Water ________ &
General Types of
Water _________
1
_____f the Earth’s Freshwater
Is _____ Available to Us
Water covers _____% of earth’s surface
 Freshwater availability – _____%



Groundwater, lakes, rivers, and streams
___________ cycle
Movement of water in the seas, land, and air
 Driven by solar energy and gravity
 Distributed unevenly


________ can alter the hydrologic cycle

Withdrawing water, polluting, climate change2
Water _______
 Irrigation
(____%)– watering crops
 Industry (____%)– coolant (power plant)
 Domestic and Municipal (____%)–
drinking, sewage, bathwater, dishwater &
laundry
3

__________
__________
Not consumed;
used to
produce food
and other
products
4
Fig. 13-6, p. 322
Case Study: ________
Resources in the United States
Freshwater supplies are not ______
distributed, and one of every six people on
the planet does ____ have adequate access to
______ water
 We are using available freshwater
____________ by wasting it, polluting it, and
underpricing what is an irreplaceable natural
resource
 Effects our misuse are _______, _______,
5
and __________.

TOO ______ WATER
Problems include ________, ________ of water
supply, and ________ seeping into ground.
 Heavy _______, rapid snowmelt, removal of
__________, and destruction of _________
cause flooding.
 __________, which include wetlands, help
provide _________ flood and _______ control,
maintain high water quality, and recharge
groundwater.
 To minimize floods, rivers have been narrowed
with ________ and ______, and dammed to6
store water.

TOO MUCH WATER
Tree plantation
Diverse
ecological
habitat
Evapotranspiration
Trees reduce soil
erosion from heavy
rain and wind
Roads
destabilize
hillsides
Agricultural
land
Tree roots
stabilize soil
Vegetation releases water
slowly and reduces flooding
Forested Hillside
Evapotranspiration decreases
Overgrazing accelerates soil
erosion by water and wind
Winds remove
fragile topsoil
Agricultural
land is flooded
and silted up
Gullies and
landslides
Heavy rain erodes topsoil
Silt from erosion fills
rivers and reservoirs
Rapid runoff
causes flooding
After Deforestation
7
Stepped
Art
Fig. 13-29, p. 343
Too ______ Water
Examples include ________ and expanding deserts (___________).
8
__________ / _______ Depletion

Most aquifers are ___________

Unless water is contaminated or removed
Aquifers provide ________ water for half
the world
 Water ________are falling in many parts of
the world, primarily from crop __________
 Groundwater that use to supply cities and
grow food is being pumped from aquifers in
some areas _______ than it is renewed by
9
______________.

Groundwater &
Aquifers
Ogallala Aquifer

Groundwater or aquifers are water _________ areas that are
located beneath the ground surface in soil _______ spaces and
fractures in the Earth’s formations. Natural discharge occurs
from __________ and ____________.
The water table ____________the level of Earth’s land _______ to
which the aquifer is ________ or the division between saturated
and unsaturated rock.
____________ rates of aquifers differ depending on the
surrounding conditions of the land and the water cycle. The
10
circulation rate of most aquifers is usually slow (__________years)
compared to the rate they are being depleted.
Ground Water ___________
Ground water problems
include ________,
increase in _______, and
________ too much.
 __________ can form
when the roof of an
underground cavern
collapses from draining
too much water.
 Harms both humans and
11
endangers many species.

Case Study: Overpumping the
___________

Ogallala aquifer – ________ known aquifer
Extends from South Dakota to Texas
 __________ the Great Plains
 Very slow recharge
 Water table __________


Water pumped ________ times faster than recharge
Government _________ to continue farming
deplete the aquifer further
 ___________ threatened in some areas
 Northern states will still have ample supplies, but
12
for the south it’s getting thinner.

Groundwater Depletion:
A ________ Problem


Areas of
greatest aquifer
depletion from
groundwater
_________ in
the continental
U.S.
The Ogallala, the world’s largest aquifer, is
most of the _____ area in the center
13
Figure 13-5
(Midwest).
Population ________
 Problems
include _________
fresh water, pollution, and
_____-_______ so that water
can’t seep into the ______.
14
________ Water Resources
There are water wars out west.
__________ bought the water from the
Colorado River, but _______ wants it.
Who owns it?
 The same thing is happening in ______.
More water rights are sold than the
actual amount of water. How do you
share water? This is a _______ all over
the _______.
15

U.S. Geological Survey projection, 2007: Water hotspots
Washington
Montana
Oregon
Idaho
Wyoming
By ______,
areas around
world could
face intense
conflicts over
scarce water
Nevada
North
Dakota
South
Dakota
Nebraska
Utah
Colorado
California
Kansas
Oklahoma
Arizona
New
Mexico
Texas
Highly likely conflict potential
Substantial conflict potential
Moderate conflict potential
Unmet rural water needs
16
Fig. 13-8, p. 323
_________ Surface Water
Case Study- ___________


The Aral Sea has been greatly affected by water _________
projects for irrigation and this has caused lake water levels to
drop. This has created a ______ ecological, economic, and
health _________.(read pg. 333)
Effects of the dropping sea level :
Water has dropped _____ meters since 1961
The sea’s _________ has tripled
20 of the 24 _________ fish species have gone __________.
About ____% of wetlands have been eliminated and ____%
of local bird and mammal species have disappeared.
1989
2008
2012
17
Stable Runoff

As water runs off from rain, it’s supposed to get
into rivers, and finally off to the sea. But when
we dam rivers, less goes to the ocean, meaning
the brackish water (where the river hits the
ocean) becomes more salty. This is the
breeding ground for many fish and
invertebrates. This harms the ecology of the
area.
18
_________ of Irrigated Soil
 Water
is poured onto soil and
_________. Over time, as this is
repeated, nothing will grow there
anymore.
19
Impacts of Human __________
on Freshwater Systems

Dams, cities, farmlands, and filled-in wetlands
alter and degrade freshwater habitats.
 Dams, diversions and canals have fragmented
about ____% of the world’s _____ large rivers.
 Flood control ______ and ______ alter and
destroy aquatic habitats.
 Cities and farmlands add ________ and excess
plant ___________ to streams and rivers.
 Many inland wetlands have been ________ or
_______ for agriculture or (sub)urban
20
development.
Water ___________
21
_____ and _________
•Description: A dammed stream that can
______ & ____ water from rain & melted snow.
•Benefits: __________ power; provides water
to towns; recreation; controls floods downstream
• Problems: Reduces downstream flow;
________ water from reaching the _____
(Colorado River) devastates fish life; reduces
biodiversity.
22
USING DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TO SUPPLY MORE WATER

Large dams and reservoirs can produce
_______ electricity, reduce downstream
________, and provide year-round
water for irrigating _________, but they
also displace people and _______
aquatic systems.
23
Provides water
for year-round
irrigation of
cropland
Provides
water for
drinking
Reservoir is
useful for
recreation
and fishing
Can produce
cheap
electricity
(hydropower)
Downstream
flooding is
reduced
Flooded land
destroys forests
or cropland and
displaces people
Large losses of
water through
evaporation
Downstream
cropland and
estuaries are
deprived of
nutrient-rich silt
Risk of
failure and
devastating
downstream
flooding
Migration and
spawning of
some fish are
disrupted
24
Fig. 13-13a, p. 328
Powerlines
Reservoir
Dam
Intake
Powerhouse
Turbine
25
Fig. 13-13a, p. 328
Case Study:
___________ River
Issues

The Colorado River has so many
dams and withdrawals that it _____
does not reach the ________.


Has _____ major dams , reservoirs,
and canals.
Flows through ______ states and two
__________, with much of its course
through desert.

Large quantities of water removed
from it every year to __________ in
other parts of the country.

Many _____________ species live in
or along the course of the river.
Lake Powell, is
the second largest
reservoir in the
U.S.
26
Colorado River
Issues
Glen Canyon Dam

Advantages of a river’s use are:
provides water for more than
24 million people
irrigates 2 million acres of land
provides major tourist
attractions
provides 4,000 MW of
electricity

Disadvantages of a river’s use are:
lowered water quality
river delta affected by low water
flows
loss of habitat for many animals
major construction and diversion
27
issues
________ High Dam

______ dams straddle the Nile River at Aswan, Egypt.
Completed in 1970 and formed Lake ________ which is 550
km long and capable of holding two years of the Nile's annual
flow.

The main objectives of the project were:
________ generation in a renewable form.
_______ control in downstream locations.
__________ of water for agriculture and domestic use.

A serious detrimental effect is the loss of the annual floods
downstream. These used to replenish the nutrients of the
flood plain and flush out accumulated salts.
Wiki Commons
28
Aswan High Dam
‣ Without flooding, __________must be applied to the land and
salts build up in the soils, causing crops to fail.
‣ Without annual deposition of river sediments because of buildup behind the dam, the land is ________, allowing the sea to
encroach up the river delta.
‣ Damming has also caused ______% of commercially fished
species in the Nile to disappear.
‣ Time will tell if better management will help to reverse the
Photo: NASA
problems currently being experienced in the Nile Delta region.
29
Photo: Christoph FlinkoBl



30
Photo: Guuganji Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0

Spans the Yangtze River
at Sandouping, China.
__________ hydroelectric
dam in the world, capable
of producing 22,500MW
of electricity. (equal to
___ large coal burning
plants or nuclear power
plants)
Major construction began
in 1994 and was
completed by 2012.
______ over whether
advantages will out way
disadvantages.
Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0
________
Gorges Dam
Three Gorges Dam ________

_____________ of construction:
reduction of _____ use in coal fired
power stations
flood control downstream
drought ______
Photo: BS Thurner Hof Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0
better navigation of the river by
ships

____________ of construction:
_____________of wetlands and
agricultural lands
loss of endangered plant and
animal habitats
archaeological sites ______
upstream
The critically endangered Siberian crane
uses wetlands for winter feeding that will be
flooded by the Three Gorges Dam.
towns and cities flooded and ____
million people displaced
31
Built over seismatic _______
and
already has small cracks.
Dam ___________

Some dams are being removed for _________
reasons and because they have outlived their
usefulness.
In 1998 the U.S. Army Corps of _________
announced that it would no longer build large dams
and diversion projects in the U.S.
 The Federal ________ Regulatory Commission has
approved the removal of nearly _______ dams.
 Removing dams can reestablish ecosystems, but
can also re-release ___________ into the
32
environment.

Water ________
•Description: _________ a river to
control where the water flows
•Benefits: Keeps water where we
want it- _______!
•Problems: Drains _________,
destroys ______
33
_____________
•Description: Removing _____ from
______ water
•Benefits: ___________
•Problems: Uses lots of ______; costs
____X’s more money; what do we do
with the salt?
34
__________ SEAWATER

Removing salt from seawater by current
methods is ___________and produces large
amounts of salty wastewater that must be
disposed of ________.

___________: heating saltwater until it
evaporates, leaves behind water in solid form.
 _____________: uses high pressure to force
saltwater through a membrane filter.
35
________ CLOUDS, AND TOWING
________ AND GIANT _________

Seeding clouds with tiny
particles of __________ to
increase rainfall, _______
icebergs or huge bags
filled with freshwater to
dry ______ areas have all
been proposed but are
_______ to provide
significant amounts of
freshwater.
36
_________ Icebergs
•Description: ______ massive icebergs to
_____ coastal areas (S. California; Saudi
Arabia)
•Benefits: __________
•Problems: _________ not available; costs ____
37
high; raise ___________ around the earth.
__________WATER SUPPLIES BY
WASTING _______ WATER
_______ percent of world’s irrigation water
is currently ______, but improved irrigation
techniques could cut this waste to ____%.
 ______ Method – delivers water directly to
root. ______% efficient.
 ___________, low pressure sprinklers
sprays water directly onto crop.

_____% of water reaches crop.
 Has reduced depletion of Ogallala aquifer in
Texas High Plains by _____%.

38
Drip irrigation
(efficiency 90–95%)
Gravity flow
(efficiency 60% and
80% with surge
valves)
Center pivot
(efficiency 80%–95%)
Water usually comes from
an aqueduct system or a
nearby river.
Above- or belowground pipes or tubes
deliver water to
individual plant roots.
Water usually pumped
from underground and
sprayed from mobile
39
boom with sprinklers.
____________
Using ____ water or ______ the
water we have
 __________

Recycle water
_________
 Surge flow (gravity)
 Drip irrigation $$
 ____________
 Incentives and regulations
limiting water use
 ______water

_________: Saves
money and wildlife
 _________:
bothersome to
people; lack of
caring; laziness

40
___________
41
WATER __________: SOURCES,
_______, AND _______

Water ________ is any chemical, biological,
or physical change in water quality that has a
________effect on living organisms or makes
water unsuitable for desired uses.

______ source: specific location such as a
factory or sewage treatment plant (drain pipes,
ditches, sewer lines).
 _______ source: cannot be traced to a single
site of discharge (atmospheric deposition,
agricultural / industrial / residential runoff)
42
Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
43
_______ of Pollution
____________
 Fertilizers, pesticides, animal wastes, sediment
eroded from the land
 __________ Waste
 Sewage, fertilizers, dumping into drainage ditches,
etc.
 __________ Waste
 Chemicals left over from manufacturing, waste
products, etc.
 _______
44
 Erosion and toxic chemicals

_______ of Water Pollutants
__________ Wastes
 _________ Wastes
 __________
 _________
 _________
 _________

In the Ganges River in India the
people drink, wash clothes and
use the restroom all in the same
water.
45
________ Compounds
_______, not biological, in origin.
 ___________ that contain
elements other than carbon.
 Ex. include acids, salts, and
heavy metals like mercury and
lead.
 Many find their way into both
_________water and
____________ from sources such
as industries, mines, irrigation
runoff, oil drilling and urban
runoff from storm sewers. 46

Inorganic Compounds
__________
 _______ and ________ come
from sources such as human
and animal wastes, plant
residues, atmospheric
deposition and residential land.
_____________ _______
 Some of these inorganic
pollutants are ______ to
aquatic organisms.

Bioaccumulation, biomagnification
47
__________ Effects
_______and _______ are poisonous. Mercury
exposure to developing _______ in pregnant
women has been linked to a variety of
__________such as mental retardations,
cerebral palsy, and developing delays, causes
kidney disorders and several damage the
nervous and cardiovascular systems.
 ______ levels of mercury in the brain cause
___________ problems such as _________,
depression, and quarrelsome behavior.

48
____ and _____ Nutrients

________ such as nitrogen and phosphorus
that stimulate the _______ of plants and algae.
Known as _____________.
49
____________
Definition
 The __________ of a lake or pond by
inorganic plant and algal nutrients
such as ___________.
 Because this gets into our water
supply from _______, etc., and is
something that is not normally in the
water, it is considered _________.
50
Eutrophication
_____________
 Fertilizers, erosion, sewage, etc. get into
water and the effect is high
_____________ productivity.
____________ _______
 Excess nutrients encourage excessive
growth of algal and aquatic plants. This
causes problems, including enrichment
and bad odor. (______ Zone or _____)

water is cloudy and has layer of algae and
cyanobacteria.
51
Area of ocean/sea in which the __________ has been depleted
to the point that most animals and bacteria cannot survive.
Caused by runoff of chemicals and animal/human wastes

Low oxygen conditions
Hypoxia

No oxygen conditions
Anoxia
52
______ Vs. _______Eutrophication

Eutrophication
natural aquatic _________ of nutrient
enrichment, mostly from ______ of plant
nutrients from the surrounding land.
 occurs over several ___________ years


Cultural eutrophication
drive by human ________
 occurs ________


_____% of large lakes near major population centers
in the U.S. have some degree of cultural
eutrophication.
53
________ Compounds
Definition
 Chemicals that contain _______. Most
found in water are __________ chemicals.
Causes
 Produced by human activities; these
included _________, solvents, detergents,
_____, industrial chemicals and _______,
and seepage from landfills.
54
Organic Compounds
_______ Effects
 Hundreds of synthetic organic
compounds are toxic and some of
these have been shown to cause
________ or ______ defects.
_____________ Effects
 _______ into ground/surface waters
from land fills
 ________ into ground from runoff
55
_________ Pollution
Definition
 Excessive amounts of _________ soil particles
that eventually settle _____ and accumulate on
the _______ of a body of water. (__________)
Causes
 ________ of agricultural lands, forest soils
exposed by logging, ________ stream banks,
overgrazed rangelands, strip mines, and
56
construction.
Environmental Effects

Reduces
_______
penetration,
covering
_________
organisms,
bringing
insoluble
______
pollutants into
the water,
and filling in
waterways.
57
_________ Effects
Sediments adversely affect water
quality by carrying ______chemicals.
 The sediment particles provide surface
area to which some insoluble, toxic
compounds ________; when the
sediments enter the water, so do toxic
chemicals.
 ________-causing agents can also be
transported into water via sediments.

58
__________ Substances
 Contains
atoms of unstable _______
that spontaneously emit _______ such
as uranium, plutonium and thorium
59
Radioactive Substances
_________
 Get into water from _______ and processing
of radioactive minerals, nuclear _______
industry, or medical/scientific __________.
__________ Effects
 Pollutes air, water and soil.
________ Effects
 _________, birth defects, mental retardation,
genetic disease, leukemia, ______ (breast,
bone, thyroid, skin, lung), burns, cataracts,
60
_______ sterility.
_________ Pollution
Definition
 Unnatural ________ of water changing the
ambient temperature
Causes
 When _________ water produced during certain
__________ processes is released into
waterways.
_____________ Effects
 ____________ of wastes occurs faster, depleting
the water of oxygen; this affects aquatic life. 61
_______ Pollution / Dissolved _______
Health Effects
 Typically affects _______, not humans.

Water quality and dissolved oxygen (DO) content in
parts per million (______) at 20°C.
 Only a ____ fish species can _______ in water 62
less than 4ppm at 20°C.
Pollution of ________ Streams

Flowing streams can recover from a
moderate level of _________ water
pollutants if they are not _________ and
their flows are not reduced.

In a flowing stream, the breakdown of
degradable wastes by _______ depletes DO
and creates and ________ sag curve.

This _______ or ________ populations of
organisms with _____ oxygen requirements.
63
Water Pollution Problems: Streams

Dilution and decay of degradable, oxygendemanding wastes and heat in a stream. 64
Pollution of Freshwater ________
Most ________ countries have sharply
_________ point-source pollution but toxic
chemicals and pollution from
________sources are still a problem.
 Stream pollution from discharges of
___________ sewage and industrial
_______is a major problem in developing
_________.

65
Pollution of Freshwater _____

________ of pollutants in lakes is less
effective than in most streams because most
lake water is ____ mixed well and has little
flow.
Lakes and reservoirs are often ________ and
undergo little mixing.
 Low flow makes them susceptible to _______.


Various human activities can overload lakes
with plant nutrients, which _______DO and
66
_____ some aquatic species.
_______ Pollution

North ______ Garbage Patch
Two rotating gyres
 On or just beneath the water surface
 Tiny _________ pieces harmful to wildlife


Crude and refined __________


Highly disruptive pollutants
Largest source of ocean _____ pollution

Urban and industrial ________ from land
67
____________
 When
a tanker accident happens, it gets lots
of publicity. EX. 1989 – _______ Valdez, oil tanker
 But, more oil is released by normal operation
of ________ wells, washing tankers & from
pipeline or storage tank _______. EX. 2010 –
___ Deepwater ________ in the Gulf of Mexico
 Estimated
that oil companies spill, leak, or
waste per year an amount of oil ______ to
that shipped by _______ huge Exxon Valdez
tankers.
68
________ Oil
 Oil
_____ the feathers of birds (especially
diving birds) and the _____ of marine
animals, destroying the animals’ natural
_________ and __________
 Many drown or die of exposure from loss
of body ______.

Heavy oil components sink

Affect the bottom ________
69
Other Information
Oil is broken down by ________ over time;
slower in cold waters.
 Heavy oil components can ________ bottomdwelling organisms such as crabs, oysters,
mussels, and clams, or make them _____ to
eat.
 Oil spills have _____ coral reefs. A recent
study showed that diesel oil becomes more
______ to marine life with the passage of time.
70

Methods of Clean
__________



Floating _______ contain the
oil spill or keep it from
reaching sensitive areas
_________boats are used to
vacuum up some of the oil
into collection barges
Absorbent ______ or large
feather-filled ________ are
used to soak up oil on
beaches or in waters that are
too shallow for skimmer
boats
_________



____________agents cause
floating oil to clump together
for easier pickup or sink to
the bottom, where it usually
does less harm.
___________agents break
up oil slicks. However, these
can also damage some types
of organisms.
______can also burn off
floating oil, but crude oil is
hard to ignite.
71
Case Study: The ____ Deepwater
_______ Oil-Rig Spill

Spill from deep-sea oil drilling – ___
mile deep
Released ____ million barrels of crude oil
 Contaminated vast areas of coastline
 Caused by _________ failure and poor
__________


Government ________ new standards
for offshore drilling procedures
72
Drinking Water
Problems
73
_______
Causes
 Release of _____ water from drains or sewers
(toilets, washing machines, and showers) and
include human _______, ______ and
____________
Environmental Effects
 ___________ – the fertilization of a body of
water, caused by the presence of high levels of
plants and algal nutrients like nitrogen and
74
phosphorus
Sewage
75
________ Effects
 ________
– dissolved oxygen is
needed by organisms, like fish, but
when sewage enters an aquatic
ecosystem, the ___________
bloom, leaving less oxygen for the
fish, etc., and then they ______
Sewage
carries ________causing agents.
76
________ Bacteria
The _______recommends there be _____
colonies of bacteria per ____ml of drinking
water and _____ colonies per _____ml of
swimming water.
 Average human excretes ___ billion organisms
per day.
 These are organic wastes that can be
decomposed by ______ bacteria (causes lack
of ______). Fish ____ as a result of a lack 77of
oxygen

_______-Causing Agents
Causes
 Comes from the ______ of infected
individuals.
___________Effects
 ________wastewater contains bacteria,
viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms, and
other infectious agents that cause human
or animal __________.
78
_______ Effects
Typhoid, cholera, bacterial
dysentery, polio and infectious
hepatitis are some of the more
________ bacteria or viruses
that are transmitted through
__________contaminated food
and water.
 An estimated ____ million
people _____ every year,
mostly under the age of five

79
80
Table 21-2, p. 495
Global Outlook: Stream Pollution
in __________ Countries
Half of the world’s
____ major rivers are
polluted by untreated
______ or _______
waste.
 Many ______ rivers are
greenish black from
uncontrolled pollution
by thousands of
81
_________.

Case Study: India’s ______ River:
Religion, Poverty, and Health

Religious _____, cultural _______, poverty,
and a large population interact to cause _____
pollution of the Ganges River in India.
Very little of the sewage is ________.
 _______believe in cremating the dead to free the
soul and throwing the ______ in the holy Ganges.

Some are too poor to afford the _____ to fully cremate.
 __________ bodies promote disease and depletes DO.

82
Case Study: India’s Ganges River:
Religion, Poverty, and Health

Daily, more than
___ million Hindus
in India ______,
______ from, or
carry out religious
_________ in the
highly polluted
Ganges River.
83
Figure 21-6
Pollution in __________and __________

Mississippi and Great Lakes polluted
Raw ______ and _________ pollution
 ________runoff of pesticides and fertilizers
 Atmospheric deposition of pesticides and Hg


______ – Canada and the United States Great
Lakes pollution control program
________ industrial wastes and banned
phosphate containing household products.
 Decreased algal _______
 ________ dissolved oxygen and fishing catches
84
 Better sewage treatment ________

How Can We Deal with Water
Pollution?

__________ water pollution requires
that we:
_________ it
 Work with _______ to treat sewage
 Use natural resources far more _________


_______ flow of pollution from land
______-use
 Air pollution
 Linked to ______ and _______ policy

85


_________ Sources of Pollution
_______ Sources
Ban phosphate detergents
 Sewage-treatment improvements

_________ Sources

Difficult to address runoff
pollutants
Urban
 Agricultural fields
 Deforested woodlands
 Overgrazed pastures


_____________________(BMP)
86
_______ TREATMENT
87
Reducing Water Pollution through
Sewage Treatment

_______ tanks and various levels of
sewage treatment can ______ point88
source water pollution.
Figure 21-15
_________ Treatment
Raw sewage reaching a municipal sewage
treatment plant typically undergoes:
 _______ sewage treatment: a _______ process
that uses screens and a grit tank to remove large
floating objects and allows settling.
 _________ sewage treatment: a ________
process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as
90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen
demanding organic wastes.
 ________sewage treatment: a mixture of
processes that includes _______ disinfection
89
Water Treatment
90
__________

Removes _________ and _______
particles, such as sand and silt, by
_________ processes such as screening
and gravitational settling. The solid
material that is settled out is called
primary ______.
Bar _______,
grit ________,
primary
clarifiers,
digesters and
pre-aeration
91
_________

Uses _____________ to decompose the
suspended organic material in wastewater.
Ex. ________ filters – where wastewater
trickles through aerated _____ beds that
contain bacteria and other
microorganisms, which ________ the
organic material in the water.
92
Secondary (Cont.)
Or _________ sludge process – wastewater
is aerated and circulated through _______rich particles; the bacteria _________
suspended organic material. After several
_______, the particles and microorganisms
are allowed to _______out, forming
___________ sludge.
 Use ___________ basins, _______tanks
and ______ filters

93
_________ Water Treatment

This includes a variety of ________, ________ and
_________ processes

used to remove phosphorus and nitrogen, the nutrients most
commonly associated with enrichment.
Tertiary treatment can also be used to _______
wastewater so that it can be ______ in communities
where water is scarce.
 Use __________ as a disinfection and then chlorine is
removed by _____ so it can be released into river.
 __________is also used but leaves no residual
94
disinfectant. _____ light does the same.

Reducing Water Pollution through Sewage Treatment
Primary
Bar screen Grit chamber
Raw sewage
from sewers
Secondary
Settling tank
Aeration tank
Settling tank
Sludge
Activated sludge
Chlorine
disinfection tank
To river,
lake, or
ocean
(kills bacteria)
Air pump
Sludge digester
Sludge drying bed
Disposed of
in landfill or
ocean or
applied to
cropland,
pasture, or
rangeland
95
Fig. 20-24, p. 566
Reducing Water Pollution through
Sewage Treatment
Sewage _______ can be used as a soil
conditioner but this can cause ______ problems
if it contains infectious bacteria and toxic
chemicals.
 Preventing ______ chemicals from reaching
sewage treatment plants would eliminate such
_________ from the sludge and water
discharged from such plants.
 However, most sewage treatment plants are
96
not designed to remove ______________

__________ Water Pollution
through Sewage Treatment

________ and ________ wetlands and
other ecological systems can be used to
_______ sewage.

California created a 65 hectare wetland near
___________ Bay that acts as a natural
wastewater treatment plant for the town of
16,000 people.

The project _______ less than half of the estimated
price of a _____________ treatment plant.
97
Core Case Study: Using ______ to
______ Sewage

Ecological wastewater
purification by a
______ machine.

Uses the _____ and a
series of ______
containing plants,
snails, zooplankton,
crayfish, and fish (that
can be _______ or
_____ for bait).
98
Pollution _______
 Water _________
 Analytical __________
 _____ detection systems
 Contained ______ systems
 __________
 ___________
99
Water _______: _____________

Groundwater contamination still occurs,
especially due to ____________ source
pollution, but ______ like the Safe
Drinking Water Act, Clean Water Act,
and Water Quality Act have helped in
the U.S.
100
Water ______: ______Problems
According to the World Health
Organization, an estimated ____ billion
people still do not have access to
adequate ________ systems.
 Worldwide, at least ____ million cases
of water-related illnesses occur each
year, with ___million or more of these
resulting in death.

101
______ Water Quality _______
_______________
 The amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given
volume of water at a particular temperature and
pressure.
______________
 Enters aquatic systems from the atmosphere and from
respiration by animals.
 The concentration of CO2 varies at different depths
because of light/photosynthesis.
102
Water Quality Measures
_________
 Contaminates shallow groundwater (100 feet or less)
and usually comes from fertilizers. A concern in rural
areas where 80-90% of the residents use shallow
groundwater for drinking. Harms humans because it
reduces the blood’s ability to transport oxygen.
__________
 Problem because too much can kill fish. Gets in water
from industrial processes and mining.
103
Water Quality Measures
________
 Causes problems because it separates out of the
water and forms particulates (sediment), it tastes bad
if it gets in our water, and can coat fish’s gills.
Groundwater problems in wells, from natural minerals
in rocks.
__________
 Plant nutrients that cause algae blooms. It comes
from detergents, human wastes and fertilizers.
104
Water Quality Measures
__________
 General group of bacteria from animal wastes. It uses
up available oxygen. Also causes e-coli disease.
________
 Organism (protozoa) that can cause diarrhea if you
drink unchlorinated water. It is a natural organism
that lives in the guts of animals.
________
 Cloudiness/muddiness; blocks the light; coats fish
105
gills.
Water Quality Measures
_________
 Part of salts, but too many can cause too
much salt in the water. Too much is bad;
a little is okay. It is naturally found in
water, but can come from pollution.
_____
 Too high/too low can be bad; fish like 6.59.5; acid mine drainage can kill fish.
106
Water Quality Measures
__________
 Calcium and magnesium dissolved in the
water. A little is good (50-400 ppm for
fish is good), but very low or high is a
problem. Low is more of a problem.
Affects fish eggs, poor bone development.
 Can cause problems with cleaning clothes.
Soap doesn’t bubble as much.
107
_______ of Treating _____
_____Exchange
 Substitute sodium for calcium and
magnesium. Water softeners usually do
this.
________ Osmosis
 Membrane system that allows water to go
through but calcium and magnesium
cannot.
108
Pollution of Groundwater

_______ from a number of sources have
contaminated groundwater in parts of the
world.
According the the ____, one or more organic
chemicals contaminate about ____% of
municipal groundwater supplies.
 By 2003, the EPA had completed the cleanup of
________of ________ underground tanks
leaking gasoline, diesel fuel, home heating oil, or
toxic solvents.
109

Case Study: ______ in Groundwater
Toxic ______ (As) can naturally occur at high
levels in _____and ______.
 Drilling into ________ can release As into
drinking water supplies.
 According to ______, more than _____
million people are drinking water with As
levels _____ times the ____ ppb standard.


Mostly in Bangladesh, China, and West Bengal,
India.
110
Water ___________
__________________________
 Required the _____ to determine the ________
contaminant level, the max permissible amount
of any _________ that might adversely affect
human _______.
 _______ scientists


Strengthen law
Water-polluting _________

Weaken law
111
Water Legislation

Most _________ countries use ____ to set
water pollution standards, but such laws
______ exist in _________ countries.
The U.S. ______ Water Act sets standards for
allowed levels of _____ water pollutants and
requires polluters to get permits.
 EPA is experimenting with a ________
________ _______ similar to that for air
pollution control.

112
Water Legislation
___________________
 Has two basic goals:
 To _________ the discharge of pollutants in
U.S. _________ especially in high amounts
 To attain water quality levels that make
these waterways ______ for recreation like
_______ and ___________.
113
__________________
(________ Clean Water Act)
Controlling ______ pollutant discharges
 Control _______ sources of pollution
 Authorized $____ billion for wastewater
treatment
 Address ________ such as coastal
estuaries, the Great Lakes, and the
Chesapeake Bay

114
Using Laws: Protect _______ Water
The U.N. estimates that ____ million Americans
drink _____ that does not meet EPA ________.
 1 in 5 Americans drinks water from a ________
plant that _______one or more safety
standard.
 ___________pressures to weaken the Safe
Drinking Act:

__________ national tests and public notification of
violations.
 Allow rights to _______ if provider cannot afford to
115
comply.

Is ________ Water the Answer?

Some bottled water is not as _____ as
tap water and costs _____ more.
_____million metric tons of plastic bottles
are thrown away.
 Fossil _____ are used to make plastic
bottles.


The oil used to produce plastic bottles in the
U.S. each year would fuel ___________cars.
116