Unit 11





4 Big causes of the Great War
1) Alliances
2) Nationalism
3) Militarism
4) Imperialism/Colonialism
 Africa
 2 countries stayed free:
 Liberia
 Ethiopia


















Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems
Franco-Prussian War = 1870-1871
Prussia wins—created Germany
France pays war costs—reparations
France loses Alsace-Lorraine
Tension between Austria-Hungary & Russia
concern over land of failing Ottoman Empire—”sick man of Europe”
Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor of Germany) fears Germany will be drawn
into conflict—might lead to Germany being crushed or fragmented
1873 = *Three Emperors’ League (formed by Bismarck)
--Formed to prevent Aus. and Rus. from forming an alliance with France-*Austria-Hungary, Germany, & Russia
alliance over radical movements on the Ottoman Empire—Bosnia &
Herzegovina
1878 = Treaty of San Stefano-ended Russo-Turkish War 1877-78 (Russia Wins)
Ottoman Empire almost collapses
Dardanelles and the Bosporus are open for Russian ships
could make Russia a Mediterranean power
could threaten Britain’s control of the Suez Canal
Bulgaria is created

















*Congress of Berlin-called by great powers to change San Stefano
Bulgaria (Russian ally) reduced in size by 2/3rds
Austria –Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina
Britain received Cyprus
France takes Tunisia (Italy angry)
Russia angered, feeling Germany had betrayed them after helping them
during Napoleon era
Russia withdraws from Three Emperors’ League
1879 = Austrian-German Alliance(1879-1918) (Dual Alliance) (Secret Alliance)
treaty was for 5 years & renewed until 1918--SECRET
fear of retaliation
come to each others aide if attacked by Russia—Defensive alliance
promised neutrality if either were attacked by another country
1881= *Three Emperors League renewed (1881-1887)
*Austria-Hun., Germany, & Russia rejoin
a. promised neutrality in case any of them were attacked by a fourth power
cooperation in further division of Ottoman Empire
Austria gets right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina













1882= *Triple Alliance
*Italy, Germany, & Austria-Hun. (Italy drops out at start of WW I)
fear of Russia against Austria
fear of France against Italy
1887 = Russia declines to renew alliance of the Three Emperors
League
1887 = Reinsurance Treaty
Russia & Germany
both powers promised to remain neutral if either was attacked
Emperor (Kaiser) *William II (1888-1918) of Germany dismisses
Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor—Bismarck wants peace
General Leo von Caprivi (1831-1899) new Chancellor
refused to renew Reinsurance Treaty with Russia
Franco-Russian Alliance (1894-1917)
1. Defensive alliance against Germany






Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907)
Britain and Germany
Colonies rivalries
British against the Russians in central Asia
British against the French in Africa
Germans against the British in Africa


Cairo



barred British attempts to build railroad from Cape Town to
2. Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902)
a. British crush Dutch farmers rebellion
1. Anti-British feelings in nations
 a. threat of “imperialism”= gain weaker nations to exploit them
















Economic rivalries
Germany made vast strides to challenge & overtake British production in
various materials and markets
Military rivalries
*German naval law of 1898 – build 19 ships
*German naval law of 1900 – doubles #
1902 – Anglo-Japanese Alliance
purpose = defend British interest in Far East against Russia
1904 – Anglo- French Alliance (Entente Cordiale)
purpose = settled colonial disputes between Britain & France
French get Morocco
Britain gets control over Egypt
1906 – First Moroccan Crisis and the*Algeciras Conference
purpose = Germany tried to threaten France’s authority in Africa
a. William II gives independence speech in Tangier, Morocco
results = U.S., Britain, France, Spain, & Russia see Germany as threat
*Germany worries about being encircled

1907-Anglo-Russian Alliance
settled quarrels between Britain & Russia over
Persia and in central Asia

Triple Entente(Allies ) vs. Triple Alliance ( Central Powers )


France
Great Britain

Russia & Japan-not part of Triple Entente

Germany (Central Power)
Austria (Central Power)
Italy (dropped out)


1907 = Germany builds up its navy
= Germany’s industrial growth causes
economic rivalry with Britain


= journalists & special-interest groups stir ill
feelings in both countries
1908 – London Daily Mail

“Germany is deliberately preparing to destroy the
British Empire”


















The Road to World War I
A. Nationalism
1. Ottoman Empire was collapsing
2. Austria-Hungary was facing a break up
B. 1830 = Serbia - becomes an independent nation
a. hostile toward Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire
b. Russia couldn't help - weak after 1905 revolution
1. 1908 = Austria - annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina
a. majority of Serbian population angry
b. blocked Serbia from expansion
2. 1912 = First Balkan War
a. Serbia, Greece, Mont. & Bulgaria take Macedonia from
Ottom. Emp.
b. Serbia & Bulgaria disagree over settlement-leads to another
war
3. 1913 = Second Balkan War
a. Serbia, Turkey, Greece, Montenegro, Romania vs. Bulgaria
b. results:
1. Austria forces Serbia to give up Albania
2. Russia and Serbia become closer






1914, June 28 = Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated
a. heir to Austria & Hungary assassinated in Sarajevo,
Bosnia
*Black Hand = revolutionary group supported by
Serbian gov't responsible for assassination. G. Principe=
19y/o assassin of the archduke
c. Austria-Hungary's unconditional ultimatum:
Serbia must end all subversion (speaking out against the gov’t) in
Austria-Serbia agrees
 Serbia must end all anti-Austrian propaganda in Serbia-Serbia
agrees
 Austria demands an investigation by joint Serbian & Austrian
commission-Serbia says no
 48 hours to comply-Serbia says no to Austrian investigation







. 1914, July 28 = *Third Balkan War— (aka WWI)
a. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
1. Germany gives support to AustriaHungary—blank check
6. 1914, July 28=Austrian armies bombard
Belgrade, Serbia
7. 1914, July 29 = Russia declares war on
Austria/ Germany declares war on
_Russia___.
8. 1914, August 2 = Ger. attacks Belgium/
Ger. declares war on __France__


a. *Schlieffen Plan - attack France through Belgium and
Luxembourg then move quickly to the Eastern Front
Kaiser William II of Germany
Emperor of Austria: Franz Joseph

Belgium refused (Lux. allowed) to let German
troops pass through-“Rape of Belgium”=
 Destruction of Belgium, murdering of civilians and
made Germany look bad

9. 1914, August 3, = Great Britain declares war
on Germany because it had an agreement to
protect Belgium.









. Reflections on the Origins of the War
A. Austria-Hungary started the "Third Balkan War"??
B. Serbian nationalists wanted to unify their people
in a single state
C. Germany pushed Austria-Hungary into war—blank
check
D. Triple Entente made Germany paranoid (loss of
power)
E. Imperialism threat
F. Nationalism
G. *Arms race (militarism) and the alliance systems
H. Wealthy governing classes underestimated the risk of
war





The First World War (*The Great War)
A. *The First Battle of the Marne
September 6, 1914 - France attacks approaching
Germans (Fr Army took taxis to get to the front)
a. stops Germany from taking Paris
b. General Joseph Joffre - head of French troops




Stalemate and Slaughter
A. Trench Warfare
November 1914 - trenches stretch from
Belgium to Verdun and later all the way to
_Switzerland___.
a. machine gun fire, heavy artillery. What
other inventions were used in World War I?


Machine gun, poison gas & gas masks, subs, tanks,
lanes, zeppelin, automobile, flame thrower
b. heavy loss of life for little land
Typical Trench in WW I
The Romanovs: Czar Nicholas II
and family









The Widening War
A. Eastern Front 1. Russia - defeated at *Tannenberg & Masurian Lakes in August & Sept.
1914 by Germany.
German Generals =
*Paul von Hindenburg
*Erich Ludendorff
2. Austria-Hungary - forced Russians to retreat
2.5 million Russians killed, wounded, or captured
3. Italy - neutral at first, joins the Triple Entente in 1915.
 Italy lost Battle of Caporetto: Italian disaster







a. promised Austrian lands if allies won
4. Bulgaria - joined Central Powers= Germany, Aus.-Hun., Otto. Emp.
a. settle old score with Serbia
5. Battle of Gallipolli 1915-16: tried to take Constantinople but couldn’t
6. Ottoman Empire - smashed by British in 1918
a. *T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) gained support of
Arab princes to overthrow Ottomans
Global - Great Britain, France, and Japan seize German colonies.



Back to the War on the Western Front
A. *Battle of Verdun: February-December 1916
German offensive attack French stronghold of Verdun, massive
casualties, 10 month battle, 500k casualties, Germany gains little
land, nobody won



B. *Battle of the Somme: July-November 1916
Ally offensive, 1 million people died, nobody won





C. Battle of Messines: (Part of Battle of Passchendaele/3rd
Ypres) June 1917:
Plant bombs under German trenches (mines), 10,000 Germans
died
Pg 843: Young Turks
Pg 854 Woodrow Wilson








. United States - declared war on Germany April
1917
1915 - Germans use submarine to stop British
blockade
a. sank about 90 ships
b. Lusitania sunk
i. carried arms and munitions
ii. 139 Americans on board; 128
died. 1,198 total deaths
iii. Pres. Woodrow Wilson protest
1. Germany cuts back sub use

1917 - Germany goes back to full sub use
(unrestricted submarine warfare)
British use convoy system for shipping of goods
 Pres. Woodrow Wilson - "German submarine



Warfare against commerce is warfare against
mankind."
c. Zimmerman Note: Germany sends a note
to Mexico asking them to invade US in return
for their old territory, Mexico says no

Lenin’s early thought and career


Russia had no true representative institutions
There was not a legislative body to hear the concerns of the people.
 In response, the Russian Social Democratic Party formed in 1898.
 party admired Marxist’s Ideology
 of course, the party was not welcome in Russia and many of its leaders lived in exile



i. one such leader was Gregory Plekhanov
ii. Plekhanov’s most devout pupil was V.I. Lenin
iii. Previously, Lenin had joined the party in the 1890’s and was
exiled to Siberia, and later moved to Switzerland.
 The Russian Social Democratic Party, although all Marxist, differed on
what a Marxist revolution would mean for Russia.
 in 1903 at the London Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party, Lenin forced
a split.


Bolsheviks who wanted a small elite party.
ii. Mensheviks wanted mass memberships.

The Revolution of 1905




In 1904, in response to conflicts over Manchuria and Korea, Russia went to
war against Japan
 the czar, Nicholas II hoped to rally public opinion in favor of himself
 Russia was losing the war to the island nation of Japan
Bloody Sunday: January 22, 1905, father Gapon led several hundred
workers to present a petition to the czar to improve industrial conditions.
 approximately 200 were killed and 800 were wounded
 people believed they could no longer trust the czar
 strikes and disturbances spread across Russia
 workers groups called soviets controlled Saint Petersburg
 to calm the crowd the czar promised a representative government called
the Duma
Czar then hired Peter Stoylipin to execute radicals
ii. Stolypin convinced the Czar to dissolve the Duma













The Fall of Imperial Russia
A. Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) Romanov Family
1. *poor leadership
a. distrusted moderate Duma
1. Duma = Russia’s leg. body
a. critical of tsar's
b. rejected popular involvement in World War I
c. czar resisted calls to share power
1. Nicholas II went to front to lead army
2. left Tsarina Alexandra in charge
a. trusted Rasputin
1. self-proclaimed monk
2. murdered in Dec. 1916: poisoned, shot, beaten,
shot again, beaten again, and finally thrown into
the freezing river











Strains of War and the *March Revolution—1917
1. Russian supplies of arms depleted
2. morale decline of soldiers/send women soldiers to the front
3. *food shortages in cities
4. Progressive Bloc -socialist party
a. called for a completely new gov't responsible to the Duma
1. Tsar adjourns Duma
5. *riots -Bread riots in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)
a. soldiers join revolutionary crowd instead of firing on them
b. Duma declares provisional government
c. Tsar abdicated (*could no longer govern effectively) March
15, 1917











The Provisional Government
A. Leader was Alexander Kerensky from the Social
Revolutionaries Party.
B. Established equality before the law
C. Freedom of religion, speech, and assembly
D. Right of unions to organize and strike
E. Continued WW I
F. Shared power with Petrograd *Soviet of workers' and soldiers'
deputies council of workers & soldier who ran the local gov’t
1. Army Order #1 = stripped officers of authority and
placed power in the hands
of elected committees of common soldiers
a. total collapse of army discipline
b. soldiers returned to their villages to help families













. Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
A. Basic Ideas
1. capitalism could be destroyed only by violent revolution
2. a socialist revolution was possible even in a relatively backward country
like Russia
3. revolution was determined more by human leadership than by historical
laws
a. the necessity of a highly disciplined workers' party strictly controlled by
a dedicated elite of intellectuals and full-time revolutionaries like
himself (V.I. Lenin)
B. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party meeting (Partial Review from I,B,2,a)
1. split into two factions
a. Bolsheviks ("Majority group")
1. wanted small, disciplined, elitist party
2. German government provided safe passage of Lenin
across Europe into Russia April 1917






b. Mensheviks ("Minority group")
1. wanted large democratic party
C. Bolsheviks try to seize power in July 1917
1. failed
2. Lenin goes into hiding in __Finland____.








. Trotsky, the Seizure of Power, and the November
Revolution-Bolshevik Revolution
A. Leon Trotsky (1877-1940) -supporter of Lenin.
Lenin returned to Russia October of 1917.
1. Trotsky convinced Petrograd Soviet to
form Military-Revolutionary Committee
a. *military power in hands of
Bolsheviks—end involvement in Great War
1. seize gov't & buildings
2. drove provisional gov't out of office
3. Lenin head of new gov't
4. Kerensky escaped and later moved to the United
States.













Dictatorship and Civil War
A. Lenin's laws
1. *gave land to peasants
2. *ratified urban workers demand of direct control of individual
factories
3. *Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -end war with Germany.
a. Russia gives up Poland, Finland, Baltic
states and Ukraine to Germany.
4. allowed free election of Constituent Assembly in
November 1917
a. Bolsheviks only won 1/4 of seats
1. Lenin disbands Constituent Assembly w/ red army
a. Civil War breaks out
1. *Reds (Lenin's and Trotsky’s group) vs
Whites (opposed the _Brest-Litovsk_)
a.
Reds win


1. controlled center
2. better defined political program
3. better army



4. mobilized home front





a. re-established draft
b. used former tsarist army officers (skill)
a. seized grain
b.used rationing
c. nationalized all banks & industry
d. required everyone towork
5. re-established Cheka

a. secret police
 1. executed foes


6. foreign military (UK, US, Fr, Japan ) intervention sent to help
Whites— only helped Reds
(Communists)-backfired


didn't help the Whites
7. Reds kill the tsar and his entire family
 Gregory Rasputin (mad monk)





















The Social Impact
A. Employment
1. demand for labor
a. reduce unemployment & poverty
2. rise of labor unions
a. worked with gov't on work rules, wages, and production
schedules
b. entry of socialist leaders into war gov't.
B. Women 1. increase in work force
a. munitions workers, tellers, mail carriers, policewomen
b. war front - nurses & doctors
c. equal pay for equal work
2. suffrage
3. independence movement - shorter skirts, smoke, hair styles
C. Social equality
1. higher wages for lower classes = labor shortage
2. rationing according to physical needs
D. Death
1. affected mainly peasants & unskilled laborers
2. upper class needed for manufacturing















Growing Political Tensions
A. Both sides draw support
1. a just cause
2. patriotic nationalism
3. planned economy
4. sharing of burdens
B. Allies
1. propaganda = spreading of ideas & information (&
rumors) for the purpose of helping/hurting a cause
a. maintain popular support
b. inflamed national hatreds
2. strikes and protest - inadequate food
3. Easter Rebellion - Irish nationalists in Dublin
4. soldiers’ morale decline
a. some French troops refused to fight
5. defeatism attitude growing










Central Powers
1. propaganda = see above
2. strikes & protest
a. allied blockade - people were starving
3. chief minister of Austria assassinated
4. emperor of Austria (Franz Josef) died 1916 - no
more unity
5. Auxiliary Service Law =
6. socialists & Catholics vs. conservatives &
military leaders=Germany
peace
vs.
all-or-nothing
7. stalemates & Russian failures affect Germany's
military superiority attitude










. The Peace Settlement
A. The End of the War
1. *Second Battle of the Marne - July 1918
a. last German advance on France
2. Bulgaria drops out Sept. 1918. Otto. Emp. Drops
out Nov. 1, 1918.
3. German sailors & soldiers revolt - November 3, 1918
4. Austria-Hungary surrenders to the Allies - Nov. 3,
1918
5. *German Emperor William II abdicates & flees to
Holland
6. Socialist leaders proclaim a German republic - Nov.
9, 1918=
7. Armistice goes into effect - Nov. 11, 1918, at
__11 am____

Revolution in Germany
1. military defeat brought political revolution to Germany &
Austria-Hungary
a. liberals & moderate socialists take control of the
central government
1. German Social Democrats = Marxian
socialists
a. ended the war
b. workers' & soldiers’ councils formed countergov't
2. Habsburg Empire (Austrian-Hungarian Empire) perished
a. Austria
b. Hungary
c. Czechoslovakia
d. Yugoslavia
1. new countries created

3. Turkey’s Armenian Genocide: Turks killed thousands of Orthodox Christians



















The Treaty of Versailles (treaty 1/5 of the Paris
Peace Settlement) Jan. 1919
1. *United States, Great Britain, France,
Italy=Big Four (26 other nations)
a. President Wilson's 14 Points
1. stressed national self-determination
2. rights of small countries
3. *viewed the war as a way to make the
world safe for democracy--14 Points
would insure this
4. League of Nations: countries would
discuss their problems & try to prevent war








Lloyd George - Britain
1. make Germany pay for the war, "squeeze"
c. Georges Clemenceau - France
1. revenge
2. wanted the creation of a buffer state
between France & Germany
(“Rhineland Nation”)
3. permanent demilitarization of
Germany
4. make Germany pay for the war
(reparations)
d. Vittorio Orlando-Italy=wanted some Austrian lands
formal defensive alliance with the U.S. & Britain to protect France

3. agreements in the Treaty of Versailles-officially ended the war
w/ Ger.

a. Germany's colonies given to France, Britain, & Japan

b. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France and Saar Basin
coal mines could be worked for 15 years by the French
Germany &
 Russia weren’t c. parts of Germany inhabited primarily by Poles were
 allowed to go to ceded to the new Polish state
the Treaty

d. Germany limits its army to 100,000 men and destroy war weapons
meeting

e. Germany agreed to build no military fortifications in

the Rhineland and have no military whatsoever in this area.

1. also no military 50 kilometers east of the
Rhine River

f. *pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused
by the war=5 billion dollars a year until 1921, and then a
final figure would be set and Germany would be given
15 years to pay the full amount.

g. *war guilt clause: Germany had to accept full
__responsibility____for the war=clause 231.

4. Signed June 28, 1919, by the Social Democrats of Germany and
the Catholic Center Party
















Separate Peace Treaties (part of The Paris Peace Settlement)
1. Parts of Hungary was ceded to Romania,
Czechoslovakia,
Poland, and Yugoslavia
2. Italy got some Austrian territory
3. France got Lebanon & Syria (Mandates)
4. Britain got Iraq & Palestine (Mandates)
5. Germany’s holdings in China to Japan
E. American Rejection of the Versailles Treaty
1. United States Senate rejects peace plan
a. Henry Cabot Lodge - Republican senator
1. refused to pass the treaty
a. wanted to change League of Nations
2. *refused to ratify defensive alliance
with France
a. *France was left to guarantee
European Peace
2. Great Britain refused to ratify its defensive alliance
with France
Francis Ferdinand and Wife Sophia shortly before
their death
The Assassin G. Principe





Political and Economic Factors
A. calls to revise or to enforce the Paris treaties
contributed to domestic and political turmoil
across the continent.
*what had been normal economic and social
life before 1914 could not be reestablished.
European states were deep in debt to each
other and to the United States
*Collective bargaining and union recognition
brought on by the war were there to stay

(bargaining for wages & working conditions)








The Soviet Experiment Begins (Russia becomes the Soviet
Union/U.S.S.R.)
A. communism was seen as exportable commodity that
could disrupt other countries
Communist Party ruled the Soviet Union from 1917 until
1991
II. War Communism (Russian Civil War)
*White Russian armies were eventually ___defeated___
Cheka appeared: soviet secret police
political and economic administration became highly
centralized under the Bolsheviks
many Russians rebelled against the Soviet government in
1920 and 1921
 grain shortages and starvation-5 million people died
 Baltic fleet mutinied and was crushed by Red Army


. *New Economic Policy
*under pressure from the above mentioned
rebellions Lenin, changed course under his
New __Economic__ Policy program
 peasants could farm for profit
 tolerate some capitalistic ideas in light industry


some communist considered NEP a betrayal of
Marxist’s ideas
in 1924 Lenin died


Stalin vs. Trotsky
Lenin’s death started a power vacuum

1. Two factions emerged
 a. Leon Trotsky
 i. leader of the Red Army
 ii. believed Russian successes depended on Communists
revolutions all over the world

b. Joseph Stalin


i. communists parties general secretary
ii. *being party leader allowed him to isolate Trotsky,
exile him, and then to_assassinate__ him in Mexico
City





*Third International (Comintern)
A. job was to spread communism to other
countries
B. communist parties in other countries had
to accept the Twenty-one Conditions:
Rules communist parties around the world were supposed to follow
1. wanted to destroy democratic socialism
 some communist parties in other countries did not accept
the Twenty-one Conditions


i. split every major European socialist
party












Fascism
A. term was coined by Benito Mussolini= first fascist
____dictator_____
B. *What are the characteristics of Fascism?*:
1. antidemocratic
2. extremely anti-Marxist (anti-Communist)
3. antiparliamentary
4. frequently anti-__semitism____= hatred against an
specific group of people
5. wanted to make the world safe for the middle class,
small businesses, and small farmers
6. against parliamentary government
7. usually single-party dictatorships
characterized by terrorism and police
surveillance
8. a cult of great leaders

Rise of Mussolini
1919: “Bands of Combat” was founded by Mussolini
 *A socialist at first, Mussolini later changed his mind







1. “*whichever way the wind blows”
C. Postwar Italian Political Turmoil
1. politics was a muddle
2. many different political parties
in the Italian legislature
3. industrial strikes were common
4. Peasants occupied land that was
not their own


. Early Fascist Organization
1. Mussolini and his supporters terrorized Socialist
Party
meetings
 fascists attacked strikers and farm workers
 Italian government simply looked the other way
 by 1922 fascist controlled the local government of Northern Italy




E. March on Rome—October 22, 1922
1. *fascists dressed in Black Shirts marched from
Naples to Rome=*King would not block the march
with army
2. intimidated, King Victor Emmanuel III made
Mussolini his prime __minister___.
a. Mussolini came into office through legal means




The Fascists in Power
November 23, 1922, the king and parliament granted Mussolini
dictatorial authority for one year.
parliament changed the election law to allow any party who
gained 25% the vote to receive 2/3rds seat in the Chamber of
Deputies (lower house in parliament)
1924 fascist won enough votes to control the Chamber of Deputies






1. Mussolini was given the authority to rule by decree
2. all other political parties were dissolved
D. Lateran Accord of February 1929
1. *officially gave the Pope the authority
to rule the independent state of the Vatican
City
2. Italian state paid the Pope for confiscated
land
E. Women were encouraged to have 14 children
1. gave gold wedding bands in exchange for iron ones

France
The search for security
 Clemenceau was not reelected president by the
Chamber of Deputies because he was too lenient to the
Germans at Versailles
 France made military pacts with Czechoslovakia,
Romania, Yugoslavia, and Poland.
 Germany and Russia established diplomatic and
economic relations with each other. This worried
France
 *Ruhr Crisis (1923): Germany can’t pay off their war
debts, France invaded Ruhr Valley & stole German coal,
France
German workers were expected to mine the coal, German
is being
workers go on strike, Germany gave the workers millions
a bully!
of $$$, caused horrible inflation


Great Britain


WW I changed politics and the political system in Great Britain
 1918 Parliament expanded the electorate to include all men
aged twenty-one and women aged thirty. (1928 women
voters allowed to vote at twenty-one)
 a coalition of Liberal, Labour, and Conservative ministries
directed the war effort.
a. participation of the Labour party helped dispel its
radical __________.

Economic Downturn
 British economy was severely depressed during the 1920’s
 unemployment never dipped below 10%
 the “dole”:

First Labour Government
 In October 1922, Liberal Lloyd George (last liberal P.M.) was replaced
with Andrew Bonar Law, a Conservative.
 Law, who was dying, was replaced with Conservative Stanley Baldwin.
*Baldwin abandoned free trade
 *imposed high protective tariffs
 voters rejected Baldwin’s policies
 for the first time in British History the Labour Party ran the cabinet
 first Labour P.M. was Ramsey ________________
 Labour Party was socialist in its platform but democratic and distinctly nonrevolutionary.
 not Marxist
 McDonald proved that the Labour party was both respectable and responsible.
 Liberal party is weakened with many people switching to the Conservative or
Labour party

General Strike of 1926:

Ireland
 Irish Home Rule Bill had passed Parliament but its
implementation was postponed until after the war.
 Easter Rebellion April 1916 in Dublin
 crushed by Britain
 executed leaders of rebellion
IRA: Irish
 leadership of the nationalist cause soon shifted from the __Irish____
Terrorist
party in Parliament to Sinn Fein: “ourselves alone”
group: Irish
 1918 won all but four of the Irish Parliamentary seats outside
Republican
Ulster.
Army
 Sinn Fein refused to go to Parliament and constituted into the Dail
Eireannor Irish Parliament.
 declared independence
 late 1921 treaty was signed that allowed Ireland to became
part of the British Commonwealth except for the six counties
of Ulster of Northern Ireland







Weimar Republic’s early days
--Spartacus Uprising. Communists uprising in Berlin crushed just before
Weimar government is set up
A. *name of the German government after WW I until the rise of Adolf
Hitler. Named after the Weimar Constitution.
B. made up primarily of social democrats
1. Weimar government was associated with the disgraces and
economic hardships of the Treaty of __Versailles___
2. Social Democrats were distrusted and never commanded popular
support

3. *March 1920 Kapp Putcsh: “Armed Insturection” Army officers
revolted & took over Berlin for 3 weeks
 May 1921, Allies presented a reparations bill for 132 billion gold marks
 Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution: In an emergency, it allowed the president
of Germany to rule by degree infamous

*Ruhr Crises (German point of view) and
Inflation:

Borrowing to finance the war and the continued
postwar deficits generated an immense rise in
__prices___
 early, 1921 the German mark traded against the
American dollar at a ration of 64 to 1.
 France invaded the Ruhr valley and when German
workers refused to work the Germany government
printed money to support them.
 *led to massive inflation- November 1923, one American dollar equals more than 800
million German marks.
 debts and mortgages were easy to pay off
 savings and insurance policies were wiped out.
 wheel barrel full of money, toy money, paper worth more
than printed on, burning money, money wallpaper and the
price of bread: 435,000 marks
So much money, for so little: German Hyperinflation
Can you find Hitler as a German WWI soldier?
German General Ludendorff

Adolf Hitler’s early career
from Austria
 served in WW I as a __German____ soldier
 settled in Munich and became acquainted with a
small nationalistic anti-Semitic, political party called
the *National Socialist German Workers’ Party or
simply known as the Nazis.
 *state four of the Twenty-Five Points:

-confiscation of war profits
 -Exclude Jews from German & Austrian citizenship
 -Unification of Austria & Germany
 -Denunciate the Versailles Treaty




The Nazis had their own private army called the SA
or storm troopers.
 wore brown shirted uniforms (Sturmabteilung)
 used terror and intimidation
Hitler came to dominate the Nazi Party
 role model was Mussolini
*Beer Hall Putsch
 Hitler and General Ludendorff (German WW I
General) attempted to take over Munich.
 attempt failed and Hitler sentenced to five years
(only served a few months time)
 while in jail Hitler wrote Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”

*Locarno Agreement: 1. Did not undo the
Treaty of Versailles. 2. Germany accepted the
border with France. 3. Germany and France
agree not to __Attack___ each other 4. France
agreed to let _Germany_____ in the League of
Nations 5. Germany did not get what it
wanted in the East—Germany was
unreconciled when it came to its’__Eastern___
border. Germany still wanted parts of __Poland__ and Czechoslovakia back. 6. Most
Germans regarded Locarno as an extension of
the Versailles treaty.
V. Orlando-Italy
The German delegation who signed the
Treaty of Versailles
Georges Clemenceau-France
Lloyd George-UK