Fundamental Physics Research will
Power the New Internet
Invited Talk to the
UCSD Physics Department Brown Bag
La Jolla, CA
January 8, 2001
Larry Smarr, Cal-(IT)2
Cal-(IT)2
Proposed UC San Diego and UC Irvine
California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology
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220 Faculty and Senior Researchers
Layered Structure
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New Funding Model (4 Years)
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Materials and Devices
Networked Infrastructure
Interfaces and Software
Strategic Applications
Policy
State $100M
Industry $140M
Private $30 M
Campus $30M
Federal $100-200M
Total $400-500M
One of Three Awarded
Cal-(IT)2
The Conceptual Framework
of Cal-(IT)2
www.calit2.net
Cal-(IT)2
Novel Materials and Devices
are Needed in Every Part of the New Internet
Materials and Devices Team, UCSD
Cal-(IT)2
Components for Assembling Microdevices
Valveless Microfluidics
Mechanical Stress and
Acceleration Sensors
Micro Optical Assemblies
(Lenses and Mirrors)
MEMS structures fabricated and tested at
the UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility
Cal-(IT)2
Nanoelectronics Holds the Promise
of Extending Moore’s Law
“Because of the recent rapid and radical
progress in molecular electronics – where
individual atoms and molecules replace
lithographically drawn transistors – and
related nanoscale technologies, we should
be able to meet or exceed the Moore’s Law
rate of progress for another 30 years.”
--Bill Joy, in “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us”, Wired April 2000
Cal-(IT)2
Nanotechnology Blurs the Distinction
Between Biology and Physics
50 nanometers
IBM Quantum Corral
Iron Atoms on Copper
Human Rhinovirus
Cal-(IT)2
Simulation of
Semiconductor Laser Diodes
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Three Interacting Problems
– Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.)
– Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.)
– Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.)
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
– Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction
– Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission)
– Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers
Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register
National Center for Computational Electronics
Cal-(IT)2
UCSD Cal-(IT)2
Materials and Devices Program
Students and Post Docs
Technical support staff
Faculty
Molecular
materials/
devices
Materials
theory/
simulation
Spintronics
Advanced fabrication and characterization
facility:
State-of-the-art capability for materials and device
processing/analysis
Novel
electronic
materials
Advanced
display
materials
GaAs-based
low-power
MOS
Nanoscale
ultralow
power
electronics
GaN-based
microwave
transistors
Source: UCSD M&D Group
Chemical/
biological
sensors
Nanophotonic
components
High-speed
optical
switches
Cal-(IT)2
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
Proposal
• Multidisciplinary Team
– UCSD Physics (Schuller, Sham, Dynes, Hellman)
– UCSD ECE, Chem, Bioeng, MAE, Chem Eng, others
• Nanoscale Devices and Systems Architectures
– Nanoelectronics
– Nanophotonics
• Biosystems at the Nanoscale
– Nanofabrication by Biomolecular Recognition
– Electrochemical Nanofabrication
– Light Tweezers
• Nanoscale Structures, Novel Phenomena, and Quantum Effects
– Nanolithography and Growth
– Nanoscale Characterization
– Quantum Effects
Cal-(IT)2
Planned Cal-(IT)2
UCSD Clean Room Facility
Cal-(IT)2
BI / NCSA
Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Source: Lyding, Brady
Cal-(IT)2
Nanotechnology Will be
Essential for Photonics
VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :
Efficient polarization control,mode
stabilization, and heat management
Near-field coupling between pixels
in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)
FBCGH possesses
dual-functionality
such as focusing
and beam steering
0.8
0.6
1.0
Reflectivity
TM 0th order efficiency
1.0
Near-field coupling
0.4
TE
TM
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
RCWA
Transparency Theory
0.0
0.2
1.3
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
Thickness ( mm)
0.80
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
Wavelength m
( m)
2.3
2.5
Micro polarizer
VCSEL
Information I/O through
surface wave, guided
wave,and optical fiber
from near-field edge and
surface coupling
FBCGH
Grating coupler
Fiber tip
Near-field
E-O coupler
+V
TM Efficiency
1.0
0.8
-V
Near-field E-O Modulator
+ micro-cavity
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
20
30
Angle (degree)
40
Composite nonlinear,
E-O, and artificial dielectric
materials control and
enhance near-field coupling
Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD
Near-field E-O
modulator controls
optical properties
and near-field
micro-cavity
enhances the effect
Cal-(IT)2
Building a Quantum Network Will
Require Three Important Advances
• The development of a robust means of creating,
storing and entangling quantum bits and using them
for transmission, synchronization and teleportation
• The development of the mathematical underpinnings
and algorithms necessary to implement quantum
protocols
• The development of a repeater for long distance
transmission with the minimum number of quantum
gates consistent with error free transmission
DARPA
Cal-(IT)2
Quantum Telecommunications Systems
DARPA Proposal
• Multidisciplinary Team (UCSD, CalTech)
– Physics (Sham, Schuller, Goodkind, Scherer)
– Math (Meyers, Wallach)
– ECE (Fainman, Yu, Rao, Tu)
• Protocols for Secure Quantum Communication
• Quantum Devices
• General Quantum Telecommunication Systems
– Algorithms
– Quantum Channel Characterization
– Bandwidth Enhancement
Cal-(IT)2
Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer
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500 nm
SEM picture of posts fabricated at the
Cornell Nanofabrication Facility
– PI John Goodkind (UCSD Physics) &
Roberto Panepucci of the CNF
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Electrons Floating over Liquid He
One Electron per Gold Post
g round p al ne
ni su al to r
vo ltage el ad s
ni su al to r
NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/
UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE
Cal-(IT)2
The Wireless Internet will Transform
Computational Science and Engineering
• Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D
• Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State
• Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors
– Give Detailed State Information
– Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality
• Computational Fields
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Environmental Modeling
Civil Infrastructure Responses to Earthquakes
Ecological Modeling
Biomedical Systems
Intelligent Transportation
Cal-(IT)2
The Wireless Internet Adds
Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid
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From Experiments to
Wireless Infrastructure
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Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
San Diego Supercomputer
Center
Cal-(IT)2
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Source: John Orcutt, SIO
Building on Pioneering Work
of Hans-Werner Braun &
Frank Vernon
Cal-(IT)2
Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online
New Bay Bridge Tower
with Lateral Shear Links
Wireless Sensor Arrays
Linked to Crisis Management
Control Rooms
Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.
Cal-(IT)2
The High Performance
Wireless Research and Education Network
Linking Astronomical Observatories
to the Internet is a Major Driver
NSF Funded
PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO
45mbps Duplex Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN
Cal-(IT)2
Wireless Antennas Anchor
Network High Speed Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN
Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Cal-(IT)2
Coming -- The Grid Physics Network
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Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science
– CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider
– Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
– Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes)
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Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs
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Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant
20 Institutions Involved
$12 million over four years
Requires distributed megacomputer
www.griphyn.org
Cal-(IT)2
Entropia’s Planetary Computer
Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years
The Great Mersenne Prime (2P-1) Search (GIMPS)
Found the First Million Digit Prime
www.entropia.com
Deployed in Over 80 Countries
Cal-(IT)2
SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet
Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers
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Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day
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485,821 CPU Years so far
Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis
Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope
Next StepAllen Telescope Array
Cal-(IT)2
Companies Competing for Leadership
in Internet Computing
Intel Establishes
Peer-to-Peer Working Group
Cal-(IT)2
Entropia Donation brings Internet Computing
to Scientific Researchers
• Two Agreements Announced November 9, 2000 at SC00
– Entropia, Inc., and the Alliance
– Entropia, Inc., and the NPACI
• Entropia Will Donate 200 Million CPU Hours to PACI Program
– Largest Computing Platform for National Academic User Community
– Comparable to 10 Years Capacity of the Largest LES Systems
• Empower Computational Scientists
– Access to Massive Resources
• Drive Development of Computer Science
– Scalable Computational Algorithms and Techniques
Cal-(IT)2