Chapter 4
Science: A New Way of Thinking
Thoughts and ideas about science changed
during the Renaissance….at the beginning of
the Renaissance you were not encouraged
to think for____________.
 People began to question, make
observations, experiment and
make conclusions based on
evidence…this is known as the
______________________.
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Until the ___________, people used
to think that the Earth was the centre
of the Universe, and the Sun
revolved around the Earth.

A new theory (by ______________)
was that the Sun was the centre of
the Universe and the Earth revolved
around it. ___________ was able to
prove this theory by building the
telescope and actually making the
observation. (Galileo was arrested
and charged with Heresy and was
put under house arrest for the rest of
his life).

This new theory revolutionized the
worldview on the way people viewed
the Universe…Europeans believed
that God had placed the Earth at the
centre of the Universe.
Astronomy
Medicine
Doctor’s had little knowledge
of how the ___________worked
(anatomy) and the causes of
diseases. Remedies used to be
based on astrology, superstition,
bloodletting, and using leeches.
 Midwives and others with some knowledge of
tradition and herbal remedies were very
important with treating the sick. (same with our
First Nations beginning in Canada)
 DURING the Renaissance _________
knowledge grew (specifically in anatomy and
surgery)

Anatomy
_________ was made legal
for the purpose of study in
Italian cities.
 Andreas Vesalius, a
professor, dissected bodies
in the lecture hall while
students watched. He was
able to write a book (On the
fabric of the human
body)which was illustrated
with detailed, accurate
drawings.


Page 85 class discussion
Leonardo da Vinci dissected and made drawing of the human
body
Mathematics

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Was a very important part of Europe’s changing economy
(essential for the ________________ class).
Astronomers (like Kepler) used mathematical equations in
their work.
__________ thought that math was the basic tool for
understanding the universe. It is an important part of the
scientific method.
The concept of Zero may seem pretty basic to you, but
was a new concept. And we still use the decimal system
today (from Muslim mathematicians).
Perspective (remember 2D to 3D) also uses math. This
was discovered by Filippo Brunelleschi – he used this
when showing buildings he was planning. (page 87)
Political and Religious Leadership

Born into Leadership
- Isabella D’Este grew up in a cultured family in Mantua. She
received a classical education and met many famous artists and
humanist scholars. She married the Duke of Mantua at 16. She
became know as “The First Lady of the World” for a brilliant mind.
She often ruled the city-state in her husbands absence. She
enjoyed the political life and was a strong, effective leader. When
her husband died, she helped her son rule Mantua.

Scientific Ruler
-Scientists used observation to view the world, ___________
Machiavelli was observing people and government. He had new
ways of thinking about leadership and power. He wrote the book
The Prince and in it he explained the best ways to govern. It
became the most _____________ and influential political books
ever written (it is in our library here at school). People still argue his
ideas (some examples are on page 89-90)
Changing Leadership in the Church
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Just like today, people during the Renaissance were
sometimes disappointed in their leaders.
During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the
_______________________was the most powerful
institution in Europe. Some church leaders thought
they were to be the natural leaders in all areas of
society – Political and business, as well as religious.
As what sometimes happens (even today), people in
positions of __________ (authority) do not always
behave appropriately. Some church leaders took
advantage of their authority and “__________” their
titles (Bishops and Cardinals). Some spent the
churches money on themselves (against vows).
People started to complain…

Savonarola
-Was a ___________ who belonged to the Dominican order. He
dedicated his life to fight against the corruption in the church and
society (he was once the leader of Florence, 1497). He gave
sermons about the corruption…and went against his oath of
obedience. This lead to his excommunication (exclusion) from the
Church. By this time the people of Florence had enough of his
sermon’s and turned against him. In 1498, he was tried for
____________, found guilty, and executed.

Martin Luther
- 20 years after Savonarola, this German monk took more effective
action. He studied the Bible himself and concluded that the Bible,
rather than the church, should be a Christian’s true spiritual guide. He
was upset by the _____________ of the Church and how it was
obtained. The Church had been selling _______________ (certificates
that reduced the amount of time spent paying for their sins after they
died). He criticized the selling of indulgences and asked other scholars
to join him. He had a book printed about his Ninety-Five Theses, the
Pope issued a “Bull” that banned his work and condemned Luther.
Luther publicly burned this “Bull”. He was excommunicated from the
Church and declared an outlaw – he went into hiding.
The Protestant Reformation

Luther’s Protestant translation of the Bible
reached many German people and they
followed Luther when he __________ with
the Catholic Church. A new Church was
started in Europe – the Lutheran Church.
Luther’s ideas spread across Europe and
the people who followed him were called
protestants, this became known as the
“Protestant Reformation”. Protestants
“protested” against the Church’s refusal to
allow “reform” and eventually achieved a
reformation.
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
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The Catholic Church lost authority and membership
because of the Protestant Reformation. The Church
examined it’s policies during meetings called the
Council of Trent. This movement was known as the
“Catholic Counter-Reformation. As a result of these
meetings, corruption among higher clergy was
cleaned up and priests were given a better
education.
New religious orders that focused on converting
people to Catholicism were established.
Religious freedom (Fast-forward, page 96)
The Spread of Ideas
There was a vast wealth of new
_______________ and ideas at this
time in Italy…and it quickly spread to
France, Spain, Portugal, as well as
northern Europe…it later also spread to
the America’s.
 Books, documents, and manuscripts
were a very valuable ______________
for scholars all over Europe.

Many early humanist taught in Italian
universities. People shared new ideas and
writings here, and from all across Europe,
people came to study. They took their learning
back to their own cities to share.
 Travelling Celebrities - Famous Renaissance
scientist, artists, and thinkers (like daVinci) were
the superstars of those days and were in
demand in courts and universities all over
Europe.
 Royal Courts – Kings and Queens wanted to
attract scholars and writers to their courtyards.
The court of Francois 1er of France became a
centre of learning. He collected manuscripts,
paintings, and sculptures. daVinci lived at his
court…he was provided with a house and
generous pension.

The Printing Press
The printing press had the same impact on society as the
Internet does today. Was invented by Johannes
Gutenberg.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDfpHWZw67Y
This allowed books to be printed quickly and cheaply. Using
this technology, printers could produce thousands of books
in the time it has once taken to make a single copy. Books
were now also printed on paper instead of parchment. By
the 1500, there were more than 6 million books in print in
Europe. Books allowed an exchange of ideas and
knowledge on a scale that had never been known before.
-the middle class began to ________ and __________
-more translations were available
-people started to make money from the books they wrote