
C'est le début du Miocène (22 à 5,5 millions d'années), on commence à retrouver des fossiles de
primates. On peut les séparer en deux lignées bien spécifiques :
1.- les cercopithécoïdés qui forment un petit groupe (ancêtres des babouins et des macaques). Les
cercopithécoïdes ou "singe à queue" sont à cette époque, et comparativement au groupe des
hominoïdes, un groupe uniquement représenté par deux espèces dont le Victoriapithèque
2.-- les hominoïdes
http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html
VICTORIA
388368at.001.gif
VICTORIAPITHECUS
388327aa.eps.2.gif
388368ac.tif.2.gif
Saadanius hijaznsis.JPG
http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7304/full/nature09094.html
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7304/fig_tab/nature09094_ft.html
De ontdekking van fossiele resten van een nog onbekende primaatsoort brengt ons dichter bij het
precieze tijdstip waarop mensapen (waaronder de mens) en apen (Oude Wereld Apen genoemd) van
elkaar weg evolueerden.
In het plateau net boven Mekka in Saoedi-Arabië is een fossiel gevonden van een vroege primaat, dat
zowel kenmerken van mensapen en apen heeft. De splitsing van die twee apensoorten uit een
gemeenschappelijke voorouder is een mijlpaal in de evolutiegeschiedenis.
Schattingen op basis van het genoom situeren de splitsing rond 35 to 30 miljoen jaar geleden (vroege
oligoceen). Dit fossiel dateert echter van 29 tot 28 miljoen jaar terug. Dat is een periode die tot nu toe
weinig relevante fossielen opleverde. Wellicht moet de splitsing tussen 29-28 en 24 miljoen jaar
geleden worden gesitueerd, veel later dus dan gedacht.
Paleontologen van de University of Michigan beschrijven de deels bewaarde schedel deze week in
Nature. De nieuwe primatensoort, Saadanius hijazensis gedoopt, woog ongeveer 15 à 20 kilogram en
was gemiddeld van gestalte, wellicht ter grootte van een hedendaagse gibbon. Saadanius heeft niet
de geavanceerde sinussen van moderne mensapen en apen (catarrhines genoemd), maar heeft een
benig gehoorgang die nog niet volledig ontwikkeld was bij de voorouder van mensaap en aap een
paar miljoen jaar eerder.
‘Saadanius staat dichtbij een groep die uiteindelijk tot de mens leidde’, zegt hoofdauteur William
Sanders. ‘Als we meer te weten zouden komen over de omstandigheden waarin dit dier leefde,
kunnen we ontdekken wat de veranderingen teweegbracht die tot de evolutie van mensapen en later
ook mensen leidde.’ (rvb)
De ontdekking van fossiele resten van een nog onbekende primaatsoort brengt ons dichter bij het
precieze tijdstip waarop mensapen (waaronder de mens) en apen (Oude Wereld Apen genoemd) van
elkaar weg evolueerden.
IDA
http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendID=86201380
Echte aap ?( opponneerbare duim )
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HaQug8l702A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=nPChcIsCHtU
IDA scans
Images of the hands and wrist of Darwinius masillae as taken from, and as explicitly so described in,
the report published by the research team on the Public Library of Science web site.
The academic study of Darwinius masillae / Ida fossil discovery has produced many pictures and
images in various formats including photographs, diagrams, sketches and x-rays.
One of the pictures, "picture A", seems to be on track to provide Darwinius masillae / Ida with her
Defining Icon. This picture of her hands, which seems to show that her fingers articulated quite like our
own, seems to particularly capture public interest and attention.
The image is Fig. 9 of the PLoS ONE article, published under the Creative Commons Attribution
License; any re-use should cite the authors and journal.
darwinius-ida-haplorrhine.jpg
IDA 2.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/may/19/fossil-ida-at-a-glance
Interactive map of the fossil
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/interactive/2009/may/19/fossil-ida-evolution
Lemuren,bezitten een tandenboog in de vorm van een kam
* Tandenkam /
TOOTHCOMB
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothcomb
Lemur catta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed_Lemur
*Een fatsoenerings-kam ( klauw) op de tweede teen
/GROOMIN CLAW
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooming_claw
Varecia variegata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffed_lemur
De verticale spatelvorm van de tanden van IDA
en de structuur het sprongbeen( = TALUS /een voetbeentje bij het enkelgewricht )
horen bij de leden van aftakkingen naar onze struik van de primaten.
HUMAN TALUS-BONE
B= Talus bone
http://www.eskeletons.org/metadata_static.cfm
RIGHT FOOT of IDA
Figure 11. Right foot of Darwinius masillae, new genus and species.
Photograph (A) and X-ray image (B) show the specimen preserved on plate A (Fig. 1). (C)—
explanatory drawing. (D)— drawing of foot of Eulemur mongoz for comparison. Note the large
opposable hallux, and absence of a grooming claw on digit II in Darwinius.
The image is Fig. 11 of the PLoS ONE article, published under the Creative Commons Attribution
License; any re-use should cite the authors and journal.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005723
Jens L. Franzen1,2, Philip D. Gingerich3, Jörg Habersetzer1, Jørn H. Hurum4*, Wighart von
Koenigswald5, B. Holly Smith6
Figure 11. Right foot of Darwinius masillae, new genus and species.
"A tiny bone in her ankle, the talus, is shaped like that of a modern human. It is critical in connecting
the leg to the foot and is key for bearing weight. This is crucial in making it possible to walk upright. Its
shape is restricted to monkeys, apes and humans. The lemurs and the other prosimians have a bone
of a completely different shape."
David Attenborough (2009)
However :
"The steep fibular facet on the talus or astragalus alone is not a synapomorphy for anthropoids
because it also occurs in outgroups such as Scandentia, Dermoptera and
Plesiadapiformes...Among primates it is, however, a haplorhine apomorphy [35,37], and its
presence in Darwinius supports taxonomic and phylogenetic classification with haplorhines
rather than strepsirrhines (Table 3)." (Franzen et al blz 17/18)
(Gerdien De Jong ) = "But it is not a apomorhy either , but possibly a plesiomorphy ( because it is
also occuring in outgroups )....so , a “sloping fibular facet on astragalus or talus” is a
synapomorphy in Lemuriformes ?
Nevertheles , groups are classified by synapomorphies , NEVER by plesiomorphic characteristics
. Furthermore ;characteristics are never considered "out of context" (= in isolation ) and/or are not the
sole main or crucial arguments
Darwinius is NOT placed propperly in the phylogenitic tree and by using methods reflecting " the state
of the art "
"opposable thumbs and nails " are common for ALL primates ,haplorhini AND Strepsirrhini alike
http://evolutiebiologie.blogspot.com/2009/05/link-bbc1-26-mei-2009.html
About the slope of the talofibular facet.
In lemurs(Strepsirhini ), the facet slopes outward, while in Haplorini ; tarsiers and anthropoids (and
humans) it is steep.
Ida 3.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinius_masillae
http://evolutie.blog.com/5037731/ (Gert Korthof )
Prof Gerdien De jong
http://evolutiebiologie.blogspot.com/2009/05/hoe-vreselijk-voor-ida.html
Geiseltal primates
Figure 3
. Radiographic comparison of middle Eocene primates from Geiseltal in eastern Germany.
(A)— Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH CeIV-3656, left and right mandible with I1–2, C1, P2M3d and I1–2, C1, P3-M3s. (B)— Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH LeoI-4233, part of the skull
with upper dentition, which is part of the holotype. (C)— Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH
XXXVII-120, fragmentary left mandible with double-rooted P2, P3–4, and heavily worn M1–3. (D)—
Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH XXII-1, right mandibular ramus with P3-M3 and alveoli for a
double rooted P2. (E)— Protoadapis ignoratus (Thalmann, 1994), GMH XXII-549, part of type
specimen, fragment of right mandible with C1, P3–4, M1, alveoli of P2 and M3 (mirrored). (F)—
Protoadapis weigelti Gingerich, 1977, GMH XXII-624, right mandibular ramus with P3-M3, root of a
small single-rooted P2 and alveolus of C1, which is isolated (mirrored). (G)— Godinotia neglecta
(Thalmann, Haubold & Martin, 1989), holotype (GMH L-2), detail: palate containing M3-P3s and d, and
the small unicuspid and one-rooted P2s. Arrows show the position of P2/P2. Geiseltal primates come
from Middle Eocene zones MP12 and 13, slightly later in time than those from Messel (MP11).
Godinotia neglecta, like Darwinius masillae, is distinguished from Europolemur klatti by the presence
of small, straight, single-rooted P2.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723.g003
Grube-Messel-pit-Monkey-H-003.jpg
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/gallery/2009/may/19/fossil-ida-missing-link?picture=347579458
10 / 13
This 49 million year old fossil of a monkey's hand, only a few centimeters in size, was found at Messel
Photograph: Jonathan Blair/Corbis
Karanesia , biretia , afrotarsius.jpg
biretia Megalopsis
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Ancient_Anthropoid_Origins_Discovered_In_Africa.html
A fossilised upper tooth of Biretia megalopsis next to a small coin. Credit: Science/ E. Seiffert.
http://www.hominides.com/html/actualites/actu291005-primate-anthropoide-fayoum.htm
051013222302.jpg
The subtle topography of tiny teeth and jawbones enabled identification of two new ( african
)anthropoid ancestors that lived 37 million years ago. (Image courtesy of Duke University)
http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2005/10/seiffertsimonsscience1005_print.htm
Biretia fayumensis
Biretia megalopsis
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051013222302.htm
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1017_051017_egyptprimates.html
F2.large.jpg
The dentition of Anthrasimias gujaratensis sp. nov. (A) Occlusal stereopair of IITR/SB/VLM 1137, a left
upper first molar. (B) Occlusal stereopair of IITR/SB/VLM 1100, a left upper second molar. (C) Lingual
view of IITR/SB/VLM 1137. (D) Lingual view of IITR/SB/VLM 1100. (E) Occlusal stereopair of
IITR/SB/VLM 1017, a right lower third molar. (F) occlusal and occluso-lingual view of IITR/SB/VLM
1201, a right dP4. (Scale bars, 1 mm.)
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.figures-only?cited-by=yes&legid=pnas%3B105/32/11093
Anthrasimias gujaratensis
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080804190705.htm
09 aug 2008,
55 Miljoen jaar oude apentanden gevonden in India
- In een kolenmijn in India zijn vier apentanden gevonden, die volgens onderzoekers zeker 55 miljoen
jaar oud zijn.
Tot nu toe waren enkel 45 miljoen jaar oude overblijfselen van apen in Azië gevonden.
De tanden behoren toe aan de Anthrasimias gujaratensis, een prehistorische aap zo klein als een
eekhoorn.
Dat schrijven de onderzoekers van de Amerikaanse Duke Universiteit in een PNAS artikel
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.abstract
.
De tanden wijzen erop dat de primaat ongeveer 75 gram woog en eruit zag als een maki.
Het aapje zou voornamelijk geleefd hebben van insecten en af en toe wat groen.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
The oldest Asian record of ANTHROPOIDEA
Sunil Bajpai*, Richard F. Kay†,‡, Blythe A. Williams‡, Debasis P. Das*, Vivesh V. Kapur§, and B. N.
Tiwari¶
+Author Affiliations
*Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India;
‡Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
§2815 Sector 40-C Chandigarh, India; and
¶Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 248001, India
Edited by Alan Walker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved June 19,
2008 (received for review May 2, 2008)
ABSTRACT
Undisputed anthropoids appear in the fossil record of Africa and Asia by the middle Eocene, about 45
Ma. Here, we report the discovery of an early Eocene eosimiid anthropoid primate from India, named
Anthrasimias, that extends the Asian fossil record of anthropoids by 9–10 million years. A phylogenetic
analysis of 75 taxa and 343 characters of the skull, postcranium, and dentition of Anthrasimias and
living and fossil primates indicates the basal placement of Anthrasimias among eosimiids, confirms the
anthropoid status of Eosimiidae, and suggests that crown haplorhines (tarsiers and monkeys) are the
sister clade of Omomyoidea of the Eocene, not nested within an omomyoid clade. Co-occurence of
Anthropoidea, Omomyoidea, and Adapoidea makes it evident that peninsular India was an important
center for the diversification of primates of modern aspect (euprimates) in the early Eocene. Adaptive
reconstructions indicate that early anthropoids were mouse–lemur-sized (≈75 grams) and consumed a
mixed diet of fruit and insects. Eosimiids bear little adaptive resemblance to later Eocene-early
Oligocene African Anthropoidea.
F1.large.jpg
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.figures-only?cited-by=yes&legid=pnas%3B105/32/11093
Schematic representations of three hypotheses about anthropoid and tarsier origins. (A) Anthropoids
and tarsiers share a common ancestor within a paraphyletic Omomyoidea. (B) Tarsiers arose from an
omomyoid while anthropoids are sister to omomyoids. (C) The tarsier-anthropoid clade is the sister
group of omomyoids. References to these views are in the text. Constraints on the branch times of the
groups depicted in these schemes are approximate and based on the first appearance of (i)
Omomyoidea [earliest Eocene (40)], (ii) Tarsiidae [middle Eocene (41)] or the omomyoid Shoshonius,
its proposed sister taxon (22), and (iii) middle Eocene or earlier anthropoids, depending on the
assumptions of various authors. Dashed lines represent the dates of the Paleocene-Eocene and early
Eocene-middle Eocene boundaries (42). Temporal position of Altiatlasius and Anthrasimias are
indicated. a, first appearance of Tarsiidae in Asia; b, hitherto first appearance on eosimiid anthropoids
in Asia.
F4.large.jpg
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.figures-only?cited-by=yes&legid=pnas%3B105/32/11093
Measurements of shearing crest development on the molar teeth of Vastan primates. (A) Ratio of
second lower molar length to summed lengths of six principal M2 shearing crests. (B) Ratio of first
upper molar length to summed lengths of four principal buccal shearing crests. Color-coded bars
(blue, insects; red, fruit; yellow, gums) indicate principal dietary item (34). Asiadapis, Vastanomys, and
Marcgodinotius fall within the range of extant prosimian fruit and gum eaters such as the extant mouse
lemur Microcebus, which also eats a substantial amount of insects (Table 2).
Measurements of shearing crest development on the molar teeth of Vastan primates. (A) Ratio of
second lower molar length to summed lengths of six principal M2 shearing crests. (B) Ratio of first
upper molar length to summed lengths of four principal buccal shearing crests. Color-coded bars
(blue, insects; red, fruit; yellow, gums) indicate principal dietary item (34). Asiadapis, Vastanomys, and
Marcgodinotius fall within the range of extant prosimian fruit and gum eaters such as the extant mouse
lemur Microcebus, which also eats a substantial amount of insects (Table 2).
Diablomomys dalquesti,
Kirk and Blythe Williams from Duke University have discovered Diablomomys dalquesti, a new genus
and species of primate that dates to 44-43 million years ago when tropical forests and active
volcanoes covered west Texas.
http://www.utexas.edu/news/2008/10/13/fossil_primates/
The anthropologists named the new primate combining "Diablo" to represent the Devil's Graveyard
Formation (sand- and mudstones near Big Bend National Park) with Omomys, a related fossil genus.
The dalquesti species name honors Walter and Rose Dalquest, who donated the land on which the
fossil was collected (Midwestern State University's 'Dalquest Research Site'). Walter was a Texas
paleontologist and distinguished biology professor at Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls until
his death in 2000.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081014111401.htm
Primate mandible
https://webspace.utexas.edu/kirkec/www/dalquest.html
Omomys carteri femur.
Proximal and distal femora of Omomys carteri
http://homepages.wmich.edu/~anemone/research.htm
FossilsBridger2.jpg
http://www.rockymountainpaleontology.com/bridger/fossils.htm
Bridger Formation microfossils collected from the Omomys Quarry (UCM L. 93026), a lake margin
deposit. Included is
a right dentary of the tarsioid omomyid primate Omomys carteri (center);
avian eggshell fragments (upper left), distal femur (upper right), and talon (lower middle); freshwater
gastropod (middle right), and Lepisosteus scale (lower right).
Chumashius baichi, n. gen. and n. sp.
1933
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/9502/1/STOpnas33d.pdf
"Relationship particularly close with that
division of the tarsiid lemurs (Anaptomorphidae) which includes the
Eocene genera Omomys, Hemiacodon and Euryacodon."
http://paleobackup.nceas.ucsb.edu:8110/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=91576
order Primates Linnaeus 1758
infraorder Tarsiiformes Gregory 1915
family Omomyidae Trouessart 1879
subfamily Anaptomorphinae (Cope 1883)
subfamily Anaptomorphinae Cope 1883
tarsier/spookdiertjes
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spookdiertjes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier
" ...Fossil record
Fossils of tarsiers and tarsiiform primates are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and there are
disputed fossils from Africa, but extant tarsiers are restricted to several Southeast Asian islands
including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra. They also have the longest continuous
fossil record of any primate genus,[2] and the fossil record indicates that their dentition has not
changed much, except in size, in the past 45 million years...."
http://web.archive.org/web/20041015083950/http://www.szgdocent.org/pp/p-tarsir.htm
http://web.archive.org/web/20040811001250/www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/3220/IOtarsiifor
mes.html
Could not find that user in your network. Save anyway?
art71_nl_T1.jpg
TourduMonde_foto01_03.jpg
TourduMonde_foto03_06.jpg
Teilhardia asiatica
Ni et al 2004. Figure 1 The skull of Teilhardina asiatica sp. nov. (IVPP V12357). a, Dorsal view of the
skull. b, Reconstruction of the skull based on IVPP V12357, with grey shadow indicating the missing
parts. Scale bar, 5 mm.
Ni et al, 2004. A euprimate skull from the early Eocene of China. Nature 427:65-68
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6969/abs/nature02126.html
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6969/fig_tab/nature02126_ft.html
http://evolutiebiologie.blogspot.com/2009/05/de-oudste-primaat.html
De oudste primaat.
Teilhardina asiatica is de meest primitieve soort van het geslacht Teilhardina. De geschatte leeftijd is
54.97 miljoen jaar, op de grens van Paleoceen en Eoceen. De plaats van T. asiatica is aan de wortel
van de radiatie van de euprimaten, de ‘echte’ primaten, dat zijn de primaten zonder de
Plesiadapoidea. T. asiatica is tegelijk de oudste soort die bij de Haplorhini hoort. Het meest primitieve
geslacht van de tot de Strepsorrhini behorende Adapiformes, Donrussellia, is uit het vroege Eoceen
(55 tot 49 miljoen jaar geleden), vermoedelijk later dan Teilhardina asiatica.
(prof . Gerdien De Jong )
Teilhardina belgica
Teilhardina:t/ 1927
Dit kaakbeentje (met tanden), is een centimeter groot.. Het dateert uit het begin van het eoceen (55
miljoen jaar geleden) en is
daarmee afkomstig van één van de oudste voorouders van primaten, de dierengroep waartoe ook wij
mensen behoren.
Het kaakbeentje is van een lid van de (nu reeds lang uitgestorven) familie van de Omomyidae, verre
neven van de huidige spookdiertjes.
De Teilhardina belgica, waarvan nauwelijks meer van zulke kaakbeentjes zijn
teruggevonden, werd vernoemd naar de wetenschapper die het voor het eerst beschreef en
bestudeerde: de
Franse Jezuïetenpater Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881 1955).
Hij onderzocht vier jaar lang fossielen van zoogdieren uit Belgische vindplaatsen uit het begin van het
eoceen. Dit
kaakbeentje komt uit Dormaal (bij Sint-Truiden), uit een reeds voor het eerst in 1883 door het KBIN
Museum ontdekte
site. Nu zijn er ook in Noord-Amerika en in China kaakbeenderen van Teilhardina opgegraven.
In zijn in 1927 door het Museum uitgebrachte studie bracht Teilhard de Chardin het kaakbeentje in
verband met
het reeds in Noord-Amerika gekende genus Omomys, vandaar de naam die hij zelf aan het diertje gaf:
Omomys belgicus. Hijzelf twijfelde reeds of zijn onderzoeksobject niet beter een eigen genus
verdiende omwille van
bepaalde tandkenmerken die afwijkend schenen te zijn voor Omomys. In 1940 herzag George
Gaylord Simpson,
een Amerikaanse expert in vroege zoogdieren, dan ook de genusindeling en doopte het nieuwe genus
Teilhardina
ter ere van zijn eerste onderzoeker.
De Teilhardina vormt nog steeds een interessant onderzoeksonderwerp voor de wetenschappers, ook
aan het
KBIN. Ze zien diens snelle verspreiding over de wereldcontinenten als aanwijzing voor sterke
klimaatswijzigingen
in het verleden
Specimen · Kaakbeenfragment (1 cm!) met tanden van Teilhardina belgica, België (Dormaal - 1920)
Teilhardina Magnoliana
http://palaeoblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/oldest-north-american-primate.html
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/10/3815
Teilhardina species.JPG
colugo
Lemur-relative
Colugo
SC_049_D_web.jpg
Dermoptera
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugohttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Der
moptera.html
primates' closest extant relatives.JPG
scadentia.JPG
SIA1036.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew
Ptilocercus_lowii
lowii Ptilocercus,
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ptilocercus_lowii.html
Colateral but extant close relative of the supposed ancestor group of colugo's(Dermaptera) ,tree
shrews(Scadentia ) and Modern Primates
http://www.yale.edu/anthro/people/esargis.html
ptilocercus-lowii.jpg
MB%3Atree.jpg
FlyingPrimates.jpg
purgatorius
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorius
http://www.ica-net.it/pascal/UOMO_JPG/purgatorius.htm
28481_big.jpg
Left section of a mandible of the primate, Plesiadapis fondinatus. Specimen dates from the Late
Paleocene, silver coulee Quarry, Park County, Wyoming, USA.
http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/www/image.php?img=60192
The Natural History Museum, London
Libye.JPG
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=967062
early antropoids.JPG
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=967062
myanmar.JPG
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=967062
early antropoid ancestors .jpg
euprimateformes.JPG
http://catalogue-of-organisms.blogspot.com/2010/02/beginning-to-grasp-things-taxon-of-week.html
plesiadapsiformes.
http://catalogue-of-organisms.blogspot.com/2010/02/beginning-to-grasp-things-taxon-of-week.html
http://www.willighp.de/evo/01-Plesiadapiformes/01-00_Plesiadapiformes.php
http://www.willighp.de/evo/01-Plesiadapiformes/07-0_Palaechthonidae.php
plesiadapis
https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndfossil/Poster/bullion/images/plesiadapis_1.gif
Plesiadapis cookei
Plesiadapis churchilli
Plesiadapis.jpg
http://critters.pixel-shack.com/WebImages/crittersgallery/Plesiadapis.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/8932/plesiadapiforms.html
Dryomomys szalayi
An illustration depicts composite (left) and reconstructed (right) skeletons of a mouse-size animal
called Dryomomys szalayi discovered near Yellowstone National Park. Scientists who made the find
say the animal is the most primitive known ancestor of modern primates.
Illustration Bloch, et al./PNAS
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-01/yu-pdm012307.php
http://scienceblog.com/12433/paleontologists-discover-most-primitive-primate-skeleton/
Skeletons of Paleocene plesiadapiforms Dryomomys szalayi (Left) and Ignacius clarkforkensis (Right)
from the Clarks Fork Basin in northwestern Wyoming. Plesiadapiforms are highly important in the
study of the origin and early evolution of primates and other closely related mammals, such as tree
shrews and flying lemurs. These 56-million-year-old skeletons, which are shown to scale, are the most
complete known for their families and illustrate the diversity of anatomical form and size found at the
base of a clade that includes humans (Primates).
PNAS http://www.pnas.org/content/104/4/1159
Zvětšit obrázek <-click
(A), Dryomomys szalay, Premaxilla (B,C). (Autor: Jonathan I. Bloch, Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA)
Zvětšit obrázek<--click
Ignacius clarkforkensis. 55 – 65 MY (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA)
http://evomech1.blogspot.com/2007/01/study-revises-understanding-of-primate.html
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sciencestories/2007/bloch_primate.htm
Smilodectes
Smilodectes (Denver Museum )
http://www.creationism.org/images/DenverMuseum/DMNS65L_PrimateSkeleton.jpg
smilodectes.
Smilodectes Skeleton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilodectes
Adapiformes primates=
Genus: Smilodectes Wortman, 1903
Early primates.JPG
archaeolemur majori.JPG
pri13_web.jpg
pri14_web.jpg
pri16_web.jpg
pri17_web.jpg
Dryopithecus fontani
Dryopithecus
Three species from Europe c. 9–12 Ma. Characterized by the unique development of narrow, tallcrowned upper central incisors and thin-enamelled molars with high dentine penetrance.
Dryopithecus fontani Lartet, 1856 from France and Austria is represented by fragmentary mandibles
(the holotype is a mandible), isolated teeth and a humeral shaft (Begun, 1994).
Dryopithecus brancoi Schlosser, 1901 from Rudaba´nya, Hungary is represented by the holotype (a
left M3) plus additional material, including a partial cranium (RUD 77), tooth-bearing mandibles and
maxillae and isolated teeth.
The holotype of Dryopithecus crusafonti Begun, 1992 from Can Ponsic and El Firal, Spain comprises a
poorly preserved left maxilla and a separate but apparently associated left canine fragment.
In addition, 15 isolated teeth and a mandible have recently been allocated to this taxon (Begun, 2002).
Begun & Kordos (1997) and Begun et al. (1997) have proposed Dryopithecus as the sister taxon of an
australopith–African ape clade.
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Ujwk4CkRiEs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=T17p3vLr6yg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=BZbgFoMRmvw
kenyantropus platyops
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ZFyRe9CaOKs
Kenyanthropus
A single species, Kenyanthropus platyops Leakey et al., 2001 represented by a largely complete but
distorted cranium(holotype), a partial left maxilla and a variety of other cranial fragments (paratypes)
from sites along the Lomekwi and Topernawi rivers of the Turkana district, northern Kenya
The holotype, paratypes and other fragments are from different sites: LO-6N, LO-5, LO-4, 5 and 9,
respectively. The cranium lacks most of the cranial base, premolar and anterior tooth crowns, and the
entire right incisor. The upper second molar crown has been characterized as having enamel
thickness comparable to that in Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis (Leakey
et al., 2001).
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf
Ugandapithecus major
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=1279592
Kenyapithecus wickeri
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I5DQvp5OfHg
Kenyapithecus wickeri
pri19_web.jpg
Mesopithecus pentelici
oreopithecus Bambolii
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/oreopithecus/
http://www.geo.unifi.it/ricerca/bambolii.html
oreopithecus Bambolii
oreopithecus Bambolii
oreopithecus Bambolii
Parapithecus
Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis,
http://212.58.226.17/1/hi/sci/tech/2823245.stm
Possible arrangement of male teeth
Grey denotes teeth actually recovered; Pink shows symmetric fossils
Blue are resized female teeth; Green are inferred from other fossils
Image courtesy of ESRF/ISE-M/Nature
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=l3RHCeoFc4E
teeth.jpg
Jaw fragment from Longgupo cave (left), which dates to about 1.9 million years ago, resembles an
analogous specimen (right) from East Turkana (ER 992), dated to about 1.2 million years. Both fossils
show more generalized hominid dental features in molar cusp patterns and premolar crown shape
when compared with Asian Homo erectus. The Longgupo jaw is thus more primitive than Homo
erectus and could represent the ancestral condition for that species. The Longgupo hominid best
represents a population of early Homo arriving to East Asia about the time Homo ergaster appears in
Africa. (Photograph of African hominid jaw provided by Alan Walker and reproduced with permission
from the National Museums of Kenya. Longgupo photograph courtsy of the authors.)
UPDATE
Regardless of how the conclusions about the jaw fragment were formed, however, Ciochon has now
stepped forward to express his doubts about his previous interpretation. The fragment does not
represent an early hominin, he says, but an as-yet-unknown species of ape that lived in the forests of
what is now China during the early Pleistocene. Where Ciochon had previously compared the teeth to
those of the large extinct ape Gigantopithecus and the hominin Homo erectus, the Longgupo cave
teeth more closely resembled those of the more ancient (~6-7 mya) ape Lufengpithecusis and other
hard-to-identify specimens from surrounding deposits of Early Pleistocene age. Given these
resemblances it appears more likely that the "pre-erectus" hominin that Ciochon thought the teeth
represented was truly some as-yet-unknown species of ape.
http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2009/06/mystery_hominin_turns_into_mys.php#more
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7249/full/459910a.html
Sivapithecus sivalensis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RqVQye1bjq4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=5kYi5oqVtOA
Grahan and Schwartz (2009) have just published a paper in which they claim that orangutans are
more closely related to humans that are chimpanzees.
According to them, the molecular data is not reliable.
They claim that detailed morphological comparisons show that orangutans are our closest ancestor.
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf
"Are orangutans our closest living relatives? "
John Hawks =" NO"
The plain fact is that Jeffrey H. Schwartz has already had his chance to make his case and he has not
been successful.
How many chances does he get before we draw the obvious conclusion?
You ain't seen nothing.
Papers claiming that birds are not dinosaurs are still being published.
Ofcourse , unconvential ideas should not be blocked for being unconventional.
However
They should be blocked if they fail to meet standards of evidence and argumentation.
I.e. the bar should not be lowered for them.
Schwartz & all cite following paper ONLY to note that it omits characters that would unite Homo with
Pongo.
This is called " data selection "
Shoshani, J.,
C. P. Groves, E. L. Simons, and G. F. Gunnell. 1996. Primate phylogeny:
Morphological vs molecular results. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5:102-154.
The autors of this paper used over 100 anatomical characters and found that human linked more
closely to chimp than
either gorilla or orang.
see more :
http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2009/06/genes-phylogeny-and-orangutans.html
http://pleion.blogspot.com/2009/06/orangutans-to-replace-chimpanzees-as.html
http://jmlynch.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/orangs-in-the-family-tree/
sivapithecusrangle.jpg
www_antoloji_com_411024_35.JPG
ankarapithecus.jpg
"out of africa " Great Apes ?
- La lignée eurasiatique
En Turquie, Grèce et Hongrie une autre lignée va s'installer (peut-être des descendants
d'Afropithecus). On connaît peu de choses sur eux : ce sont surtout des fossiles de crânes qui nous
sont parvenus. Ils ont la particularité de présenter à la fois des caractères physiques communs avec la
lignée asiatique et avec les hominidés africains.
Cette lignée dans laquelle on distingue ankarapithéque , ouranopithèque, graecopithèque n'a plus
laissé de traces après 8 millions d'années.
http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html
Ankarapithecus
Known from a single species, formerly known as Sivapithecus meteai Ozansoy, 1957, from 10.7 to
10.6 Ma in the Sinap
Formation north of Yassio¨ren in central Turkey
The specimens comprise a mandible and skull fragments that present a tall, wide and anteriorly facing
zygoma
(cheekbone), marked alveolar prognathism combined with a short upper face, tall, ovoid, superiorly
rimmed but not widely
separated orbits, and a long, slit-like incisive foramen situated anteriorly in the palate – all of which
suggest affinity with the
orangutan (Andrews & Cronin, 1982).
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf
Gigantopithecus.JPG
giganto
Gigantopithecus
giganto.jpg
Gigantopithecus had extremely large molars. Some extinct priomates had 4 premolars. We have 2.
http://www.geocities.com/athens/acropolis/5579/week3livingprimates.html
proconsul.skeleton /reconstruction
http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/grands_singes.htm
Dryopithecus.JPG
Proconsul hessoloni
Proconsul(Denver museum )
http://www.creationism.org/images/DenverMuseum/DMNS64L_PrimateSkullPicture.jpg
Proconsul.JPG
proconsul.jpg
KNM-RU 7290
Proconsul africanus.JPG
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/proconsul/proconsul_overview.html
PROCONSUL ; an OVERVIEW
Perhaps the largest sample of Miocene ape fossils, dated over the longest time period, is Proconsul.
Extending from over 22 million years ago to around 10 million years ago across East Africa, the fossil
record of this genus consists of over a thousand skeletal elements, representing much of its anatomy.
Unlike living apes, Proconsul was a quadruped, with several features reflecting this adaptation,
including:
1.forelimbs and hindlimbs of the same approximate length
2.the lower part of the spine is long and flexible for quadrupedal movement
3.the hands were used for palm-down walking as in living monkeys
Some scientists believe that Proconsul may have had a tail, based on the evidence for tendon
attachments on the sacrum, although other scientists disagree and no tail bones have been found.
There appear to have been at least three species of Proconsul, though the level of sexual dimorphism
was high in each, making it difficult to separate within-species and between-species variation. The
species varied in body size, ranging from a small form at 15 to 20 kg to a large form that approached
50 kg. The molar teeth of all species had thin enamel and low cusps, which may reflect a diet
concentrating on fruits. As in Aegyptopithecus and other early catarrhines, the molars had an
extensive cingulum.
It is possible that all later apes share a Proconsul-like ancestor, with the development of vertical body
posture and suspensory locomotion that distinguish later hominoids.
But it is not out of the question that the Proconsul lineage is a much more distant relative to living
apes, perhaps even representing an extinct catarrhine superfamily separate from hominoids and
cercopithecoids. The position of Proconsul in the hominoid phylogeny is potentially important because
of its implications for the evolutionary relationships of later apes.
If later apes evolved from a Proconsul-like form rather than a gibbon-like brachiator, for example, then
their locomotor evolution may have followed a substantially different path.
Molar of engelswais.JPG
Pri4_web.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=R_3O8Xbaa18
Pri8_web.jpg
Pri9_web.jpg
morotopithecus.jpg
Crâne de face - Moropithècushttp://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html
Toumai
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/toumai.html
evolution-des-hominides.jpg
http://www.hominides.com/html/ancetres/ancetres.html
Anoiapithecus brevirostris.
The face, jaw and teeth of a 12-million-year-old hominid named Anoiapithecus brevirostris. The fossil's
presence in Spain suggests that hominids migrated from Europe into Africa before the evolution of
modern humans (Image: National Academy of Sciences, PNAS)
New hominid species from 12 million years ago discovered <---video
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17225-were-our-earliest-hominid-ancestors-european.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090602083729.htm
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=338211
http://afarensis99.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/anoiapithecus-brevirostris/
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HOyUtPd8_W0/SiAg1O4MsdI/AAAAAAAAADE/LxHuWPOopXE/s400/Panor
%C3%A0micaACM.JPG
0811730106.full.pdf
Millions of years before early humans evolved in Africa, their ancestors may have lived in Europe, a
12-million-year-old fossil hominid from Spain suggests. The fossil, named Anoiapithecus brevirostris
by Salvador Moyà-Solà of the Catalan Institute of Palaeontology in Barcelona, Spain, and his
colleagues, dates from a period of human evolution for which the record is very thin. While only the
animal's face, jaw and teeth survive, their shape places it within the African hominid lineage that gave
rise to gorillas, chimps and humans. However, it also has features of a related group called
kenyapithecins.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=fARlXBrQLsA
Were our earliest hominid ancestors European?
01 June 2009 by
Bob Holmes
Evolution and Human Evolution
Millions of years before early humans evolved in Africa, their ancestors may have lived in Europe, a
12-million-year-old fossil hominid from Spain suggests.
The fossil, named Anoiapithecus brevirostris by Salvador Moyà-Solà of theCatalan Institute of
Palaeontology in Barcelona, Spain, and his colleagues, dates from a period of human evolution for
which the record is very thin. While only the animal's face, jaw and teeth survive, their shape places it
within theAfrican hominid lineage that gave rise to gorillas, chimps and humans. However, it also has
features of a related group called kenyapithecins.
Moyà-Solà says that A. brevirostris and some similar-looking kenyapithecins lived in Europe shortly
after the afrohominid and kenyapithecin lineages split, and so that the divergence itself may have
happened there. If he is right, our hominid ancestors lived in Europe and only later migrated to
Africa, where modern humans evolved.
This "into Africa" scenario is likely to be controversial. Critics argue that discoveries like Moyà-Solà's
are more likely to reflect the quality of the fossil records in Africa and Europe than offer clues to the
actual origins of hominids.
Jay Kelley, a palaeobiologist at the University of Illinois at Chicago, points out that the fossil record
from the time in question is much better in Europe than in Africa. "If you've got a record on one
continent but not the other, naturally you're going to see origins of the group from the continent where
you've got the record," he says.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (DOI:
10.1073/pnas.0811730106)
mensaap kaak.JPG
Anoiapithecus brevirostris.
jaw
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=338211
mensapen voorouders.JPG
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=338211
Speculatief bewerkte stamboom ( oorspronkelijke basisboom ( Nature ) voor Pierolapithecus : te
vinden op ) --> http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=39
update
rspb.2010.0218.full.pdf
041119_HUMAN_ANCESTOR_vmed.vlarge.jpg
http://evodisku.multiply.com/journal/item/376/Pierolapithecus_catalaunicus.
Simplified cladogram depicting the phylogenetic hypothesis and biogeographic scenario favored in this
paper. The Afropithecinae include the Afropithecini; the Equatorini include Equatorius and
Nacholapithecus; the Kenyapithecini include Kenyapithecus and Griphopithecus; and the Dryopithecini
include Pierolapithecus, Dryopithecus s.s., and Anoiapithecus. Nodes: 0, taillessness and other
postcranial and cranial features; 1, thick enamel, dental morphology, robust mandible, procumbent
premaxilla; 2, anterior position of the zygomatic root, strong mandibular inferior torus; 3, reduction of
maxillary sinus, very deep canine fossa, reduced mandibular length; 4, high face, high zygomatic root,
wide nasal aperture (widest at the base), flat nasals that project anteriorly beneath the level of the
inferior orbital rim, orthograde-related features (as judged from Pierolapithecus). This hypothesis
implies a back-to-Africa dispersal of the Homininae and a reversal of some features of node 3 in this
group, but assumes that features of node 4 are homologous between pongines and hominines.
Pierolapithecus Catalaunicus
pierolapithecus_lg.jpg
pierolapithecus.jpg
pierolapithecus_skel.jpg
1.jpeg
http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/08ayc5P7UJ11q/610x.jpg
Kenyan scientist Kyalo Manthi holds 13 November 2007 in Nairobi an ancient jawbone of what
appears to be a new species of ape that was very close
to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.
The new species, Nakalipithecus nakayamai, was discovered along the volcanic mud flow deposits in
Kenya's Nakali region on the eastern edge
of the Rift valley in 2005 by a team of Japanese and Kenyan researchers and comprises of a fossil jaw
and 11 isolated teeth.
Researchers date the specimen at between 9.80 and 9.88 million years.
http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=39
http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2009/06/mystery_hominin_turns_into_mys.php#more
nakalipithecus-nakayamai-jaw-top.jpg
FOSSILS of GREAT APES
Nakapithecus
2.jpeg
3.jpeg
4.jpeg
CE757507FG0010.gif
apeteeth Ch. Abyssinicus
nine-chorapithecus-teeth.jpg
nature06113-f3.0.jpg
nature06113-f2.0.jpg
Killikaike blakei
http://www.citesciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/magazine/article.php?id_mag=3&lang=fr&id_
article=6023
http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5437.full.pdf+html?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFO
RMAT=&fulltext=New+primate+genus+from+the+Miocene+of+Argentina&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0
&resourcetype=HWCIT
Marcelo F. Tejedor, Ada´n A. Tauber, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Carl C. Swisher III, and Marı´a E.
Palacios, 2006 New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina, PNAS 103(14):5434-5441
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991015080116.htm
Miocene%20Platy.JPG
http://scienceblogs.com/afarensis/upload/2006/12/Miocene%20Platy.JPG
http://www.citesciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/magazine/article.php?id_mag=3&lang=fr&id_
article=6023
http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5437.full.pdf+html?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFO
RMAT=&fulltext=New+primate+genus+from+the+Miocene+of+Argentina&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0
&resourcetype=HWCIT
Marcelo F. Tejedor, Ada´n A. Tauber, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Carl C. Swisher III, and Marı´a E.
Palacios, 2006 New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina, PNAS 103(14):5434-5441
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991015080116.htm
chimp teeth -fossils
Fossils of early humans are rare, but those of chimpanzees have been absent from the fossil record
altogether, until now. In this week's Nature, Sally McBrearty and Nina Jablonski describe the first
report of fossils of a chimp. The fossils are modest -- just three teeth -- but they have the potential to
change perceived wisdom about human evolution.
http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/multimedia/2005/08/68706
http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2005/08/68706
Caipora bambuiorum,
The skull of Caipora bambuiorum, one of the two complete primate skeletons recovered from Toca da
Boa Vista cave ( Brasil) .
It closely resembles the living spider monkey, but is more than twice the size, suggesting that South
American monkeys
participated fully in the mega-faunal phenomenon of the last Ice Age.
http://209.209.34.25/webdocs/anatomy/Brazil.htm
hartwig2.jpg
Frontal view of the crania of Protopithecus (left) and Caipora (right),
both from Toca da Boa Vista.
They resemble living South American monkeys that inhabit the top levels of the tropical forest canopy,
but they were significantly larger than any living species.
Further exploration of Toca da Boa Vista hopefully will yield more primate species that also were quite
large
compared to modern monkeys.
http://209.209.34.25/webdocs/anatomy/Brazil.htm
hadropithecus.JPG