New Vehicle
Technologies
Peter Robertson
General Manager
Vehicle Safety Standards (VSS)
(Administrator of Vehicle Standards)
Topics covered
• Evolution of safety technology
• New Vehicle Technologies
– Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
– Alternative Control
– Other Innovations
• Potential impact of technologies
The Evolution of
Safety Technology
1950’s
1990’s
The Evolution of
Safety Technology
1924 – Safety glass standard on Cadillacs
1950’s -Toughened glass introduced
1950 – Disc brakes available on Chryslers
1951 – Crumple zones patented by Mercedes Benz
1954 – Seatbelts optionally available on some US cars
1959 – Three point seatbelts available on Volvos
1959 – Safety body with crumple zones produced by Mercedes Benz
1962 – Split service brake systems introduced
1967 – Energy absorbing steering columns introduced
1968 – Head restraints introduced
The Evolution of
Safety Technology
1971 – Three point inertia reel seatbelts introduced
1974 – Airbags introduced
1983 – Airbags available on US cars
1985 – Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) available on US cars
1991 – Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) airbags introduced by
Volvo
1995 – Electronic Stability Control (ESC) introduced produced by
Bosch
1995 – Seatbelts with tensioners and integrated force limiters
introduced in Mercedes Benz
1996 – Brake Assist System (BAS) introduced in Mercedes Benz
New Technologies
• Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) –
traction control, ABS, ESP, ESC, HUD
• Alternative control - steer-by-wire, drive-bywire, brake-by-wire, joysticks
• Other innovations – alternative fuels,
hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative braking, LED
lamps, distributed light sources, wiperless
windows, Tweels, gas discharge headlamps,
multiplexing, camera mirrors
New Technologies
System
Type
Traction Engine
Transmission
Fuel
Running gear
Variable valve timing,
Tiptronic transmission,
Hybrids,
Fuel cells,
LPG/CNG,
Traction control
Drive-by-wire,
Emissions SCR,
Run-flat tyres
Braking
ABS,
EBFD,
Traction control,
Regenerative systems
Brake-by-wire
Service
Parking
New Technologies
System
Type
Chassis Suspension
Steering
ESC
ESP
Steer-by-wire,
Tweels,
Composite
materials,
Multiplexing
New Technologies
System
Driver/
vehicle
interface
Type
Headlamps
Cornering
lamps
Fog lamps
Mirrors
Demister
Windscreen
wipers
Sun visors
Instruments
Controls
Gas discharge
headlamps,
Advanced windscreens,
Night vision,
Collision avoidance,
Lane Keep Support,
SatNav,
HUD,
Pedestrian awareness,
Cruise control,
Joystick control.
Distributed light
sources,
LED lamps,
See-by-wire
(camera mirrors)
New Technologies
System
Type
Conspicuity Position
DSRC (toll, theft,
collision reporting)
lamps
Stop lamps
Indicators
Registration
lamps
Occupant
protection
Seatbelts
Child
restraints
Airbags
Headrests
Pre-tensioners,
Side airbags,
Curtain airbags
Intelligent airbags,
Collision mitigation
airbag controls
Distributed light
sources,
LED lamps
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
“On-board systems that utilise
information that is received from
direct sensing and/or
telecommunications via the road
infrastructure or other source”
(WP.29)
ITS
Research
• Advanced Driver Assistance Systems in
Europe (ADASE)
• SAVE-IT (SAfety VEhicles using adaptive
Interface Technologies) Intelligent Vehicles
Initiative (IVI)
• ASV – Advanced Safety Vehicles
• Japan Automobile Manufactures Association
(JAMA)
• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM)
ITS
Research
• Universal Traffic Management Society of
Japan (UTMS) - Infrastructure beacon
warning systems
• Association of Radio Industries & Businesses
(ARIB) (Japan) - Information systems
• Automotive Multimedia Interface
Collaboration (AMIC) – Standardisation of
mobile information & entertainment
ITS
Industry
• Manufacturers:
– Toyota, Ford (Volvo, LandRover, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Mazda,
Aston-Martin), GM, Renault, BMW, Mercedes-Benz,
DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Volkswagen, Peugeot,
Nissan, Subaru, Honda and others.
• Support Industries:
– Bosch, TRW, Delphi & Continental Tevis
– Delphi, IBM, Motorola, Siemens VDO Automotive and others.
– Texas Instruments, Philips Semiconductors, and others.
• Partnerships:
–
–
–
–
Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP)
Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM)
Japan Automobile Manufactures Association (JAMA)
Telematics Valley
ITS
Government
• UN ECE WP.29-ITS
• Working Group IHRA-ITS
• Intelligent Transport Systems Joint
Programs Office (ITS-JPO), part of USDOT (FHWA, NHTSA, FTA, FRA,
FMCSA, MARAD)
ITS
Categories
(WP.29)
Information Collection
Driving Assistance
Information Support
Assistance for Control
Automatic Drive
ITS
Information Collection
Systems that collect and/or distribute information, not
relating to assisting the driver in controlling the vehicle
• Information & Entertainment:
– Telematics – (Integration of internet / phone / PDA /
BlueTooth technology)
• Information for Infrastructure:
–
–
–
–
–
Probe information systems (Fleet management)
Real-time online diagnostics of vehicle
Electronic Toll Collection (eTag)
Automatic Roadside Assistance (eCall, OnStar)
Event Data Recorders (EDR)
ITS
Information Collection
AUTOMATIC CRASH NOTIFICATION
100% fitment to GM in USA 2007
100% fitment in all marques in EU by 2009
Generate information
CAR OBU and
CAN protocols
• 6 CARRIERS
• 12 OEMS
• 60 PROTOCOLS
Quasi Emergency
Service Providers
Transmission
Airbag sensor or
accelerometer
triggers alert
•
•
80 Black Box
Manufacturers
3200
PROTOCOLS
Receive notification
and contact driver
and prepare to call
000 as each of 30
EMOs use different
systems
•
•
•
Process and display
Emergency
Services answers
phone and cannot
see vehicle
location or other
data
6 Service
Providers
5 TELCOs
15 Over the Air
Protocols
Source: ITS AUSTRALIA
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
“…designed to assist part of the drivers recognition and
decision-making … by utilising advanced technologies” (WP.29)
• Collision Avoidance
– Forward / Rear Collision Warning (FCW, RCW) (CMS,
FOREWARN, ADA)
– Lane Keep Support (AFIL)
– Side Obstacles Advisory System (ASV)
– Intersection (beacon from infrastructure)
– Low speed maneuverability (parking)
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
Lane Keep Support (Nissan)
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
www.seeingmachines.com
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
www.seeingmachines.com
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
• Visibility Assistance
–
–
–
–
–
Advanced Frontline Systems (AFS) (DRL – GM)
Night Vision Systems (Night Vision – GM, Autoliv)
Advanced Windscreens
Head Up Display (HUD) (Eye Cue – GM)
Blind-spot visibility (Volvo – BLIS)
• Driver Awareness
• Navigation Systems
– Direct driver to location
– Crash / Traffic avoidance
– Road Barcode Systems (Peugeot)
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
Night Vision Assistance
http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/safety/avoid_crash/new_features/night_vision.html
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
Night Vision Assistance
http://www.autoliv.com/
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
“…designed to assist part of the drivers …control
(automatically) by utilising advanced technologies” (WP.29)
Vehicle Positioning:
Controls the position of the vehicle on the road
• Conventional cruise control
• Active speed limit management
• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) & ‘Stop and Go’ (AICC ALERT,
DISTRONIC, ADC)
• Crash Mitigation (CMS braking)
• Lane Keep Support (LKS)
• Parking assistance (eg Toyota Prius)
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Adaptive Cruise Control
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Vehicle Control:
Assist in the performance of the vehicle through feedback
• Assistance for Steering:
• Assistance for Stopping:
– ESC: Electronic Stability
– Anti-lock braking (ABS)
Control (ESP, StabilTrak,
– Electronically distributed
AdvanceTrac, DSC, CSC,
braking (EBD)
DSTC, VDIM, ICCS,
– Emergency braking assist
AHCCS VSA, ASC)
(EBA, SBC)
• Assistance for Traction:
– Traction Control (TRAC)
– Advanced traction control
(Terrain Response)
• Assistance for Stability:
– Roll Stability (RSC)
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Electronic Stability Control
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Electronic Stability Control
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Research:
• Page, Y. & Cuny, S. (2004) “Is ESP effective on French Roads?”
1st International ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident
Research) Hannover, Germany - September 3-4.
• Tingvall, C., Krafft, M., Kullgren, A. & Lie, A. (2004) “The
Effectiveness Of ESP (Electronic Stability Programme) in
Reducing Real Life Accidents”, Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg
37-41.
• Farmer, C. (2004) “Effect of Electronic Stability Control on
Automobile Crash Risk” Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg 31725.
• Dang, J.N. (2004) “Preliminary Results Analyzing the
Effectiveness Of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Systems”,
US-DOT NHTSA, Evaluation Note DOT HS 809 790, September
2004.
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Vehicle Configuration:
Alters vehicle configuration to change performance
• Suspension
– Adjustable suspension (AIRMATIC, Terrain Control, AMVAR)
– Active suspension (Mercedes-Benz ABC, Delphi
MagneRide)
• Adaptive Head Restraint Systems (AHR)
• 2nd Generation Airbags (Intelligent Deployment)
• Pedestrian safety (Active Hoods)
ITS
Automatic Drive
Automatically control vehicle without direct driver
responsibility, using a combination of ITS technologies
• Automatic Drive
• Convoy Pilot Systems – US Army TARDECE research on
autonomous ground vehicle navigation
ITS
Automatic Drive
Alternative Control
steer-by-wire, drive-by-wire, brake
by-wire, joysticks
Alternative Control
Types
Electrical/electronic systems in place of traditional
mechanical systems
• Steer by Wire (Hy-Wire & AUTOnomy)
• Throttle (By-Wire Chassis Technology including
Throttle-by-wire, Quadrasteer)
• Braking (Delphi hybrid hydraulic/electric)
Alternative Control
Types
Other Innovations
alternative fuels, hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative
braking, LED lamps, distributed light sources,
advanced windscreens, Tweels, gas discharge
headlamps, multiplexing, camera mirrors
Other Innovations
Types
New designs in place of traditional designs
• Non-Conventional Tyres (Run-flat, Tweel)
• Alternative Fuel Systems (Fuel cells, Hydrogen ICE,
Hybrid-Electric, Clean Diesel, Biofuels, Natural Gas,
Propane)
• Alternative Seatbelts (Volvo four-point seatbelts)
Other Innovations
Types
Michelin Tweel
Other Innovations
Types
Ford Focus Fuel Cell Vehicle
Fuel cell vehicle schematic
Other Innovations
Types
Toyota Prius Hybrid
Other Innovations
Types
Volvo X4 and V4 four-point seatbelts
Impact of New Technologies
Is operation likely to lead to, or reduce, injury, theft or
emissions (machine factors)?
•
•
•
•
•
Protection of occupants
Ability to stop and manoeuvre (includes reliability and failure mode)
Compatibility with other vehicles/infrastructure.
Resistance to theft
Quantity and/or type of emissions
Is Human Machine Interface likely to lead to, or reduce,
injury (human factors)?
• Ability of driver to operate effectively (operation, distraction)
• Clarity of operation between different systems
Impact of New Technologies
Improved Performance – Technology that improves the
performance of a vehicular system with new features or better
outputs. Typical examples are traction control or intelligent airbags
•
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is a major grouping of
technologies of this type
Improved Design – Technology that serves essentially the same
purpose but operates in a very different way (eg mechanical
systems replaced by electrical/electronic systems). Typical
examples are steer-by-wire or LED lamps
WP.29 (ITS)
• Recognise the challenge to identify an appropriate
regulatory response
• Need for global systems
• Identify that ITS is not just about vehicle engineering
with a need to consider the interaction between the
driver and the technology through Human Machine
Interface (HMI) factors
ITS
Information Collection
Positives
•Assists driver with
information /
entertainment
•Provide information
to support
infrastructure
•Passive safety
devices
Negatives
Issues
•Potential for driver
distraction (visual and
cognitive)
•Issues of remote
location of vehicles
(privacy & control)
•Format of information
collection
•Electromagnetic
Compatibility
•Link between
vehicles and
infrastructure (eg.
protocols)
ITS
Information Collection
Existing Regulations/Standards:
• Visual Display Units
– ADR 42 and ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines
• Electro-magnetic Compatibility (EMC)
– ECE 10
• On Board Diagnostics
– ADR 79/.. and 80/..
• Electronic Identification
– ISO CD 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification Electronic Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles
• Adaptive Cruise Control
– ADR 65 and ECE 89 – Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes)
• Lane Keep Support
– ECE 79 (Draft) – Control of driver and safety mode
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
Positives
•Provides useful
navigation information to
the driver
•Enhances the quality of
information to the driver
(i.e. visual)
•Warn the driver of
potentially dangerous
situations to allow the
driver to avoid/mitigate
•Avoiding high-risk areas
(toll-booths, crash etc)
•Better response in
crash
Negatives
•Driver distraction
through increased
demand on attention or
information overload
•Driver over-confidence
on warning systems
altering safe driving
behaviour
•Reduced situation
awareness from
consistent falsealarms/too sensitive
systems
•“Command effect”
Issues
•Warning devices for
when system nonoperational/impaired
•Reliability of systems
•Control safeguards for
driver to wrest control
•Infrastructure/vehicle
compatibility
•Effect on other drivers
•Format of warnings
(visual/audio)
ITS
Driving Assistance - Information Support
Existing Regulations/Standards:
• Visibility Assistance:
– ECE 48 Lighting
• Navigation Systems:
•
– ADR 42 – Visual display units
– ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines
– ISO/TC22/SC13/WG8 – Human Machine Interface
Lane Change Systems
– ISO/CD 17387 Intelligent Transport Systems - Lane Change Decision Aid
Systems: Performance requirements and tests procedure
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Positives
•Improves driver comfort
through automatic
control of driving
functions (eg. ACC)
•Increased safety
through reduced number
of accidents (ESC
research)
•Reduction in
probability/severity of
injury in crash
Negatives
•Driver overtrust/over-confidence
altering from normal
safe driving patterns
•Driver confusion
when emergency
control taken
•Liability
Issues
•System causing excessive
brake wearing
•Ability/reliability/ease of
driver to over-ride automatic
control
•Discrimination of a potential
crash (worst-case)
•Warning devices for when
system nonoperational/impaired
•Reliability of automatic
control (e.g. LKS in the rain,
2nd gen. airbags)
•Failure mode
ITS
Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control
Existing Regulations/Standards:
• Electronic Stability Control and Emergency Brake Assist
– ECE 13H (Annex 8) – Complex Electronic Controls
• Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS)
– ADR 31/01 (ECE 13H Annex 6) – Tests for ABS
– ECE 13 (Annex 13) – Warning systems for ABS
•
Adaptive Cruise Control
•
– ADR 65 & ECE 89 – Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes)
Lane Keep Support
– ECE 79 (draft) – Control of driver and safety mode
ITS
Automatic Drive
Positives
•Increase efficiency of
route selection,
engine management,
emissions, etc.
Negatives
•Legal Responsibility
of the driver is
replaced by the
automatic drive
system
Issues
•Currently specifically
excluded in regulation
•Warning devices for
when system nonoperational/impaired
•Reliability of systems
•Failure mode
ITS
Automatic Drive
Existing Regulations/Standards:
• ECE 79 (draft) – Control of driver and safety
mode
– specifically excludes systems in which control of the vehicle
is taken away from the driver
Alternative Control
Positives
•Advances in vehicle
performance, safety,
comfort, weight, cost
•Allows for greater
system integration
•Dramatic change to
interior design
possibilities
Negatives
•Driver unfamiliarity
•Perceived risk of
transferring from a
direct mechanical
linkage
Issues
•Warning devices for
when system nonoperational/impaired
•Reliability of systems
•Failure mode
Alternative Control
Existing Regulations/Standards:
• Alternative Steering Mechanisms:
– ECE 35 Uniform Provisions Concerning The Approval Of
Vehicles With Regard To The Arrangement Of Foot Controls
• Steer-by-wire:
– ECE 79 (draft)
• Brake-by-wire:
– ECE 13H
Other Innovations
Positives
•Advances in vehicle
performance, safety,
comfort, weight,
efficiency, cost
Negatives
•Driver unfamiliarity
(where applicable)
Issues
•Performance
•Warning devices for
when system nonoperational/impaired
•Reliability of systems
•Failure mode
Other Innovations
Existing Regulations/Standards:
• Alternative Fuel Systems:
– FMVSS 305 Electric-Powered Vehicles: Electrolyte Spillage
and Electrical Shock Protection
– ADR 31/01 and ECE 13H – Provision for electrical
regenerative braking
Summary
• Evolution of safety technology
• New technologies:
– Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
– Alternative Control
– Other Innovations
• Impact of new technologies
• WP.29
• Positives, negatives, issues and existing regulation
Discussion
UK Monaro Review – Jeremy
Clarkson’s Top Gear