The Industrial
Revolution
From England
to America
Industrial Revolution
Changes
in lives were so
great  named
“Industrial Revolution”
People
left homes to
work in mills
Earned wages
Where did it begin?
England
Textile
cloth
industry – making
Developments in English
textile industry
Spinning
Jenny
Hargreaves – c. 1770
Could spin 8 threads at once
Operated by 1 person
Faster production  more
cheaper
James
©http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/011.html/Feb 25,
2004
©http://www.trowbridgemuseum.co.uk/tourspin
ning.htm/Feb. 35, 2004
©http://www.trowbridgemuseum.co.uk/
tourspinning2.htm/Feb. 25, 2004
Water
Frame
Richard
Arkwright
Improved
Hargreaves’
ideas
Water power
©http://www2.exnet.com/1995/10/10/science/science.html/Feb. 25, 2004
Arkwright’s improvement on Hargreaves’ invention –
spinning frame
©http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/011.html/Feb. 25, 2004
Spinning
Richard
Mill
Arkwright
Several
spinning
machines in a
building
©http://www2.exnet.com/1995/10/10/science/science.html/Feb. 25, 2004
Power
Loom
Edmund
Cartwright
Used water
power to
run looms
Power Loom
©http://www.saburchill.com/history/chap
ters/IR/012.html, Feb 25, 2004
©http://www.dundasloom.com, Feb. 25, 2004
©http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwaterwheel.htm, Feb. 24, 2004
The Industrial Revolution
comes to the U.S.
Samuel Slater
Pawtucket,
Rhode Island

Rhode Island
factory System
©http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi384.htm, Feb. 24, 2004
Spinning frame from Slater’s factory ©http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription.cfm%3FID=131, Feb. 25, 2004
The Rhode Island System
Slater duplicated English
technology
Mills made thread
Women in homes wove
thread into cloth
Whole families worked for
mill
The Waltham-Lowell
System
Francis Cabot Lowell
Waltham, Massachusetts
Launched the factory
system – bringing all
manufacturing steps into
one place to increase
efficiency
Changes in New England
“Lowell
Girls” – advertised
for local farm girls, who
boarded at the factory
Canal
System
Power drives
Results of factory system
Employees
no longer set
own priorities, hours,
conditions
Work conditions suffered –
long hours for very low pay,
no safety regulations
More results . . .
Women
were first to protest
factory conditions
Child
labor
Poor conditions
Led eventually to labor
unions/labor laws
Urbanization
Meanwhile, in the South Eli Whitney
1793
- Cotton Gin
Processed 50x
amount of
short-staple
cotton than by
hand
©http://www.eliwhitney.org/ew.html, Feb. 25, 2004
©http://www.eliwhitney.org/ew.html, Geb. 24, 2004
PATENT
NUMBER: 72X
TITLE: Cotton
Gin
March 14,
1794
Eli Whitney
©http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcotton_gin_patent.htm,Feb. 25, 2004
©http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/where/cotton.htm,
Feb. 25, 2004
©http://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/lessons/cotton
_gin_patent/cotton_gin_patent.html,Feb. 24, 2004
©http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/
3h1522b.html, Feb. 24, 2004
Effects of Cotton Gin
Southerners
were able to
grow short-staple cotton
profitably; this variety grew
inland (as far as Texas), unlike
sea island cotton
Cotton Kingdom - More and
more invested in growing
cotton
More effects . . .
Southerners
who’d been
seeking a cash crop to
replace tobacco found it
England’s textile mills
created a demand for
cotton that the South filled
More effects . . .
Demand
for labor increased
 demand for slaves
increased.
1807-1808 – Slavery was not
abolished (Constitutional
Convention compromise)
Slave imports increase as
cotton exports rise
Back to the Factories Interchangeable Parts
Whitney’s most important
invention
Identical machine parts that
could be quickly put
together to form a product
Gunsmithing – government
contract for muskets
Interchangeable Parts
easy – replace
broken piece
Foundation for 20th century
assembly line technology
Led to mass production 
lower cost for goods
Repair
©http://www.eliwhitney.org/arms.htm, Feb. 25, 2004
Effects of the Industrial
Revolution
Change
in lives of workers
Poor
pay and working
conditions
Long hours
Immigrant population  labor
Women work outside home
Urbanization
(as people move
to cities to work in factories)
Factory Work
Effects…
Further
polarization of
American economics
– industry, business
South – agriculture, cotton,
slavery
North
Greater
US industrial power