RQ Ch. 9 Part 2
Visuals
1 p.176 Drawing-Bbox-p.179 Bbox- Subject of all three?
What change does this event cause?
What does TJ think about “rebellions?”
2 p.177 bbox- who?
What group does he believe should control government?
3 p.178 photo/ 178 bbox /179 bbox– Who sat in the chair with the rising sun?
Is this person in favor of the New Constitution?
178bb- who? How should the “tree of liberty” be refreshed?
179 bbox – who? Does this person believe we need a new gov’t?
4 p.180 Painting – Who is called the “Father of the Constitution?”
Why?
5 p.182 chart- what does this chart show?
6 p. 185 Political Cartoon- What two states have yet to ratify the Constitution?
7 p.186 Picture (top) – What is the object?
Fugio?
Slogan on bottom?
8 p.189 last full paragraph of Varying Viewpoints speaks of historian Gordon
Wood….
He claims the ratification controversy as a struggle to define what?
What two groups does he discuss?
In the end… he claims that the Const. was a fulfillment of the most what?
Even though the idea for the Const. and this change came from what group?
Reading pp 176 -189v.v.
The Horrid Specter of Anarchy (fears of too much democracy)
The war was over (1775 -1783)… it’s the 1780’s… The economy is
struggling…Congress was relying on the States to voluntarily pay their taxes
(requisition system) and they were not… Interest was piling up on “bonds” (IOU’s-a
promise to pay later w/interest sold by the gov’t)…Foreign nations who had loaned
the USA $ to fight the war were not being paid in a timely fashion…and would not
loan any more… at the same time….
9 who were quarreling?
Arguments over boundaries, tariff duties on neighboring products, paper $ was
being printed that was becoming worthless….
10 This $ was called ?
-1786, in Western Massachusetts a significant rebellion began…(it will lead to
Conservatives from some states calling a convention (Annapolis), then
another convention (Philly, 1787) that will create the Constitution and trash
the Articles of Confederation…
11 This rebellion is named after and led by whom?
12 Describe the rebels?
Why were they rebelling?
What did they demand? (3)
How does the Gov’t of Massachusetts respond?
What is the outcome for the Shayites?
13 How do the “propertied class” across the nation respond? (1 word)
What “monster?”
-Conservatives, richer, creditors (future Federalists) wanted to preserve their
wealth and wanted to persuade their fellow citizens to AMEND (change) the Articles
in favor of a STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT…
-States Righters, poorer, debtors (future Anti-Federalists) rejected the idea of
problems and feared that a powerful National Gov’t would become too
powerful…had they not just defeated an all-powerful Britain…
A key question was: How much power would this “stronger central gov’t
have???
By 1789 economic conditions improve…only ½ of the States had issued paper $ and
shipping of American goods had increased… but not in time to save the Articles…
A Convention of Demigods
14 Which problem, more than any other problem…touched off the chain reaction
that led to a new government?
15 Where is the 1st convention held?
How many States were actually represented?
Who saves the 1st Convention by engineering the adoption of his report?
What does his report ask the representatives to do, where?
****16 Congress meeting in NYC finally calls for the 2ND convention to do what,
specifically, “WHAT SOLE PURPOSE?”
17 all but one state sent representatives to the 2nd convention, which state does not?
18 How many representatives convene beginning in May of 1787?
19 Sessions were held in what??? With what at the doors?
20 Who was elected unanimously as chairman?
21 Who had to have a chaperone?
22 Who is called the “Father of the Constitution?”
Several of the fiery leaders were absent…Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and
Thomas Paine were in Europe… Samuel Adams and John Hancock were not elected,
and Patrick Henry was elected but declined to serve, he “smelled a Rat” (he would
lead the opposition “Anti-Federalists” in Virginia)
Patriots in Philadelphia
The group that met to “revise the Articles,” were more conservative. Not a single
representative was present from the poorer debtor group. 19 of the 55 owned
Slaves…avg. age was about 42…most were nationalists who were strengthening the
current gov’t…creating a stable political structure that would endure (they are
certainly successful with this goal) They wanted a National gov’t with genuine
POWER…with foreign affairs, controlling tariffs, to preserve the Union, forestall
“anarchy,” protect property against the “mobocracy,” ABOVE ALL THEY SOUGHT TO
CURB THE UNRESTRAINED DEMOCRACY RAMPANT IN THE VARIOUS
STATES…Shay’s rebellion certainly instilled a FEAR in these representatives…
Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises
23 What decision do the delegates make, a “daring” decision?
24 Technically they were determined to do what???
25 Virginia Plan26 New Jersey Plan27 Great Compromise28 What are the powers of the President? (3 examples)
*****29 The Constitution was a bundle of what?
Method of electing the President? (explain)
If there is no majority what body decides who becomes President?
When does this happen?
3/5ths compromise- (explain)
Slave Trade compromise- (explain)
Safeguards for Conservatism
For the most part the delegates were in agreement…sound money, protection of
private property, a stronger government with 3 branches that checked and
balanced each other (Montesquieu/enlightenment) Federal judges appointed for
life, the President elected indirectly by the Electoral College, Senators would be
chosen indirectly by the State Legislatures…
Some democratic elements were that; the House of Representatives are chosen by
direct election of propertied citizens, they believed in limited powers (a written
constitution) of the national gov’t, and that SOVEREIGNTY rested with the PEOPLE
(social contract-Locke/Rousseau-enlightenment) - “We the People.” ONCE
RATIFIED IT WOULD BECOME “THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND,”
(SUPREMACY CLAUSE)
17 weeks later…with 42/55 delegates left…eventually 39 delegates sign the
Constitution [A GREAT COMPARISON OF THE POWERS OF BOTH THE
ARTICLES AND THE CONSTITUTION IS ON PAGE 181]
The Clash of Federalists and Anti-Federalists
Note: these two groups are NOT the 1st political parties {a great chart of the
evolution of political parties is in ch. 10 p. 197}…they are FACTIONS by definition
(single issue groups – the single issue was whether or not to RATIFY the
Constitution) Although, one of the 1st Political Parties is named Federalist, the
other Democratic-Republican…they are created later… during GW’s presidency.
30 How many States, as required by the still in power…Articles, would be needed to
approve this new Constitution?
31 HOWEVER, THE DELEGATES DECIDE TO CHANGE THIS (HOW?) TO ALLOW FOR
HOW MANY STATES TO RATIFY TO ALLOW THE NEW CONST. TO GO INTO
EFFECT?
Specially elected conventions were called by each State to decide whether or
not to ratify the Constitution.
At this point one of the hottest debates in American history erupted….
Federalists (favor Const.) V. Anti-Federalists (opposed the Const.)
32 People associated with the Anti-Federalists were? (3)
33 typical followers of the Anti-Federalists were? (6 characteristics)
32 People associated with the Federalist cause were (besides Madison, Hamilton,
and Jay-authors of the Federalist Papers)? (2)
33 typical characteristics and advantages of the Federalists were? (5)
34 Of the over 100 newspapers published in America in the 1780’s…how many
support the Anti-Federalists?
Main arguments of the Anti-Federalists were that: it was created by the rich
for their favor, it was anti-democratic, the SOVEREIGNTY of the states was lost,
it did not have annual elections, created a “federal city” (later D.C.), omitted
any reference to GOD, it only needed 2/3rds-9- of the states to approve
it…..AND THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CRITICISM****WAS THAT IT DID NOT HAVE
A BILL OF RIGHTS.
The Great Debate in the States
35 How many states approve the Constitution in their conventions quickly?
36 The 1st large state to approve?
37 Which state becomes the “Acid Test?”
38 What promise is made by the Federalists to encourage passage in the above state,
which becomes key to the rest approving?
39 Which state, after its ratification, becomes the 9th …and after which the
Constitution officially becomes the new government of the USA, June 21, 1788?
40 Which 4 states had yet to ratify the Constitution?
What 2 could cause a problem/why?
41 In which state are the “Federalist Papers” published anonymously in newspapers
in an attempt to influence the ratification of the Constitution?
42 Who were the 3 authors of the “Federalist Papers?”
43 which is the most famous?
44 which two states provide “last ditch dissent?”
A Conservative Triumph****
The minority had triumphed again….a militant minority of conservatives had
engineered the peaceful revolution that overthrew the inadequate Articles of
Confederation… a majority had not spoken…only about 25% of the adult white
males in the country (propertied people) had voted for delegates to the ratifying
conventions…(only in NY was it submitted to a vote of all men) …. Safeguards were
instituted against the MOB…and the conservatives were convinced that they had
restored economic and political stability…
Regardless of their conservatism they do preserve the principal of republican
gov’t…by redefining “popular sovereignty”…The Federalists believed that the
SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE WAS REPRESENTED BY ALL THREE BRANCHES OF
THE GOV’T…NOT JUST THE LEGISLATURE… (Elections & appointments by those
elected)
They are able to reconcile the conflicting principles of LIBERTY AND ORDER… it
represents a marvelous achievement…one that elevated the ideals of the
revolution…while setting boundaries to them… in this case the LEGACY OF THE
REVOLUTION could be championed by conservatives and liberals both throughout
our history….