B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce ------------------
Antibodies
Name the structure which is often referred to as the pacemaker of the heart
Sino-atrial node / SA node
APC
Name this cell
T-cell
Name this cell
B-lymphocyte
Name this cell
Name this cell
Name this cell
Plasma cells
T helper cell
Name this cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Name this cell
Memory B-cells
Name this cell
Virus infected host
cell
Name 1 characteristic of non-specific immunity (aside from it’s non-specificity)
No memory
Identify whether these are part of innate immune response or the acquired immune response
Natural killer cells
Innate
Lymphocytes
Innate
Macrophages
Innate and
acquired
Humoral immunity is mediated by which type of lymphocytes?
B-lymphocytes
What surface marker is present on helper T-cells?
CD 4
Which type of immunity involves antigen-presenting cells?
(A) Humoral immunity
(B) Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Name 2 components of saliva
1. Salivary amylase
2. Mucin
3. Lysozyme
What are villi?
Where are they found?
What is it’s function
What kind of cells line the villus
Villi are finger like projections
On the walls of the small intestine
Where absorption of digested food occurs
It is lined by columnar epithelium
What are gastric pits?
Depressions in the stomach lining that lead to gastric glands
What three things are produced by the gastric glands?
1. Pepsinogen
2. HCl
3. Mucin
How is pepsinogen activated?
The longer inactive pepsinogen is cleaved to form pepsin by the HCl.
The resultant pepsin activates formation of more of itself ( + feedback)
What is chyme?
The partially digested food that is present in the stomach. Is usually acidic and
Can be described as a soupy liquid
Where does chyme go?
What controls it’s flow?
Chyme leaves the stomach to enter the duodenum
The pyloric sphincter controls it’s flow into the duodenum
Name one protein-digesting enzyme produced by the pancreas
Trypsin / Chymotrypsin
While chyme is acidic, the food in the duodenum is neutral in pH
What secretion is responsible for this pH change?
The bicarbonate base in the pancreatic juice
Which enzyme breaks down fats?
Which organ produces this enzyme?
Where does fat digestion occur?
Is fat absorbed through the blood or lymph?
Lipase
Pancreas
Small intestione
Lymph (lacteal vessel)
Which bacterium causes ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Type-1 diabetes
Also called as?
Time of onset?
Pathology – what is the trouble?
Treatment?
Juvenile diabetes
Young age
Insulin supplementation
Destruction of pancreatic cells
that produce insulin.
An auto-immune disorder
Type-2 diabetes
Also called as?
Time of onset?
Pathology – what is the trouble?
Adult-onset diabetes
Middle/old age
Insulin receptor deficiency or malfunction
Which two hormones control blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon
Which organ is responsible for the release of these hormones?
Pancreas
Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?
Insulin
Which cells are the targets of insulin?
Muscle and liver cells
What exactly does insulin do?
Induces muscle and liver cells to take up glucose from blood stream and store it as glycogen
Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low?
Glucagon
Glucagon is produced by ----------------Pancreas
What are the targets of glucagon?
Muscle and liver cells
What exactly does glucagon do?
Promotes muscle and liver cells to break-down glycogen and release glucose
What hormone is produced by the stomach?
Gastrin
What is gastrin’s function?
Promotes release of gastric juices by the stomach
When is gastrin secreted?
Only when chyme is present
Name the hormone produced by adipose tissue
Leptin
Does leptin stimulate or suppress appetite?
suppresses appetite
What hormones are produced by the duodenum?
CCK and secretin
What are the functions of CCK and secretin?
CCK suppresses appetite
CCK and secretin promote release of bile by the gall bladder
And pancreatic juice by the pancreas
When are these hormones produced?
Only when chyme is present in the duodenum
What protects the stomach from it’s own acids?
The layer of mucus that lines the stomach
Name the chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body
Right atrium
Which 2 blood vessels bring all this deoxygenated blood?
Superior and inferior vena cava
Where does the blood go from here?
To the right ventricle
Which valve controls the flow of blood in this direction?
Tricuspid valve
Yes
Is this valve supported by chordae tendanae?
What are chordae tendanae, exactly?
Chords of tendon that anchor valves the walls of the ventricle
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
Which blood vessel carries blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
Does it carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated
What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?
Systole and diastole
What cardiac events characterize systole?
Ventricles contract
Blood is pushed up the arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta)
SL valves are open; AV valves close
Lubb
Exerts pressure on the arteries – measured as 120 mm of Hg
Name 1 factor that affects systole
Exercise
Name 1 factor that affects diastole
Hardening of the arteries – leading to poor arterial recoil