Name:_______________________________
Ch. 7 Review
1. List the five different bone shapes and give an example for each:
a. __flat______
_______skull, sternum________
b. __long_____________
____femur, radius, ulna________
c. __irregular_____________
____vertebrae______
d. ___short__________
_______carpals________
e. ___sesamoid__________
__________patella______________
2. Label the following diagram- terms: diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, yellow
marrow, articulating cartilage, endosteum, spongy bone, compact bone, red marrow
USE DIAGRAM IN NOTES
3. List 2 differences and 2 similarities between intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Both start as chondrocytes and both form spongy bone first and then compact bone to the
outside portion of bone. Intramembranous forms flat bones and start as undefined cartilage
cells; endochondral form all bones besides flat and there is a primary and secondary ossification
center.
4. Fill in the chart below:
Factor
Needed For
Deficiciency’s Effect
on Bones
Vit D
Ca absorption
Rickets, osteomalacia
Vit A
Osteoblast/clast
activity
Effect bone growth
and formation
Vit C
Collagen synthesis
Fragile bones
Pituitary growth
hormone
Stimulates epiphyseal
growth
Pituitary dwarfism,
gigantism and
acromegaly
Thyroid hormone
Stimulates cartilage
replacement
epiphyseal plates
Stimulate growth
plate/ossification
Stimulates bone
growth
Premature ossification
of growth plate
Sex hormones
Physical stress
Stunted growth
Hypertrophy/atrophy
5. Using the following diagram explain what is happening in each zone of the epiphyseal plate.
Zone 1
Zone 1- Resting cells, anchor plate to bone
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 2- chondorcytes go through rapid
replication leading to growth
Zone 4
Zone 3- cells enlarge and start to accumulate
Ca+
Zone 4-chondrocytes die and osteoblasts
begin to lay down bone
6. Explain the 4 steps of fracture repair and what is occurring at each step.
a. Hematoma forms when blood vessels are ruptured by fracture
b.
Fibrocartilagenous callus forms when new blood vessels infiltrate the area
c.
Bony callus forms as chondrocytes die and are replaced by osteocytes
d.
Osteoclasts remodel bone to the original shape
7. Fill in the chart below:
Vertebrae
Number
Unique Characteristics
Cervical
7
Small body, bifid spinous process, transverse foramina
Thoracic
12
Rib facet, larger body, spinous process projects inferiorly
Lumbar
5
Largest body, spinous process projects posteriorly
Atlas
1
Facets for articulation of occipital condyle on skull
Axis
1
Has dense which articulate with the atlas to allow for rotation of
the skull
Sacrum
1
Five fused vertebrae, sacral foramen, sacral canal, sacral haitus
8. List the two primary and two secondary curves of the spine:
a. __thoracic and pelvic_________
b. __cervical and lumbar_______________
9. Define the following terms:
Foramen- opening in bone
Meatus- tubelike opening
Sinus- empty air filled space
Condyle-rounded process for articulation with a bone
Head- enlargement at the end of bone
Facet- flat surface where bones articulate
Tuberosity-knoblike process
Spine-thorn like ridge or projection
Trochanter-large projection or process
Crest-ridge like projection
Process-prominent projection
Suture-interlocking lines where bones meet
10. Distinguish between lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis.
Lordosis- exaggerated lumbar curvature
Scoliosis- exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
Kyphosis- exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback)
11. Explain the homeostatic process bones go through when there is an increased Ca+ content in
blood and when there is a decreased Ca+ content in blood. Be sure to explain the relationship
between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in this process.

Increase Ca in blood

Decrease Ca in blood