Lisa H. Young, RN, BSN, MA Ed.

Elements of a Medical Terms
• Roots
• the constant, unchanging foundation of a medical term
• usually of Greek or Latin origin
• nearly all medical terms have one or more roots

Elements of a Medical Terms
• Combining vowel
• has no meaning of its own
• joins a root to another root
• joins a root to a suffix
• makes a word easier to pronounce
• “ o ” is the most common combining vowel, followed by “ a ”

Elements of a Medical Term
• Combining form
• combines a root and a combining vowel
• can be attached to another root or combining form
• can precede a suffix
Example: enter/o

Elements of a Medical Term
• Identify the elements of the following word: gynecologist gynec/ -oroot combining vowel
-logist suffix

Greek, Latin, and Old English Words
• Some medical terms do not break down (deconstruct) into word elements
Examples:
• Greek: toxin meaning poison
• Latin: medical meaning to heal
• Old English: record meaning to remember

Terms That Are Alike
• Many words in the medical language are very similar.
Examples:
• ilium and ileum
• malleus and malleolus

Chapter 1 Summary
• Elements
• prefix , root , combining vowel , combining form , and suffix
• Greek, Latin, and Old English Words
• Some do not break down
• Terms That Are Alike
• Look alike/sound alike

Suffixes
• Added to the end of a root/combining form
• Changes the meaning of medical terms
• Use of combining vowel hemat o ma= root + suffix hemat/ o -logist = root + combining vowel + suffix

Classification of Suffixes
• Diagnostic
• Diagnosis, procedure, or test
• Surgical
• Describes surgical procedures
• Pathological
• Describes a sign/symptom of a disease

Classification of Suffixes
• Adjectives
• 28 suffixes mean pertaining to
• Nouns
• do not fall under any classifications
• maintain the root or combining form as a noun

Diagnostic Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following words: hematoma hemat/ -oma root suffix hematuria hemat/ -uria root suffix

Surgical Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following word: appendectomy append/ root suffix
-ectomy lithotripsy lith/o combining form
-tripsy suffix

Pathological Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following words: cystitis cyst/ root
-itis suffix cyanosis cyan/ root
-osis suffix

Adjective Suffixes
Suffixes meaning pertaining to:
-ac cardi ac pertaining to the heart
-ary pulmon ary pertaining to the lungs
-ior poster ior pertaining to the back of the body

Noun Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following words: arteriole arteri/ root
-ole suffix venule ven/ root
-ule suffix

Prefixes
• Added to the beginning of a medical term
• Change the meaning of medical terms
• No use of combining vowel peri-cardium = prefix + root epi-cardium = prefix + root

Position Prefixes
• Identify the prefixes of the following words: epidermis epiprefix dermis root hypodermis hypo dermis prefix root

Number and Measurement Prefixes
• Identify the prefixes of the following word: multipara multiprefix para root
Primipara primiprefix para root

Direction Prefixes
• Identify the prefixes of the following word: antevert antiprefix vert root synapse synprefix apse root

Element Review
• Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: hypogastric hypo- / gastr / -ic prefix root suffix

Chapter 2 Summary
• Suffixes and Prefixes
• Change the meaning of medical terms
• Suffix
• Added to the end of a root/combining form
• Use of combining vowel
• Prefix
• Added to the beginning of a medical term

Decoding Terms
• CARD Method
• Check for the word parts in a term
• Assign meanings to the word parts
• Reverse the meaning of the suffix to the front of the definition
• Define the term

•
Word Analysis, Definition &
Pronounciation
Analyze the following term: endocarditis
1. suffix
2.
prefix
— itis meaning inflammation endo — meaning inside
3. root card meaning heart
4. put the terms together —inflammation of the inside of the heart

Building Terms
• Spelling Rules
• If the suffix starts with a vowel, a combining vowel is NOT needed to join the parts arthr/o
 itis = arthritis
• If the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel IS needed to join the two word parts arthr/o + plasty = arthroplasty

Building Terms
• If a combining form ends with the same vowel that begins a suffix, one of the vowels is dropped
Endo- + cardi/o + itis = Endocarditis
• If two or more combining forms are used in a term, the combining form is retained
Gastr/o + enter/0 + itis = Gastroenteritis

Building Terms
• When two or more combining forms are used to make a medical term, special notice must be paid to the order in which the combining forms are joined
Esophag/o + gastr/o + duoden/o + scopy =
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
(joining the CF reflects the direction in which the scope travels through the body)

Plurals
• Singular / Plural Rules
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Ends in –a add –ae
Ends in -is add –es vertebra ae arthrosis es
Ends in –ix or –ex add –ices appendix ices
Ends in –itis add –itides arthritis itides
Ends in –nx add –nges phalanx nges
Ends in –um add an –a endocardiumi a
Ends in –us add an –I digitus i
Ends in –y add – ies thearpy ies

Chapter 3 Summary
• Word Analysis and Definition
• break it down into its component elements
• Plurals and Pronunciations
• memorize the plurals of medical terms
• correct pronunciation is vital
• Precision in Communication http://connect.mcgraw-hill.com/connectweb/login/?&node=connectdr_3

Composition of the Body
• The body is composed of:
- organs
- tissues
- cells
- organelles
- molecules
- atoms

Structure and Functions of Cells
• Basic Functions of Life
manufacture
production
communication
replication
reproduction

Nucleus

Tissues
• Primary Tissue Groups
- connective
- epithelial
- muscle
- nervous

Organs & Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glandis
• Skeletal
• Bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons
• Muscular
• Muscles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSqwRkDLyH4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBLm7rK05Yc

Organs and Organ Systems
• Nervous
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organ
• Endocrine
• Glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus
• Cardiovascular
• Heart, blood vessels

Organs and Organ Systems
• Lymphatic
• Lymph vessels and nodes, thymus spleen
• Digestive
• Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
• Respiratory
• Control intake and output of air, exchange gases between air and blood

Organs and Organ Systems
• Urinary
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Reproductive
• Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, blubourethral glands, urethra, penis
• Female: ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

Prefixes for Body Organization anacataenendoepimetaparaup, apart, away down in within above, upon beyond, change neat, beside, abnormal

Suffixes for Body Organizations ai, -ous pertaining to
-ia, -ism condition, state of
-on structure
-plasm formation
-some body
-stasis controlling, stopping
-um structure, thing, membrane
-us structure

Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuV-2WKZmSM

Anatomical Planes http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=wB
AwxZ_yxnE

Positional & Directional Terms
• Anteroposterior (AP) & Posteroanterior (PA)
• Anterior & ventral to the front/belly side
• Posterior & dorsal
• Superior & Cephalad back of body/back upward/toward head
• Inferior & Caudad
• Medial
• Lateral
• Ipsilateral downward/toward tail pertaining to the middle pertaining to the side pertaining to same side

Position & Directional Terms
• Contralateral
• Unilateral
• Bilateral
• Superficial
• Deep
• Proximal
• Distal
• Dextrad pertaining to the opposite side pertaining to one side pertaining to two sides on the surface of the body away from the surface of the body near the origin far from the origin toward the right

Position & Directional Terms
• Sinistrad
• Afferent
• Efferent
• Supine
• Prone toward the left carrying toward a structure carrying away from structure lying on back lying on stomach

Body Cavities

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeFoxTi02yg

Chapter 4 Summary
• Organization of the Body
• All the elements interact with each other
• Anatomical Position, Planes, and Directions
• Describe the location of anatomical structures

Digestive System
• Alimentary Canal
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large
Intestine
• Accessory Organs
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Functions of the Digestive System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1h2VW8USCAA

Prefixes of the Digestive System
• Prefixes for the Digestive System
• Endo-
• Exo-
• Hypo-
• Par-
• Peri-
• Retro-
• Subwithin outside below near surrounding behind under

Suffixes of the Digestive System
• Suffixes for the Digestive System
• -al, - ar, -ary, -eal, -id, -ine, -ous, -ic
• -ase
• -crine
• -kinin
• -stalsis pertaining to enzyme to secrete movement substance contraction

Digestive System
• Define the following root elements:
bari
- digest
- laparo
- lymph

Digestive System Root Elements
• Identify and define the root elements of the following terms:
- amylase
- deglutition
- elimination
- peristalsis

Digestive Systems Root Elements
• Define the following root elements:
- cusp
- lingu
- mandibul
- saliv

Digestive System Root Elements
• Define the following root elements:
- chol/e
- emuls
- gall
- hepat

Digestive System Root Elements
• Define the following root elements:
- amin
- hydr
- carb
- lact

Digestive System Prefixes
• Define the following prefixes: monoditripoly-

Digestive System Suffixes
• Define the following suffixes:
- itis
- ectomy
- osis
- dynia
- ist

Digestive System
• Define the meaning of the following suffixes:
- um
- rrhoid
- ion
- ative

Digestive System
• Define the following suffixes:
- um
- in
- ion
- gen
- us

Urinary System
Anatomy and Physiology
Kidneys (nephron)
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Urinary meatus
Trigone

Urinary System
• Functions of the Kidneys
• filter blood to eliminate wastes
• regulate blood volume
• maintain homeostasis
• secrete renin
• secrete erythropoietin
• synthesize vitamin D http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGYd1 wrTgE

Urinary System
Location
Structure
Function
Micturition

Urinary System
• Prefixes for the anatomy of the urinary system
• Extra-
• Enoutside in
• Par-
• Retrobeside, near backward

Urinary System
• Suffixes for the anatomy of the urinary system
• al, -ar, -ic
• -ation, -ion pertaining to process of

Urinary System
• ectomy
• -lithotomy
• -lysis
• -pexy
• -scopy
• -stomy
• -tomy
• -tripsy excision, resection extirpation release repair, reposition inspection bypass, drainage drainage, division fragmentation

Male Reproductive System
• Primary Sex Organs
• Secondary Sex Organs
• Accessory Glands http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PHxTdIjkmw

Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Location
• Structure
• Spermatic Cord
• Location
• Structure
• Spermatogenesis

Spermatic Ducts & Accessory Glands
• Spermatic Ducts
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Ejaculatory ducts
• Accessory Glands
• Prostate
• Seminal vesicle
• Bulbourethral glands

Male Reproductive System
• Penis
• erection
• ejaculation

Male Reproductive System
• Prefixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive system
• enin
• parnear, beside
• Suffixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive system
• -al, -ous, -ar, -ile, -atic, -ic
• -ferous
• -genesis
• -one pertaining to pertaining to carrying production substance that forms

Male Reproductive System
• cision
• -ectomy
• -ligation
• -pexy
• -plasty
• -stomy
• -tomy resection excision, resection occlusion repair, reposition repair, supplement repair drainage

Female Reproductive System
• Perineum
• Vulva structures of the vulva

Female Reproductive System
Vagina

Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus

Female Reproductive System
• Suffixes for the anatomy of the female reproductive system
•
• -arche
-ation beginning process of
•
•
•
•
•
-pause
-salpinx
-ectomy
-pexy
-plasty stop, cease fallopian tube excision, resection repair, reposition repair, supplement, alteration,replacement
•
•
•
• -scopy
-tomy
-lysis
-ligation inspection drainage, division release occlusion

Pregnancy
• Embryo
• Placenta
• Fetus

Pregnancy
• Suffixes for the A & P of pregnancy
• -blast
• -cyst
• -gravida, -cyesis
• -para, -tocia embryonic, immature sac pregnancy delivery

Childbirth
Stage One: dilation and effacement
Stage Two: expulsion of the fetus
Stage Three: expulsion of the placenta

Breast
Anatomy of breast
Mammary gland

Nervous System
Functions of the Nervous System
• Sensory Input
• Motor Output
• Evaluation and Integration
• Homeostasis
• Mental Activity
CNS
• Brain and spinal cord
PNS
• Nerves all over the body http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odZw2jvbjr8

Nervous System
• Suffixes
-cyte
-glia
-on
-stasis
-tome cell glue structure stopping, controlling instrument used to cut
• Suffixes and Root Operations
-ectomy
-emphraxis
-exeresis
-plasty
-stomy
-tomy excision, resection, destruction destruction extraction repair, supplement bypass, drainage drainage, division, destruction

The Brain
Divisions of the Brain
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem

The Cerebrum
Four Cerebral Lobes
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Temporal lobe
• Occipital lobe

Functions of the Brain
Functional Regions of the Brain
• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• basal nuclei
• limbic system
• brainstem
• cerebellum

Spinal Cord
Four Regions: cervical thoracic lumbar sacral

Cardiovascular System
Functions of the
Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Arteries (great, upper and lower)
Veins (upper & lower) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3r
JCLCE

Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Cycle
- electrical properties of the heart

Cardiovascular System
• Prefixes coninfrainter-
Intraoxysemisupratogether under between within oxygen half above
• Suffixes
-ar, -ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal
-cyte
-ia
-ion
-um pertaining to cell condition process of structure

Circulatory System
• Functions of the Peripheral Circulation
- carry blood
- transport
- maintain homeostasis
- regulate blood pressure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc

Circulatory System
• Suffixes
ar, -ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal pertaining to
-cyte cell
-ia
-ion
-um condition process of structure

Hematology
Components of Blood
Formed Elements
- RBCs
- hematocrit
- WBCs
- platelets
- plasma
- serum http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p14tLl8rORE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sKZWqsUpw

Hematology
• Functions of Blood
maintain homeostasis
- maintain body temperature
- transport nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
- transport waste products
- transport hormones
- transport gases
- protect against foreign substances
- form clots
- regulate pH and osmosis

Hematology
Common Prefixes aantiintermonopolyprowithout against between one many before

Hematology
Suffixes cyte
-exia
-gen
-globin
-in
-kine
-leukin
-lysis
-osis cell condition
-phil attraction
-poiesis formation producing -poietin forming protein substance substance substance movement
- siderin iron substance white substance - stasis controlling, breaking down stopping abnormal condition -thrombin clotting substance

Immune & Lymphatic Systems
BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Physical Mechanisms
Cellular Mechanisms
Humoral Defense Mechanisms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Non4MkYQpYA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGRceUoQRVw

Lymphatic System
Vessels
Cells, Tissues,
Organs
Lymph Nodes
Lymph

Lymphatic System
Functions absorption removal

Lymphatic System
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Null Cells
Macrophages

Lymphatic Organs
Spleen
Tonsils
Adenoids
Thymus Gland

Immune System
• Humoral Immunity
• specificity
• memory
• discrimination
• Immunity
•
•
Cellular
Humoral
• Natural Active Immunity
• Natural Passive Immunity
• Artificial Active Immunity
• Artificial Passive Immunity

Blood & Immune System
• Prefixes for A & P aantiintermonopolyprowithout against between one many before http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noMsCGRkwSE

Blood & Immune System
• Suffixes for the A & P
-cyte
-exia
-gen
globin
-in
-kine
-leukin
-lysis
-osis cell condition
-phil attraction
-poiesis formation producing -poietin forming protein substance substance substance movement
- siderin iron substance white substance breaking down
- stasis controlling, stopping abnormal condition -thrombin clotting substance

Respiratory System
Structures of the Respiratory
System
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi and bronchioles
- alveoli
Functions of the Respiratory
System
- exchange of gases
- regulation of blood pH
- protection
- voice production
- olfaction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr5dDmTASos

Respiratory System
• Prefixes exininteroxyparare-
Suffixes
-centesis
-ectomy
-lysis
-plasty
-rrhaphy
-tomy out in between oxygen near again drainage excision, resection release alteration, reposition, repair, replacement, supplement repair drainage

Musculoskeletal System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6sLwgUHwTk

Musculoskeletal System
• Prefixes
•
•
Ab-
Ad-
•
•
•
Amphi-
Bi-
Circum-
•
•
Dia-
Endo-, end-
•
•
•
Epi-
Ex-,e-
In-
•
•
Inter-
Intra-
•
•
•
Peri-
Pro-
Re-
• Synaway from toward both two around through, complete within above, upon out n between within surrounding, around forward back together,joined

Musculoskeletal System
• Suffixes
• -ar, -al, -ic, -ous, -eal
• -blast
• -clast
• -cyte
• -genesis
• -oid
• -physis
• -poiesis
• -sis
• -um pertaining to embryonic breaking down cell production, origin resembling, like growth formation condition structure

Joints
• Classes of Joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
• Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle
- functions

Muscles and Tendons
Functions and Structure of
Skeletal Muscle
structure of skeletal muscle

Integumentary System
Functions of the Skin
• Protection
• Water resistance
• Temperature regulation
• Vitamin D synthesis
• Sensation
• Excretion and secretion
• Social functions
Epidermis
- protects underlying structures
- withstands pollution of life
- sheds superficial cells and renews them
- provides a waterproof barrier https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVIIg
HyNRdI

Integumentary System
• Prefixes
•
•
•
•
• aapoecepieu-
•
• hypo-, subpar-
• Suffixes
•
• -al, -ar, -ous, -ic
-crine
•
•
• -cyte
-ferous
-ium no, not without separate, away from out, outward above healthy, normal under, below near pertaining to to secrete cell pertaining to carrying structure

Special Senses of the Eye & Ear
Suffixes and Root Operations
-ectomy resection
-plasty excision, reposition, repair, replacement, supplemental
-rrhaphy
-tomy repair repair drainage,

Special Senses of the Eye & Ear
Suffixes and Root Operations
-centesis
-ectomy
-lysis
-plasty
-scopy
-stomy
-tomy drainage excision, resection release repair, replacement inspection drainage drainage http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v
=MiJQEcOIj90

Endocrine System
Major Organs:
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands - thymus gland
- adrenal gland - pancreas
- testes - ovaries http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNLsXK kLSTs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjmS4_
7kvDM

Endocrine System
• Prefixes endoexohyposupra-
• Suffixes
-al
-crine
-logy
-us, -is within outward under, deficient above pertaining to to secrete study of structure

Mental Health http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koqGEVKYU78

Geriatrics
Senescence of Organ Systems
Theories of Senescence
Complex Effects of Aging https://jeopardylabs.com/play/geriatric s17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEqZgOFVm6Y

Oncology (Cancer)
• Malignant
• Benign
• Carcinogenesis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pMkxFAJxiY

Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

Pharmacology