TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Industry and Sectionalism
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Analyze why industrialization took root in the
northern part of the United States.
• Describe the impact of industrialization on
northern life.
• Analyze the reasons that agriculture and
slavery became entrenched in the South.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
Tariff of 1816 – a tax on imports designed to
protect American industry
•
capital – money used to invest in factories or
other productive assets
•
labor union – a group of workers who unite to
seek better pay and working conditions
•
nativist – person opposed to immigrants and
immigration
•
cotton gin – machine invented by Eli Whitney in
1793 to quickly separate seeds from cotton fibers
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did the North and the South differ
during the first half of the 1800s?
Industrialization occurred mainly in the
Northeast, while cotton production deepened
the South’s dependence on slavery.
These two geographical regions developed in
different ways, creating a complicated
political environment.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Although Thomas Jefferson favored a nation
of farmers, Democratic Republican policies in
contributed to the growth of American
industry in the early 1800s.
• The embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off the
supply of British goods, leading to the growth of
American industry.
• The Tariff of 1816 protected American industry by
increasing the price of imported goods. American
manufacturers benefited from the tariff, but the
higher prices hurt farmers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the early nineteenth century, the North
embraced industry.
• Factory owners had
access to capital, or
money, for investment.
• Immigrants provided
inexpensive labor.
• Swiftly flowing rivers
provided cheap power.
Canals made it easier and cheaper for
manufacturers to ship their goods.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the early nineteenth century, workers
tried to unite but were not very successful.
• The Workingmen’s Party failed in both state and
local elections in 1820.
• The Workingmen’s Party supported the right of
workers to form labor unions, organizations that
unite to improve pay and working conditions.
• Early labor unions focused primarily on helping
skilled tradesmen, such as carpenters and printers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Early attempts
to force employers
to raise pay through
strikes seldom
succeeded.
• The Lowell girls were
forced to accept pay
cuts when their protests
failed in 1834 and 1836.
• Factory owners
frequently turned to
sympathetic judges for
assistance.
• A New York court
convicted twenty tailors
of conspiracy for forming
a union in 1835.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The industrial revolution brought about
the emergence of a middle class.
• The middle class was made up of managers, clerks,
accountants, and retailers, who worked in offices
outside the home.
• The middle class was economically above laborers but
below business owners.
• The middle class moved away from the crowded city,
which led to socially segregated neighborhoods.
• Middle class women began to stay at home.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Immigration changed America’s urban
population beginning in the 1840s.
Most immigrants came to Northern cities.
Few went to the South.
Immigration grew from 600,000 per year in
the 1830s to 2,800,000 per year in the 1850s.
Prior to 1840, most immigrants were English
or Scottish. After 1840, a larger percentage
were Irish or German.
The Irish arrived following a potato famine.
The Germans came due to a failed revolution,
famine, and depression.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
For the first time, many immigrants
were Catholic or Jewish.
Many Protestants distrusted the Catholic Church and
resented immigrants as competitors for jobs.
Nativist politicians in the new Whig Party exploited
ethnic prejudices and campaigned against immigration
and immigrants.
In response, most Catholic and Jewish immigrants
joined the Democratic Party.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• The rapid influx of people
Most immigrants
became urban
laborers, though
some set up
businesses or
moved to the
Midwest.
caused social, economic and
political strains in cities.
• Various immigrant groups
and free Africans competed
for jobs and for housing in
shabby neighborhoods.
• This competition led to riots
in Philadelphia in 1844 and
in Baltimore in 1854.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Although the Founding Fathers had hoped that
slavery would gradually fade away, slavery
continued in the South.
• The invention of
Three developments
caused cotton production
to surge, making slavery
very profitable in the
Deep South.
the cotton gin
• The expansion of
cotton production
westward
• A huge demand
for cotton because
of industrialization
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
By making it easier to separate the seeds from the
cotton fibers, the gin turned cotton from a minor
crop into the major export of the American South.
Between 1793 and 1820, cotton production rose
from 5 million pounds to 170 million pounds a year.
Planters expanded or built new cotton plantations
throughout the south.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The new plantations filled a demand from factories
in the Northeast and Europe as “King Cotton” soon
accounted for half the value of all U.S. exports.
Importation of slaves was
abolished in 1808, causing
a huge increase in the cost
of a slave from $600 in
1802 to $1,800 in 1860.
The slave population grew
from 1.5 million in 1820 to
4 million in 1860.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Dependence on “King Cotton” greatly
limited the economy of the South.
• Fluctuating prices led to bankruptcies in bad
years and high profits in others.
• Unlike the North, the South saw very little
urban growth. Few immigrants were attracted to
the South.
• The South failed to develop the commercial
towns common in the Northeast and Midwest.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As the North’s urban population grew, the
South lost political power, especially in the
House of Representatives.
Southerners feared that Northerners would
threaten their investment in slavery.
Little was done for poor whites. Illiteracy was
three times the rate in the North.
Southerners rationalized that slavery was a
positive that Christianized and helped Africans.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• In 1860, only one in
four southern families
owned slaves.
While the South
defended slavery,
slaveholders were
actually a small
minority.
• Three fourths of the
families who did own
slaves owned fewer
than ten.
• Only a small aristocracy
of 3,000 wealthy
planters owned 100 or
more slaves.
• The typical slaveholder
lived in a farmhouse
and worked beside his
four or five slaves.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
If so few
benefited from
slavery, why
did Southerners
defend the
slave system?
• Most aspired to acquire slaves
and a plantation.
• Southern whites shared a
sense of racial superiority and
pride in their independence.
• Most believed that slaves were
better off than poor northern
factory workers.
• Most feared that freed blacks
would seek a bloody revenge.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Jefferson, Madison, and Washington apologized for slavery as
a necessary evil. But by the 1850s, proslavery Southerners
defended slavery as a positive good.