Chapter 10 Blood
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Composition
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Formed elements
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Cells
Plasma
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Fluid
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Plasma
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90% water
10% solutes
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Ions, e.g., Na+, Cl-, Ca++
Nutrients, e.g., simple
sugars, amino acids,
lipids
Wastes, e.g., urea,
ammonia, CO2
Miscellaneous: O2,
hormones, vitamins,
plasma proteins
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Plasma proteins
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Albumin
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Globulin
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Helps control osmotic pressure
Helps control diffusion of water (recall edema)
Includes antibodies (Abs)
Transport proteins (lipids, iron, copper, etc.)
Fibrinogen
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Involved in clotting
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Serum
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Plasma with clotting factors removed
Let blood sit, pour off supernatant
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Formed elements
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RBCs (erythrocytes)
WBCs (leukocytes)
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Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Blood smear
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Light microscope
Stained
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Erythrocytes
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7-8 m diameter
Biconcave disc shape
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 surface area
 efficiency for diffusion of
O2 & CO2
(17.3)
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Erythrocytes
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Structure
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Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
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Hemoglobin
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Binds CO O2 & CO2
No nucleus or organelles
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Erythrocytes
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Flexible
Elastic
100-120 day
life span
Originate in
bone marrow
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Leukocytes (WBCs)
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Part of defense system
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Attracted to sites of infection
Diapedesis: leave capillary by squeezing
between endothelial cells
Ameboid movement
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Protect against bacteria, viruses, parasites
Travel toward infection
Originate in bone marrow
Granulocytes / agranulocytes
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Diapedesis
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http://www.whfreeman.com/immunology/CH01/diapedesis.htm
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Granulocytes
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WBCs with granules in cytoplasm
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Visible with LM, what is a LM?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Phagocytic
Larger than RBCs
Lobed nuclei
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Neutrophils
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60% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Light staining granules
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Function
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Digestive enzymes
Phagocytize & destroy bacteria
First cells to respond to infection
Secrete antibacterial chemicals
Phagocytize & digest bacteria
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Eosinophils
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1-4% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Eosin-staining granules
Phagocytize allergen-Ab complexes
Secrete antihistamine
Attack parasites
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Basophils
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0.5% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Large granules stained dark
purple
Granules
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Histamine – creates inflammation
in allergic reaction
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Lymphocytes
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Agranulocyte
20-45% of WBCs
Spherical, dark-staining
nucleus
Thin rim of blue staining
cytoplasm
Each lymphocyte
recognizes and acts
against a specific antigen
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Lymphocytes
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T lymphocytes can attack foreign cells
directly
(17.6)
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Lymphocytes
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B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells and
secrete antibodies
(17.6b)
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Monocytes
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Agranulocyte
4-8% of WBCs
Horseshoe shaped nucleus
Grey-blue stained cytoplasm
Become wandering macrophages after
diapedesis
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Platelets
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(thrombocytes)
Fragments of megakaryocytes
in bone marrow
Attracted to hemorrhage
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Plugs leaks
Promotes constriction of blood
vessel
Triggers inflammation
Initiates clotting reaction
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Platelets
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SEM of a clot with platelet, fibrin mesh, rbc’s
~17.7
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Sickle cell disease
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Genetic condition
1 nucleotide substitution
1 amino acid substitution
Hbs
With low O2 Hbs polymerizes
Creates “sickle” shape
17.10ab
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Sickle cell disease
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 flexibility
 fragility
 blood viscosity
 O2
 sickling
“crisis”
Painful ischemia
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17.10b
Lack of O2
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