New Vehicle Technologies Peter Robertson General Manager Vehicle Safety Standards (VSS) (Administrator of Vehicle Standards) Topics covered • Evolution of safety technology • New Vehicle Technologies – Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) – Alternative Control – Other Innovations • Potential impact of technologies The Evolution of Safety Technology 1950’s 1990’s The Evolution of Safety Technology 1924 – Safety glass standard on Cadillacs 1950’s -Toughened glass introduced 1950 – Disc brakes available on Chryslers 1951 – Crumple zones patented by Mercedes Benz 1954 – Seatbelts optionally available on some US cars 1959 – Three point seatbelts available on Volvos 1959 – Safety body with crumple zones produced by Mercedes Benz 1962 – Split service brake systems introduced 1967 – Energy absorbing steering columns introduced 1968 – Head restraints introduced The Evolution of Safety Technology 1971 – Three point inertia reel seatbelts introduced 1974 – Airbags introduced 1983 – Airbags available on US cars 1985 – Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) available on US cars 1991 – Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) airbags introduced by Volvo 1995 – Electronic Stability Control (ESC) introduced produced by Bosch 1995 – Seatbelts with tensioners and integrated force limiters introduced in Mercedes Benz 1996 – Brake Assist System (BAS) introduced in Mercedes Benz New Technologies • Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) – traction control, ABS, ESP, ESC, HUD • Alternative control - steer-by-wire, drive-bywire, brake-by-wire, joysticks • Other innovations – alternative fuels, hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative braking, LED lamps, distributed light sources, wiperless windows, Tweels, gas discharge headlamps, multiplexing, camera mirrors New Technologies System Type Traction Engine Transmission Fuel Running gear Variable valve timing, Tiptronic transmission, Hybrids, Fuel cells, LPG/CNG, Traction control Drive-by-wire, Emissions SCR, Run-flat tyres Braking ABS, EBFD, Traction control, Regenerative systems Brake-by-wire Service Parking New Technologies System Type Chassis Suspension Steering ESC ESP Steer-by-wire, Tweels, Composite materials, Multiplexing New Technologies System Driver/ vehicle interface Type Headlamps Cornering lamps Fog lamps Mirrors Demister Windscreen wipers Sun visors Instruments Controls Gas discharge headlamps, Advanced windscreens, Night vision, Collision avoidance, Lane Keep Support, SatNav, HUD, Pedestrian awareness, Cruise control, Joystick control. Distributed light sources, LED lamps, See-by-wire (camera mirrors) New Technologies System Type Conspicuity Position DSRC (toll, theft, collision reporting) lamps Stop lamps Indicators Registration lamps Occupant protection Seatbelts Child restraints Airbags Headrests Pre-tensioners, Side airbags, Curtain airbags Intelligent airbags, Collision mitigation airbag controls Distributed light sources, LED lamps Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) “On-board systems that utilise information that is received from direct sensing and/or telecommunications via the road infrastructure or other source” (WP.29) ITS Research • Advanced Driver Assistance Systems in Europe (ADASE) • SAVE-IT (SAfety VEhicles using adaptive Interface Technologies) Intelligent Vehicles Initiative (IVI) • ASV – Advanced Safety Vehicles • Japan Automobile Manufactures Association (JAMA) • Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) ITS Research • Universal Traffic Management Society of Japan (UTMS) - Infrastructure beacon warning systems • Association of Radio Industries & Businesses (ARIB) (Japan) - Information systems • Automotive Multimedia Interface Collaboration (AMIC) – Standardisation of mobile information & entertainment ITS Industry • Manufacturers: – Toyota, Ford (Volvo, LandRover, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Mazda, Aston-Martin), GM, Renault, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Volkswagen, Peugeot, Nissan, Subaru, Honda and others. • Support Industries: – Bosch, TRW, Delphi & Continental Tevis – Delphi, IBM, Motorola, Siemens VDO Automotive and others. – Texas Instruments, Philips Semiconductors, and others. • Partnerships: – – – – Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP) Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) Japan Automobile Manufactures Association (JAMA) Telematics Valley ITS Government • UN ECE WP.29-ITS • Working Group IHRA-ITS • Intelligent Transport Systems Joint Programs Office (ITS-JPO), part of USDOT (FHWA, NHTSA, FTA, FRA, FMCSA, MARAD) ITS Categories (WP.29) Information Collection Driving Assistance Information Support Assistance for Control Automatic Drive ITS Information Collection Systems that collect and/or distribute information, not relating to assisting the driver in controlling the vehicle • Information & Entertainment: – Telematics – (Integration of internet / phone / PDA / BlueTooth technology) • Information for Infrastructure: – – – – – Probe information systems (Fleet management) Real-time online diagnostics of vehicle Electronic Toll Collection (eTag) Automatic Roadside Assistance (eCall, OnStar) Event Data Recorders (EDR) ITS Information Collection AUTOMATIC CRASH NOTIFICATION 100% fitment to GM in USA 2007 100% fitment in all marques in EU by 2009 Generate information CAR OBU and CAN protocols • 6 CARRIERS • 12 OEMS • 60 PROTOCOLS Quasi Emergency Service Providers Transmission Airbag sensor or accelerometer triggers alert • • 80 Black Box Manufacturers 3200 PROTOCOLS Receive notification and contact driver and prepare to call 000 as each of 30 EMOs use different systems • • • Process and display Emergency Services answers phone and cannot see vehicle location or other data 6 Service Providers 5 TELCOs 15 Over the Air Protocols Source: ITS AUSTRALIA ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support “…designed to assist part of the drivers recognition and decision-making … by utilising advanced technologies” (WP.29) • Collision Avoidance – Forward / Rear Collision Warning (FCW, RCW) (CMS, FOREWARN, ADA) – Lane Keep Support (AFIL) – Side Obstacles Advisory System (ASV) – Intersection (beacon from infrastructure) – Low speed maneuverability (parking) ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support Lane Keep Support (Nissan) ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support www.seeingmachines.com ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support www.seeingmachines.com ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support • Visibility Assistance – – – – – Advanced Frontline Systems (AFS) (DRL – GM) Night Vision Systems (Night Vision – GM, Autoliv) Advanced Windscreens Head Up Display (HUD) (Eye Cue – GM) Blind-spot visibility (Volvo – BLIS) • Driver Awareness • Navigation Systems – Direct driver to location – Crash / Traffic avoidance – Road Barcode Systems (Peugeot) ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support Night Vision Assistance http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/safety/avoid_crash/new_features/night_vision.html ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support Night Vision Assistance http://www.autoliv.com/ ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control “…designed to assist part of the drivers …control (automatically) by utilising advanced technologies” (WP.29) Vehicle Positioning: Controls the position of the vehicle on the road • Conventional cruise control • Active speed limit management • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) & ‘Stop and Go’ (AICC ALERT, DISTRONIC, ADC) • Crash Mitigation (CMS braking) • Lane Keep Support (LKS) • Parking assistance (eg Toyota Prius) ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Adaptive Cruise Control ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Vehicle Control: Assist in the performance of the vehicle through feedback • Assistance for Steering: • Assistance for Stopping: – ESC: Electronic Stability – Anti-lock braking (ABS) Control (ESP, StabilTrak, – Electronically distributed AdvanceTrac, DSC, CSC, braking (EBD) DSTC, VDIM, ICCS, – Emergency braking assist AHCCS VSA, ASC) (EBA, SBC) • Assistance for Traction: – Traction Control (TRAC) – Advanced traction control (Terrain Response) • Assistance for Stability: – Roll Stability (RSC) ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Electronic Stability Control ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Electronic Stability Control ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Research: • Page, Y. & Cuny, S. (2004) “Is ESP effective on French Roads?” 1st International ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) Hannover, Germany - September 3-4. • Tingvall, C., Krafft, M., Kullgren, A. & Lie, A. (2004) “The Effectiveness Of ESP (Electronic Stability Programme) in Reducing Real Life Accidents”, Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg 37-41. • Farmer, C. (2004) “Effect of Electronic Stability Control on Automobile Crash Risk” Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg 31725. • Dang, J.N. (2004) “Preliminary Results Analyzing the Effectiveness Of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Systems”, US-DOT NHTSA, Evaluation Note DOT HS 809 790, September 2004. ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Vehicle Configuration: Alters vehicle configuration to change performance • Suspension – Adjustable suspension (AIRMATIC, Terrain Control, AMVAR) – Active suspension (Mercedes-Benz ABC, Delphi MagneRide) • Adaptive Head Restraint Systems (AHR) • 2nd Generation Airbags (Intelligent Deployment) • Pedestrian safety (Active Hoods) ITS Automatic Drive Automatically control vehicle without direct driver responsibility, using a combination of ITS technologies • Automatic Drive • Convoy Pilot Systems – US Army TARDECE research on autonomous ground vehicle navigation ITS Automatic Drive Alternative Control steer-by-wire, drive-by-wire, brake by-wire, joysticks Alternative Control Types Electrical/electronic systems in place of traditional mechanical systems • Steer by Wire (Hy-Wire & AUTOnomy) • Throttle (By-Wire Chassis Technology including Throttle-by-wire, Quadrasteer) • Braking (Delphi hybrid hydraulic/electric) Alternative Control Types Other Innovations alternative fuels, hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative braking, LED lamps, distributed light sources, advanced windscreens, Tweels, gas discharge headlamps, multiplexing, camera mirrors Other Innovations Types New designs in place of traditional designs • Non-Conventional Tyres (Run-flat, Tweel) • Alternative Fuel Systems (Fuel cells, Hydrogen ICE, Hybrid-Electric, Clean Diesel, Biofuels, Natural Gas, Propane) • Alternative Seatbelts (Volvo four-point seatbelts) Other Innovations Types Michelin Tweel Other Innovations Types Ford Focus Fuel Cell Vehicle Fuel cell vehicle schematic Other Innovations Types Toyota Prius Hybrid Other Innovations Types Volvo X4 and V4 four-point seatbelts Impact of New Technologies Is operation likely to lead to, or reduce, injury, theft or emissions (machine factors)? • • • • • Protection of occupants Ability to stop and manoeuvre (includes reliability and failure mode) Compatibility with other vehicles/infrastructure. Resistance to theft Quantity and/or type of emissions Is Human Machine Interface likely to lead to, or reduce, injury (human factors)? • Ability of driver to operate effectively (operation, distraction) • Clarity of operation between different systems Impact of New Technologies Improved Performance – Technology that improves the performance of a vehicular system with new features or better outputs. Typical examples are traction control or intelligent airbags • Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is a major grouping of technologies of this type Improved Design – Technology that serves essentially the same purpose but operates in a very different way (eg mechanical systems replaced by electrical/electronic systems). Typical examples are steer-by-wire or LED lamps WP.29 (ITS) • Recognise the challenge to identify an appropriate regulatory response • Need for global systems • Identify that ITS is not just about vehicle engineering with a need to consider the interaction between the driver and the technology through Human Machine Interface (HMI) factors ITS Information Collection Positives •Assists driver with information / entertainment •Provide information to support infrastructure •Passive safety devices Negatives Issues •Potential for driver distraction (visual and cognitive) •Issues of remote location of vehicles (privacy & control) •Format of information collection •Electromagnetic Compatibility •Link between vehicles and infrastructure (eg. protocols) ITS Information Collection Existing Regulations/Standards: • Visual Display Units – ADR 42 and ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines • Electro-magnetic Compatibility (EMC) – ECE 10 • On Board Diagnostics – ADR 79/.. and 80/.. • Electronic Identification – ISO CD 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification Electronic Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles • Adaptive Cruise Control – ADR 65 and ECE 89 – Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes) • Lane Keep Support – ECE 79 (Draft) – Control of driver and safety mode ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support Positives •Provides useful navigation information to the driver •Enhances the quality of information to the driver (i.e. visual) •Warn the driver of potentially dangerous situations to allow the driver to avoid/mitigate •Avoiding high-risk areas (toll-booths, crash etc) •Better response in crash Negatives •Driver distraction through increased demand on attention or information overload •Driver over-confidence on warning systems altering safe driving behaviour •Reduced situation awareness from consistent falsealarms/too sensitive systems •“Command effect” Issues •Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired •Reliability of systems •Control safeguards for driver to wrest control •Infrastructure/vehicle compatibility •Effect on other drivers •Format of warnings (visual/audio) ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support Existing Regulations/Standards: • Visibility Assistance: – ECE 48 Lighting • Navigation Systems: • – ADR 42 – Visual display units – ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines – ISO/TC22/SC13/WG8 – Human Machine Interface Lane Change Systems – ISO/CD 17387 Intelligent Transport Systems - Lane Change Decision Aid Systems: Performance requirements and tests procedure ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Positives •Improves driver comfort through automatic control of driving functions (eg. ACC) •Increased safety through reduced number of accidents (ESC research) •Reduction in probability/severity of injury in crash Negatives •Driver overtrust/over-confidence altering from normal safe driving patterns •Driver confusion when emergency control taken •Liability Issues •System causing excessive brake wearing •Ability/reliability/ease of driver to over-ride automatic control •Discrimination of a potential crash (worst-case) •Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired •Reliability of automatic control (e.g. LKS in the rain, 2nd gen. airbags) •Failure mode ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control Existing Regulations/Standards: • Electronic Stability Control and Emergency Brake Assist – ECE 13H (Annex 8) – Complex Electronic Controls • Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) – ADR 31/01 (ECE 13H Annex 6) – Tests for ABS – ECE 13 (Annex 13) – Warning systems for ABS • Adaptive Cruise Control • – ADR 65 & ECE 89 – Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes) Lane Keep Support – ECE 79 (draft) – Control of driver and safety mode ITS Automatic Drive Positives •Increase efficiency of route selection, engine management, emissions, etc. Negatives •Legal Responsibility of the driver is replaced by the automatic drive system Issues •Currently specifically excluded in regulation •Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired •Reliability of systems •Failure mode ITS Automatic Drive Existing Regulations/Standards: • ECE 79 (draft) – Control of driver and safety mode – specifically excludes systems in which control of the vehicle is taken away from the driver Alternative Control Positives •Advances in vehicle performance, safety, comfort, weight, cost •Allows for greater system integration •Dramatic change to interior design possibilities Negatives •Driver unfamiliarity •Perceived risk of transferring from a direct mechanical linkage Issues •Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired •Reliability of systems •Failure mode Alternative Control Existing Regulations/Standards: • Alternative Steering Mechanisms: – ECE 35 Uniform Provisions Concerning The Approval Of Vehicles With Regard To The Arrangement Of Foot Controls • Steer-by-wire: – ECE 79 (draft) • Brake-by-wire: – ECE 13H Other Innovations Positives •Advances in vehicle performance, safety, comfort, weight, efficiency, cost Negatives •Driver unfamiliarity (where applicable) Issues •Performance •Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired •Reliability of systems •Failure mode Other Innovations Existing Regulations/Standards: • Alternative Fuel Systems: – FMVSS 305 Electric-Powered Vehicles: Electrolyte Spillage and Electrical Shock Protection – ADR 31/01 and ECE 13H – Provision for electrical regenerative braking Summary • Evolution of safety technology • New technologies: – Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) – Alternative Control – Other Innovations • Impact of new technologies • WP.29 • Positives, negatives, issues and existing regulation Discussion UK Monaro Review – Jeremy Clarkson’s Top Gear