December 3, 2011
UNIT2SummaryByLDGabriel
- It is a theory of learning that is based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
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- It is a method used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus.
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1.The conditioned stimulus and
2.The conditioned response.
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(Instrumental conditioning)
- It is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

December 3, 2011
UNIT2SummaryByLDGabriel
 Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) – Russian Physicist
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Major contribution, research and experiment:
Classical Conditioning and Salivation Response
B. F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) - Novelist
Major contribution, research and experiment:
Operant Conditioning and Schedules of Reinforcement

December 3, 2011
UNIT2SummaryByLDGabriel
 Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949) - Psychologist
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Major contribution, research and experiment:
Published about 500 books and articles on diverse as learning in fish, methods of statistical analysis and the elements of aesthetic quality in urban life, Studied animal intelligence (known for his
'cats in a puzzle box' experiments on Trial and Error), Applied animal to human educational experience, and Constructed a scale to measure children's handwriting (1910) and a table of wordfrequency in English (1944).
John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) - Psychologist
Major contribution, research and experiment:
Bahaviorism an Little Albert Experiment

December 3, 2011
UNIT2SummaryByLDGabriel
 Clark Hull (1884 – 1952) – American Psychologist
Major contribution, research and experiment:
Aside from Behaviorism he is also known best because of Drive reduction theory and Research on Hypnosis
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 1863 - Ivan Sechenov's Reflexes of the Brain was published. Sechenov introduced the concept of inhibitory responses in the central nervous system.
1900 - Ivan Pavlov began studying the salivary response and other reflexes.
1913 - John Watson's Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It was published.
The article outlined the many of the main points of behaviorism.
1920 - Watson and assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted the famous
Albert" experiment.
"Little

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December 3, 2011
UNIT2SummaryByLDGabriel
1943 - Clark Hull's Principles of Behavior was published.
1948 - B.F. Skinner published Walden II in which he described a utopian society founded upon behaviorist principles.
1959 - Noam Chomsky published his criticism of Skinner's behaviorism,
"Review of Verbal Behavior."
1971 - B.F. Skinner published his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, in which he argued that free will is an illusion.
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 Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to understanding human behavior and that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts and feelings.
Behaviorism does not account for other types of learning, especially learning that occurs without the use of reinforcement and punishment .
People and animals are able to adapt their behavior when new information is introduced, even if a previous behavior pattern has been established through reinforcement.
 Behaviorism is based upon observable behaviors, so it is easier to quantify and collect data and information when conducting research.

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December 3, 2011
UNIT2SummaryByLDGabriel
Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, behavior analysis , token economies and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults.
While behaviorism is not as dominant today as it was during the middle of the 20th-century, it still remains an influential force in psychology. Outside of psychology, animal trainers, parents, teachers and many others make use of basic behavioral principles to help teach new behaviors and discourage unwanted ones.
Source/s: About.com Psychology