Male and
Female
Reproductive
Disorders
Male and Female
Reproductive Disorders
• Do Now:
• Write down all of the reproductive disorders
that you know of (cancers, other problems,
etc.) and distinguish whether it’s in males or
females
Lesson Guidelines
• Be respectful of people’s thoughts & feelings.
• Assume there is diversity (race, gender, sexual
orientation, life experiences)
• If it is personal, keep it personal.
• Act mature about the subject matter.
• When sharing, use the phrase “Someone I
know…
What is your
reproductive health IQ?
1.
Sperm are made in the vas deferens
2.
Testicular cancer is most common in men
over 50 years old.
3. Estrogen is the primary hormone in males.
ANSWERS…..
1.
False, sperm are made in the testes.
2.
False, most cases of testicular cancer occur in males
15-35 years old.
3.
False, testosterone is the primary hormone in males
and estrogen is the primary hormone in females.
Pituitary Gland
• The pituitary gland initiates puberty and
the production of testosterone in males
and estrogen and progesterone in females.
• Testosterone is the male sex hormone.
• Estrogen is the female sex hormone
Puberty
• When do boys and girls usually begin puberty?
• Girls: 8-16
• Boys: 12-18
• Changes are generally complete by the age of
18 for girls and 20 for boys
• *Everyone is different and there is no
“correct” time for these changes to happen
Changes that occur in the
body
• Physical
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Grow taller
Oily Skin
Acne
Voice Changes
Underarm hair
Pubic Hair
Sweat glands
develop
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Breasts develop
Hips get bigger
Menstruation
Ovulation
•
•
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•
•
sperm
Ejaculation can
occur
Testicles get
bigger
Penis grows
bigger
Shoulders get
wider
Facial Hair
Changes that occur in the
body
• Emotional
• Sexual Thoughts/Feelings
• Become interested in having a boyfriend or
girlfriend
• Sometimes feel lonely and confused
• Stronger feelings of wanting to be liked and “fit
in”
• Want more independence
Male Anatomy
• Testes (testicles) :
• Produce testosterone and delivers
it to the blood stream
• Produce sperm
• Testes produce millions of sperm
per day.
• Spermatic cords: suspend the
testes, supply blood to the testes,
carry sperm from the testes.
Male Anatomy
• Sperm: male reproductive cell
• They carry strings of genes (called
chromosomes) or DNA instructions in case the
sperm cell meets with an egg cell and fertilizes
it.
• Normal sperm carries 23 chromosomes in the
head. When sperm meets an ovum (egg cell),
which also carries 23 chromosomes, the result
is 1 cell of 46 chromosomes and the production
of human offspring.
• Epididymis:
• sperm is stored and matures here, located on
the backside of each of the testes. When
sperm move from testes to epididymis, they
are unable to fertilize eggs. Maturation
process takes about a month.
Male Anatomy
• Scrotum:
• muscular sac which holds testes
and epididymis
• Temperature Control-sperm must
be stored in temperature slightly
cooler than body temperature.
• The scrotum will move toward or
away from the body to keep it at a
lower temperature.
• Penis:
• Tube-like organ that functions in
sexual reproduction, allows
passage of urine and of semen,
and has many nerve endings.
Male Reproductive System
• Erection- an involuntary response that occurs when the spongy
layers of the penis fill with blood causing the penis to harden and
elongate.
• During erection, a muscle contracts around the bladder to prevent
urine and semen from passing through the urethra at the same
time.
• Nocturnal Emission- throughout puberty, hormones cause the
glands in the reproductive system to begin producing fluids that
constitute semen. This fluid causes pressure to build up. While the
male is asleep the penis becomes erect and it leads to ejaculation.
There is no warning or way of preventing this. It may or may not be
accompanied by a dream dealing with sexual content commonly
called a “wet dream”.
Male Reproductive System
Concerns
• Hernia- the pushing of a part of the body
through the muscle wall normally keeping it in.
• Common for males is the inguinal hernia. This is a
bulging portion of the intestines or other
structure through a weakness in the abdominal
wall. It is characterized by a abnormal bulge in
abdomen, groin, or scrotum.
• Causes- heavy lifting, pre-existing weak spot in
the abdomen, chronic coughing or sneezing,
• Surgery can correct this.
Male Sterility
• Sterility is when sperm in the male is weak,
malformed, sparse, nonexistent, or unable to
join an ovum.
• Causes
• Temperature changes, exposure to certain
chemicals, smoking, drug use, untreated
Sexually transmitted infections, emotional
stress, and weight, all can cause sterility.
Testicular Cancer
• Most common cancer in men ages 15-35
• Symptoms
• Lump or enlargement of the testicle
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• Dull ache in the abdomen or groin
• Pain or discomfort in testicle or scrotum
• Risk Factors
• Family History, Age, Race (more common in white males), undescended
testicles
• A testicular self-exam should be performed by males at least once a month.
• If caught in the early stages, it is very curable.
Prostate Gland
• Prostate gland:
• produces most of the fluid that makes up semen.
• about the size of a chestnut
• The prostatic fluid helps the sperm swim faster, which is
important for getting to the egg cell.
Prostate Problems
• Prostate Problems- occurs mainly in older men.
• As males get older, the prostate may get larger and block the urethra or
bladder.
• This blockage may cause difficulty in urinating or with sexual function.
• Surgery may be needed in order to correct this.
• Prostate Cancer- 2nd most common behind lung cancer.
• Signs:
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Frequent urination
Difficulty urinating
Pain or burning when urinating
Blood in urine
Lingering pain in the back, hips, or pelvis
• There are often no early signs for prostate cancer; the only prevention is
regular exams by a doctor.
Female Reproductive
System
• The female reproductive
system is located in the pelvis,
almost entirely internal.
• When a girl is born, her ovaries
contain hundreds of thousands
of eggs, which remain inactive
until puberty begins. At
puberty, the pituitary gland,
located in the center part of
the brain, starts making
hormones that stimulate the
ovaries to produce female
hormones, such as estrogen
and progesterone.
Female Reproductive
System
• Estrogen is the female sex hormone.
• Estrogen & Progesterone- female hormones produced in
the ovaries
• Ovum= 1 single mature egg cell- female sex cell produced
in the ovaries
• Ova = Egg Cells (plural)
• Fertilization- joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell that
occurs in the fallopian tubes
Female Reproductive
System
• The secretion of these hormones causes a girl to
mature into a women and toward the end of
puberty, girls begin to release eggs as part of a
monthly cycle called the menstrual cycle.
• Approximately once a month, during ovulation, an
ovary sends a tiny egg into one of the fallopian
tubes. Unless the egg is fertilized by a sperm while
in the fallopian tube, the egg dries up & leaves the
body about two weeks later through the uterus
along with tissues of the inner lining of the uterus
and some blood.
Female Reproductive
System
• Ovaries- two oval shaped organs
that lie to the upper right and left of
the uterus. They produce, store, and
release the eggs into the fallopian
tubes in the process called
ovulation. They produce hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
• Ovulation- the process of releasing
one mature ovum per month. At
birth, the female usually has about
200,000 immature ova in her
ovaries. Once puberty begins,
hormones are released and ova
begin to mature. Takes place about
two weeks after menstruation.
Fimbria
Female Reproductive
System
• Fallopian Tubes- connect the uterus to the
ovaries, they are about four inches long and
as wide as a piece of spaghetti. Also, place
where fertilization occurs. After fertilization
occurs, the embryo moves into the uterus
and embeds itself into the uterine lining.
Female Reproductive System
• Uterus- During childbirth, the uterus
dilates allowing the passage of the
baby. It is shaped like an upside down
pear and houses the fetus during
pregnancy. It contains some of the
strongest muscles in a women’s body.
• Cervix- entrance to the uterus, also
know as the neck of the uterus
• Embryo- term used to define a baby
during the first two months of
pregnancy
• Fetus- term used to define a baby
during the last 7 months of pregnancy
Female Reproductive
System
• Menarche- female’s first menstrual period.
• Menstruation- the shedding if the uterine lining(endometrium)
each month if fertilization does not take place.
• Average length of menstruation is 3-5 days
• A woman’s average Menstrual Cycle lasts about 28 days
• Endometrium- inner lining of the uterus, richly supplied with
blood vessels which is shed during menstruation
Female Reproductive
System
• Pre-menstrual Syndrome- occurs before menstruation and
can include:
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Nervous tension
Anxeity
Irritability
Bloating
Weight gain
Depression
Mood Swings
Fatigue
• Some doctors believe it is caused by a hormonal
imbalance, others believe it is caused by a nutritional
imbalance.
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Dysmenorrhea- menstrual cramps
• Cause-contraction of the uterus to excrete the
endometrium if the ovum is not fertilized
• Some ways to relieve cramps:
• Exercise, heating pad, pain relievers such as
tylenol/advil
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): A rare illness caused by
toxins released into the body during a type of
bacterial infection. It is more likely to develop if a
tampon is used for too long.
• Symptoms include:
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High fever
Vomiting or Diarrhea
Fainting
Sunburn-like rash
• Prevention
• Change tampons every 4-6 hours
In most cases TSS can be treated with antibiotics.
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Endometriosis- endometrial tissue appears outside
the lining of the uterus, commonly around the
ovaries. Usually, in 30-40 year old women and in
women who postpone childbearing, but the direct
cause is unknown.
• Symptoms:
• Menstrual cramping
• Abdominal pain
• Back pain
• Treated with hormones or hysterectomy.
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Female Infertility- the inability to get pregnant.
• Reasons for infertility
• Blocking of the fallopian tubes
• No ovulation
• Endometriosis
• Untreated STI’s
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Female Infertility- the inability to get pregnant.
• Reasons for infertility
• Blocking of the fallopian tubes
• No ovulation
• Endometriosis
• Untreated STI’s
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Breast Cancer- is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast.
• Symptoms:
• Change in breast appearance
• Lump or swelling in the breast
• Lump under armpit
• Breast self-exam is best to do once a month one week after
menstruation
• Mammography- breast x-ray
• Treatment
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Surgery-Partial or full Mastectomy
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Hormone Treatment
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Cervical Cancer
• A pap smear is a test to detect abnormal cervical cells.
Development is gradual and begins with precancerous cells called dysplasia.
• Pap smear should be done once a year at your annual
exam at the gynecologist
• This is very treatable and can take years to develop
into cancer, once it develops into cancer it moves very
quickly.
• HPV(Human Papilloma Virus) can lead to cervical
cancer.
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Ovarian cyst- fluid-filled sacs that grow on or in one or both
ovaries . Can cause failure of follicle in ovary to rupture
and release an egg; may also be from cancer, but not
always.
• Symptoms: pain in lower abdomen or pelvis, change in
menstrual patter
• Cysts often go away but sometimes require surgery.
• Ovarian Cancer-starts in the ovaries. Ovarian cancer is the
fifth most common cancer among women, and it causes
more deaths than any other type of female reproductive
cancer. Cause is unknown.
• Over half of the deaths occur in women ages 55-74 and 25
% of the deaths in women 35-54.
Female Reproductive
System Concerns
• Two Ovarian Cancer Types:
• One in the lining of the ovary
• One occurs in the egg-making cells in the ovary and is called
the germ cell. Ovarian germ cell tumors usually occur in
teenage girls or young women.
• Although symptoms are rare, early symptoms are:
• Discomfort
• Pelvic Pressure
• Pain
• Unfortunately, by the time many symptoms are noticed
the disease is advanced. The only known risk factor is a
family history.
Female Reproductive
System
• Menopause- the stoppage of a
female’s menstrual cycle. The body
stops producing ova.
• The average age of menopause in the
US is 51 years old.
• At this point the female can no longer
reproduce.