In-Groups/Out-Groups
Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination
In-Groups vs. Out-Groups
Reasons for Rivalries
 Geographic Proximity
 10 Great Sporting
Rivalries
 Frequent Meetings in
Important Games
 Events that Increased
tension between groups
 Pre-existing Social and
Political Tensions
Football: FSU vs. UF
 Two Oldest Public
Universities in Florida
 One or both of them
often highly ranked
 (1994) Choke at Doak
Game
 28 Points from FSU in
the last quarter to tie
game 31-31
 The Comeback - FSU
vs. UF
Feeding an Old Rivalry
Auburn vs. Alabama
 Roll Tide/War Eagle
 The Iron Bowl
 Alabama vs. Auburn
 1893
 SEC Division
 Rivalries and In-Group
Bias.
Case Study: Barcelona – Real
Madrid
 Barcelona - Real Madrid
 Why could this rivalry
be considered more than
just a soccer match?
Provide details from the
video.
 How has the rivalry
changed over time?
Case Study: AC Milan vs. Inter
Milan
 Italian Derby
 Inter first allowed
players from other
countries to play when
AC Milan wouldn’t
 Differences have
dissipated since their
first match in 1908, but
tension remains.
Case Study: The Old Firm
Celtic F.C. vs. Rangers F.C.
 Celtic vs. Rangers - More than a
Game
 Location: Glasgow, Scotland
 Roots of Conflict
 National Identity: Native
Scots (Rangers) – Scots
Irish (Celtic)
 Religious Affiliation:
Protestants (Rangers) –
Catholics (Celtic)
 Video:
 The Football Wars
Case Study: Rivalries and History
Ali vs. Frazier
 (1971)“Fight of the Century”
 Both undefeated
 Extension of tension in the




country
Ali came to represent the
movement against Vietnam.
Frazier became symbol for
conservative America
Frazier won.
(1974) Rematch: Ali won.
(1975) Final Fight: Ali won in
the Philippines
 Frazier vs. Ali - Rivals
Case Study: Rivalries and History
Miracle On Ice
 Sport: Hockey
 U.S vs. Soviet Union
 Key Match: 1980 Winter
Olympic Games
Semifinal
 Importance:
 Cold War Era
 Competition between
countries.
 U.S as the underdog
story.
 Miracle On Ice
Case Study: India vs. Pakistan
Sports as a microcosm of the world
 India-Pakistan Conflict
 Fight over region of Kashmir.
 Both countries have nuclear
weapons

Conflict Analysis - India vs. Pakistan
 Tension in the India/Pakistan
border
 Rivalry in Sports
 How do people live the rivalry?
Group Behavior Affects Conflict:
Conformity to our Group
 Important Studies:
 Solomon Asch
 Group Pressure
 How are group pressure,
 Stanley Milgram
 Obedience to Authority
 Irving Janis
 Groupthink: the tendency
of group members to
conform by adopting a
narrow view of some
issue.
obedience to authority and
groupthink part of our
allegiance as fans to a team?
Asch Experiment
.
65% of subjects administered what they thought was lethal voltage on the shock machine.
Milgram described the dilemma as a conflict between conscience and authority.
Groupthink
I Think, You Think, We Think
Groupthink
•Groupthink: the desire for harmony or conformity in
the group results in an incorrect or deviant decisionmaking outcome. Characteristics of groupthink
include:
 Illusion of invulnerability
 Collective rationalization
 Belief in inherent morality
 Stereotyped views of out-groups
 Direct pressure on dissenters
 Self-censorship
 Illusion of unanimity
 Self-appointed mindguards
Groupthink: Illusion of
Invulnerability
 Creates excessive
optimism that
encourages taking
extreme risks.
Groupthink: Collective
Rationalization
 Members discount
warnings and do not
reconsider their
assumptions.
Groupthink: Belief in Inherent
Morality
 Belief that whatever the
group does it will be
right as they all know
the difference between
right and wrong.
 Tendency to overlook
the consequences of
what they decide.
 Are we born good
people or is morality
taught?
Groupthink: Stereotyped views of
out-groups
 Negative views of those
who are different creates
conflict.
 Question: Are we born
to hate or are we taught
to hate?
Groupthink: Direct Pressure on
Dissenters
 Members are under
pressure not to express
arguments against any
of the group’s views.
Groupthink: Self-censorship
 Doubts and deviations
from the perceived
group consensus are not
expressed
 Why could self-
censorship be
problematic on the long
run?
Groupthink: Illusion of unanimity
 The majority view and
judgments are assumed
to be unanimous.
Groupthink: Self-appointed
mindguards
 Member of a group who
serves as an
informational filter,
providing limited
information to the group
and, consciously or
subconsciously, utilizing
a variety of strategies to
control dissent
IN-GROUPS and OUT-GROUPS
“We all see only that which we are trained to
see.”
In-Groups and Out-Groups
 Social Identity
 Social categorization divide
world into in-group (“us”)
and out-group (“them”)
 When do we start
categorizing?
 Video - Categorization at a
Young Age?
In-Groups and Out-groups

Sport rivalries feed on the distinctions
between in-groups and out-groups. So
do other conflicts.

An in-group is a social group
commanding a member’s
esteem and loyalty; it is the one
we identify with.

An out-group is a social group
toward which one feels
competition or opposition.

In-group bias: view our own
group more favorably
Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown eyes“
In-Groups vs. Out-Groups
 3rd Grade Teacher Jane Elliott
 Experiment conducted on the
days after Martin Luther King
assassination (1968)
 Wanted to explain
discrimination to 8 year olds.
 Experiment deals with
stereotypes, prejudice,
discrimination, and the creation
of in-group bias.
Glossary
Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be
characteristic of members of particular groups. A mental image or
judgment of a group based on opinion without regard to individual
differences. They can be either positive or negative.
ex. Women are nurturing, car salesmen are dishonest
Prejudice - A negative judgment or opinion formed about a group without
knowledge of the facts.
Discrimination - Treating someone less favorably based on the group, class
or category they belong to. Discrimination is prejudice in action.
Stereotypes
 A mental image of a group based
on opinion without regard to
individual differences.
 Oversimplification or exaggeration
about a group of people
 They can be either positive or
negative.
 If individuals differ from
stereotype, they are treated as
exceptions.
Which of these stereotypes are attributed to males
and which ones to females?











Aggressive
Dependent
Easily Influenced
Dominant
Passive
Home-oriented
Talkative
Tough
Rarely Cries
Emotional
Cruel
Examples of Stereotypes
People:
 Mothers serving meals to
their families
 Boys playing with action
figures
 Men working on their cars
Things and Places:
 All inner cities are corrupt
and sinful
 Small towns are safe and
clean
Prejudice
 A negative judgment or
opinion formed about a
group without sufficient
knowledge
 It is the attitude that we
have towards other groups
 It is based on stereotypes
Forms of Prejudice
 Sexism : prejudice based on a person’s biological gender
 Racism: prejudice based on a person’s ethnicity
 Sectarianism : prejudice based on a person’s religious
background and/or political beliefs
 Homophobia : prejudice based on a person’s sexual orientation
 Disability Prejudice: Prejudice based on a person’s physical or
mental abilities
 Ageism: prejudice based on a person’s age
 What forms of prejudice are more preponderant in society today?
Sexism
 Prejudice based on a
person’s biological gender
 Belief that one sex is by
nature superior to another
Sexism and the Wage Gap
 Level of women’s income
relative to that of men.
 1960s: women earned 60
cents for every dollar
earned by men
 Today: women earn 77-80
cents for every dollar
earned by men
Sexism and the Glass Ceiling
 Women and Sports:
Journalism
 Invisible barrier that prevents
women from gaining upperlevel positions in business
 Males: Is there prejudice
towards women’s opinions in
sports? What about other
topics?
 Females: Do you feel any
prejudice when voicing your
opinions about sports? What
about other topics?
Disability Prejudice
 Discuss:
 Do you think professional
sports should strive to
incorporate people with
disabilities in their
competitions or should it
provide more competitions
for disabled people?
Ageism
 Ageism in Work Interviews
 Prejudice based on a
person’s age.
 How does ageism affect
you?
 How does ageism affect
athletes, both old and
young?
Nazi Germany Olympic Games (1936)
 German Olympic Games
 Why did Germany wanted
to host the Olympic Games
in 1936?
 Why could this event be
considered as more than
just a sporting event?
Homophobia
 Prejudice based on a person’s
sexual orientation
 Homophobia in the Russian
Olympic Games
 Is it the government’s role to
defend those who are being
discriminated by other nations?
 What is the role of athletes in
this debate? Some say they
should boycott the Games. Do
you agree with it?
Forms of Prejudice
 Come up with at least one real life example for any three of the
following forms of prejudice:
 Sexism
 Racism
 Sectarianism
 Homophobia
 Disability prejudice
 Ageism
Sourcing the Problem
Stereotypes, Ideas, and Beliefs
Attitudes and Emotions
Prejudice
Discrimination
Discrimination

Discrimination is the unfair
treatment of an individual
because of his/her
membership of a particular
group

Discrimination is prejudice
in action
Robert Merton: Patterns of
Prejudice and Discrimination
 The Active Bigot
 Prejudiced and Openly
discriminatory
 The Timid Bigot
 Prejudiced, but is afraid to
discriminate because of
society’s pressures
 The Fair-Weather Liberal
 Not prejudiced but
discriminates anyway
because of society’s
pressures
 The All-Weather Liberal
 Not prejudiced and does
not discriminate
Direct and Indirect Discrimination
Direct vs. Indirect Discrimination
 Direct discrimination
happens when someone is
treated unfavorably because of a
personal characteristic
protected by the law.
 Example: An employer advises
an employee that they will not
be trained to work on new
machinery because they are too
old to learn new skills. The
employer has discriminated
against the employee by denying
them training in their
employment on the basis of
their age.
 Indirect discrimination
an unreasonable requirement,
condition or practice is imposed
that disadvantages a person or
group because of a personal
characteristic.
 Example: A store requires
customers to produce
photographic identification in the
form of a driver’s license before
collecting an order. This may
disadvantage a person with a
vision impairment who is not
eligible to hold a driver’s license.
Discrimination in Society
 Legal Discrimination
 System of laws in a society
allows for discrimination to
occur
 Ex. Apartheid in South Africa
 Laws in South Africa
distinguished political,
economic, and legal rights of
white and non-white South
Africans
 Apartheid Laws
 Institutionalized
Discrimination
 When discrimination and inequality
become part of the social structure
 No necessity for dominant group to
intentionally dominate minority
group.
 More difficult to change because it
runs deeper than the laws created.
 White Privilege: the advantages
that whites receive because of their
skin color.
 Accumulation of Wealth
Case Study:
South Africa Under Apartheid
 It was a system of government
in South Africa from 1948 to
1990.
 This Afrikaans word means
separation: the whites were
separated from the black
Africans and minorities.
 The white minority ruled the
country and the black majority
did not have many rights.
How did the world react to Apartheid?
 A lot of countries
boycotted South Africa
during Apartheid: they
refused to buy its products.
 Film and pop stars refused
to perform in South Africa
Sports Against Apartheid
 South Africa was absent
from international sport
events for most of the
apartheid era due to
sanctions
 A lot of teams and
champions refused to
compete either in South
Africa or against South
Africa
Nelson Mandela
 He was the most important anti-
apartheid leader
 He spent 27 years in prison for his
ideas
 In 1994 he became the first black
president after the first free
elections in South Africa.
 Used sports as a way to unite the
country, especially the 1995 Rugby
World Cup
Intergroup Relations
How do cultures deal with different groups?
From Acceptance to Extermination
Intergroup Relations
 Treatment of different groups varies from culture to culture
and has varied over time
 Examples:
 Cultural Pluralism
 Assimilation
 Legal Protection
 Subjugation
 Segregation
 Population Transfer
 Extermination
Cultural Pluralism vs. Assimilation
 Cultural Pluralism exists
 Assimilation is a process
when groups maintain
their individual identities.
in which formerly distinct
and separate groups come
to share a common culture
and merge together
socially.
 In a pluralistic society,
 As a society undergoes
groups remain separate, and
their cultural and social
differences persist over time.
assimilation, differences
among groups begin to
decrease.
 Names Offer Path to Cultural
Assimilation
Legal Protection
 Minority Rights protected by
law.
 Ex. Affirmative Action
Programs Efforts to correct
past imbalances in educational
and employment opportunities
for minority groups.
 Give preference to minorities
 Critics believe it is a form of
“reverse discrimination”
Legal Protection in Sports
 “The Rooney Rule” - 2003
 Requires NFL teams to
interview minority candidates
for head coaching and senior
football operations
 2003 – Detroit Lions fined
$200,000 for not interviewing
minority candidates
 NFL Coaches
Case Study: Alcorn State University
First White Head Football Coach
Video
Segregation and Subjugation
 Subjugation
 Dominant group controls
every aspect of minority
group life through force
 Segregation
 Minority group is physically
separated from dominant
group
 Example: U.S. 1960s
 Jackie Robinson
 1966 - Kentucky vs. Texas
Western
Population Transfer
 Dominant group moves
minority group to new
locations within or outside
the country
 Terezin Soccer League
 Terezin Ghetto
 Jewish people played
soccer
 160,000 Jews lived there
 4,000 survived
Extermination
 Dominant group attempts to
destroy minority group
 Ex. The Holocaust
 Auschwitz Extermination
Camp
 Nazi Germany
 Genocide: when the goal of
extermination is the
destruction of a national,
racial, ethnic or religious
group
Extermination – Case Study:
Rwandan Genocide
 April 1994
 Fight between two ethnic
groups
 Hutu majority conducted
mass killings of Tutsi
minority
 Around 800,000 people
were killed over a period of
100 days