See also the NOTE GUIDES posted online on the wiki,
the online self-quizzes posted on the wiki,
and USG pages 6 to 10.
Main Content:
1. Sodium Potassium Pump
2. Generation of an Action Potential
3. Transmission Across a Synpase with Neurotransmitters
Self Quizzes and Animations
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Action Potential Self Quiz: http://wps.pearsoned.it/fisiologia_umana5/165/42313/10832298.cw/content/index.html
Action Potential Self Quiz #2: http://www.siumed.edu/~dwade/phys310/6ap.htm
Action Potential Animation: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter8/animation__the_nerve_impulse.html
Action Potential Animation: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/actionpotential.html
Voltage Gated Channels: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter8/animation__voltagegated_channels_and_the_action_potential__quiz_1_.html
Sodium Potassium Pump Animation: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter8/animation__sodium-potassium_exchange_pump__quiz_3_.html
Sodium Potassium Pump Animation: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter8/animation__sodium-potassium_exchange_pump__quiz_1_.html
Transmission Across a Synapse: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter8/animation__transmission_across_a_synapse.html
To remember…
Your assessment is all essay so this review game does
not represent the format of you test. Be sure to review
all class activities and notes to fully prepare.
Fill in the blanks in the sentence below with the NAME
of the STRUCTURE of a NEURON that provides the
described FUNCTION.
Signals “come in” to the neuron through the ________, and
travel “out” of the neuron along the ________, at the end of
which the __________ contact the next neuron in the
communication chain. The _________ phase ensures
propagation in this direction.
Fill in the blanks in the sentence below with the NAME
of the STRUCTURE of a NEURON that provides the
described FUNCTION.
Signals “come in” to the neuron through the dendrites, and
travel “out” of the neuron along the axon, at the end of
which the axon endings contact the next neuron in the
communication chain. The hyperpolarization phase
ensures propagation in that direction.
The opening and closing of the ____________ causes the
characteristic phases of an action potential.
The opening and closing of the voltage gated ion
channels causes the characteristic phases of an action
potential.
The refractory period includes both the ________ phase
and the _________ phase. It describes a time period in
which a neuron ________ generate an action potential.
The refractory period includes both the repolarization
phase and the hyperpolarization phase. It describes a
time period in which a neuron cannot generate an action
potential.
A ______ causes SOME of the sodium channels on the
membrane to open. Once the membrane has reached
______, ALL of the sodium channels open to ______ the
membrane.
A stimulus (disturbance on the membrane) causes
SOME of the sodium channels on the membrane to
open. Once the membrane has reached threshold, ALL
of the sodium channels open to depolarize the
membrane.
Match each of the following phases to the description of
events that takes place.
a. Resting Phase
b. Hyperpolarization Phase
c. Repolarization Phase
d. Depolarization Phase
1. Phase that is characterized by a rapid decrease in
sodium permeability and increase in potassium
permeability.
2. Phase that is characterized by a prolonged high
permeability to potassium due to the slow closing of
potassium channels.
3. Phase that is characterized by a high permeability to
sodium.
Match each of the following phases to the description of
events that takes place.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Resting Phase
Hyperpolarization Phase
Repolarization Phase
Depolarization Phase
C
2. B
3. D
1.
At the end of the depolarization phase, the ______
channels help restore resting membrane potential.
At the end of the depolarization phase, the potassium
channels help restore resting membrane potential.
When a neuron is at rest, the cytoplasmic side of the
membrane has a _____ charge and the extracellular fluid
side has a _____ charge due to 3 _____ ions being
pumped out and 2 _____ ions being pumped in via the
______ using _____ transport.
When a neuron is at rest, the cytoplasmic side of the
membrane has a negative charge and the extracellular
fluid side has a positive charge due to 3 Na+ (sodium)
ions being pumped out and 2 K+ (potassium) ions being
pumped in via the sodium-potassium pump using active
transport.
The sodium potassium pump uses _____ transport
which moves molecules from areas of _____
concentration to areas of _____ concentration using
_____. The phoshphoyrlization of the transport protein
causes ______.
The sodium potassium pump uses active transport
which moves molecules from areas of low concentration
to areas of high concentration using ATP (adensosine
triphosphate). The phoshphoyrlization of the transport
protein causes a change in conformation (shape change).
B
A
C
E
D
Identify what each part of the reaction is above.
B
A
C
E
D
A = ATP
B = water to break ATP molecule by hydrolysis
C = inorganic phosphate (will phosphorylate the
sodium potassium pump)
D = ADP
E = energy release with the breaking of bonds
The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular
junction is ________, an ________ neurotransmitter.
A)Dopamine , excitatory
B)Glutamate, excitatory
C)Acetylcholine, excitatory
D)GABA, inhibitory
E)Serotonin, inhibitory
The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular
junction is ________, an ________ neurotransmitter.
A)Dopamine , excitatory
B)Glutamate, excitatory
C)Acetylcholine, excitatory
D)GABA, inhibitory
E)Serotonin, inhibitory
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they
occur at the pre-synaptic side of a neuromuscular
junction.
1. Calcium ions enter the cell via voltage-gated calcium
channels
2. An action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal
3. Neurotransmitter is released
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 2, 1
E) 3, 1, 2
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they
occur at the pre-synaptic side of a neuromuscular
junction.
1. Calcium ions enter the cell via voltage-gated calcium
channels
2. An action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal
3. Neurotransmitter is released
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 2, 1
E) 3, 1, 2
The process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach
from a postsynaptic neuron are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again.
A. axon terminals
B. synaptic transmission
C. reuptake
D. diffusion
The process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach
from a postsynaptic neuron are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again.
A. axon terminals
B. synaptic transmission
C. reuptake
D. diffusion
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the
post-synaptic side of a excitatory synapse.
1. Neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-gated ion-channel.
2. An action potential is propagated along the postsynaptic cell’s
axon
3. Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
4. Sodium ions move into the post-synaptic cell.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 3, 4
C) 4, 2, 3, 1
D) 1, 4, 3, 2
E) 3, 1, 2, 4
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the
post-synaptic side of a excitatory synapse.
1. Neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-gated ion-channel.
2. An action potential is propagated along the postsynaptic cell’s
axon
3. Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
4. Sodium ions move into the post-synaptic cell.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 3, 4
C) 4, 2, 3, 1
D) 1, 4, 3, 2
E) 3, 1, 2, 4
Generally, neural impulses travel
a. electrically between and within each neuron.
b. chemically between and within each neuron.
c. electrically between neurons and chemically within each neuron.
d. chemically between neurons and electrically within each neuron.
Generally, neural impulses travel
a. electrically between and within each neuron.
b. chemically between and within each neuron.
c. electrically between neurons and chemically within each neuron.
d. chemically between neurons and electrically within each neuron.
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is primarily involved
in…
A. emotional states and sleep
B. physical arousal, learning, and memory
C. learning, memory, and muscle contractions
D. movement, thought processes, and rewarding
sensations
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is primarily involved
in
A. emotional states and sleep
B. physical arousal, learning, and memory
C. learning, memory, and muscle contractions
D. movement, thought processes, and rewarding
sensations
Neurotransmitters are _______ that travel across the
________ to another cell where they bind to _________.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals (not electrical impulses!)
that travel across the synaptic cleft to another cell where
they bind to ligand gated ion channels.
Ligand gated ion channels on the post-synaptic cell that
are permeable to chlorine and potassium ions are ______
and channels that are permeable to sodium and
potassium are _______.
Chlorine ions (enter/exit) the membrane and _____ it.
Sodium ions (enter/exit) the membrane and ______ it.
Ligand gated ion channels on the post-synaptic cell that
are permeable to chlorine and potassium ions are
inhibitory and channels that are permeable to sodium
and potassium are excitatory.
Chlorine ions (enter/exit) the membrane and
hyperpolarize it.
Sodium ions (enter/exit) the membrane and depolarize
it.
List the following in order of their occurrence:
A. Action potential travels along axon of sending neuron
B. The neurotransmitter must fit perfectly into the receptor
C. Synaptic transmission occurs when the action potential causes
neurotransmitters to be released by the synaptic vesicles in the axon
terminals
D. The neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and bind with the
correctly shaped receptor sites on the receiving neuron.
A)ABCD
B)ACDC
C)ADCB
D)ACDB
List the following in order of their occurrence:
A. Action potential travels along axon of sending neuron
B. The neurotransmitter must fit perfectly into the receptor
C. Synaptic transmission occurs when the action potential causes
neurotransmitters to be released by the synaptic vesicles in the axon
terminals
D. The neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and bind with the
correctly shaped receptor sites on the receiving neuron.
A)ABCD
B)ACDC
C)ADCB
D)ACDB
Which of the following statements about the action of
drugs is TRUE.
A. Drugs can mimic the function of neurotransmitter at
the synaptic cleft.
B. Drugs can block the ligand-gated ion channel site on
the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
C. Drugs can block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter
by the pre-synaptic neuron.
D. All of the above
Which of the following statements about the action of
drugs is TRUE.
A. Drugs can mimic the function of neurotransmitter at
the synaptic cleft.
B. Drugs can block the ligand-gated ion channel site on
the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
C. Drugs can block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter
by the pre-synaptic neuron.
D. All of the above
Low levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine are often
associated with
A)Depression
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Parkinson’s Disease
D)Alzheimer’s Disease
Low levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine are often
associated with
A)Depression
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Parkinson’s Disease
D)Alzheimer’s Disease
Muscular tremors and rigidity in Parkinson's disease results
from which of the following?
A)Damage to acetylcholine pathway in the thalamus
B)Damage to a dopamine pathway in the substantia nigra
C)Excitotoxicity due to excess levels of glutamate
D)Loss of GABA in the spinal cord
Muscular tremors and rigidity in Parkinson's disease results
from which of the following?
A)Damage to acetylcholine pathway in the thalamus
B)Damage to a dopamine pathway in the substantia nigra
C)Excitotoxicity due to excess levels of glutamate
D)Loss of GABA in the spinal cord
Neurotransmitters are contained in _____ that are located
in _____ of the pre-synaptic neuron.
A. vesicles; axon terminals
B. axon terminals; dendrites
C. receptor sites; synapses
D. cell membranes; synaptic gaps
Neurotransmitters are contained in _____ that are located
in _____ of the pre-synaptic neuron.
A. vesicles; axon terminals
B. axon terminals; dendrites
C. receptor sites; synapses
D. cell membranes; synaptic gaps
Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are often
associated with
A)Depression
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Parkinson’s Disease
D)Alzheimer’s Disease
Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are often
associated with
A)Depression
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Parkinson’s Disease
D)Alzheimer’s Disease
Which of the following mechanisms can serve to remove
neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A)Reuptake by the axon terminus of the pre-synaptic cell
B)Breakdown by enzymes
C)Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
D)All of the above
Which of the following mechanisms can serve to remove
neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A)Reuptake by the axon terminus of the pre-synaptic cell
B)Breakdown by enzymes
C)Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
D)All of the above
Which of the following is a primary inhibitory
neurotransmitter of the central nervous system?
A)Acetylcholine
B)Glutamate
C)GABA
D)Norepinephrine
Which of the following is a primary inhibitory
neurotransmitter of the central nervous system?
A)Acetylcholine
B)Glutamate
C)GABA
D)Norepinephrine