PHED 405 Kinesiology Application Paper
Mary Everhart
The Shoulder - Tennis Serve
Origin, Insertion and Innervations for all these muscles is on the attached chart
In the prep phase, the shoulder is abducted by the supraspinatus, deltoid and upper pectoralis
major and there is upward rotation of the shoulder girdle by the serratus anterior, trapezius,
levator scapulae and rhomboids in the frontal plane about the saggital axis. The lattisimus dorsi,
teres major, lower pectoralis major and pec minor are the antagonists. As the player enters the
loading phase, the posterior and middle deltoid along with the infraspinatus and teres minor are
the agonists for horizontal abduction in the transverse plane about a longitudinal axis and the
latissimus dorsi, teres major, lower pectoralis major and posterior deltoid are the agonists for
extension of the glenohumeral joint in the sagittal plane about a frontal axis of rotation. The
antagonists are the upper pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and coracobrachialis. The teres
minor, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus and teres minor are the agonists that externally rotate the
glenohumeral joint in the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis during this phase with
latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major and subscapularis being the antagonists. The
trapezious middle and lower fibers, and the rhomboids are the agonists for scapular retraction in
the transverse plane about the vertical axis with the pectoralis minor and lower trapezious acting
as agonists for scapular depression in the frontal plane about the sagittal axis.
Thru the loading phase and into the acceleration phase, the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and
coracobrachialis are the glenohumeral joint agonists from horizontal abduction to horizontal
adduction in the frontal plane about the sagittal axis, and the latissimus dorsi, teres major,
pectoralis major and subscapularis are the agonists for internal rotation in the transverse plane
about a vertical axis. The shoulder girdle is abducted by the serratus anterior and pectoralis
minor in the transverse plane about a vertical axis. Antagonist muscles are the middle and lower
trapezius and the rhomboids.
The levator scapulae, serratus anterior, upper and middle trapezius and rhomboids are shoulder
girdle agonists for scapular elevation in the frontal plane about the sagittal axis at the top of the
loading phase.
Rotator cuff muscles and the anterior deltoid eccentrically contract as stabilizers in the follow
thru to keep the humerus in the glenoid fossa and neutralizers that help with power and control
during the acceleration and extension of the glenohumeral joint in the sagittal planeabout the
frontal axis. The posterior deltoid along with the corocobrachialis, latissimus dorsi, teres major
and teres minor eccentrically slow the arm down after contact.
Muscle
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus anterior
Origin
Anterior surfaces of
the 3rd to 5th ribs
Surface of the upper 9
ribs at the side of the
chest
Insertion
Coracoid process of
the scapula
Anterior aspect of the
whole length of the
medial border of the
scapula
Posterior aspect of the
lateral 3rd of the
clavicle
Trapezius upper fibers Base of skull,
occipital protuberance
and posterior
ligaments of the neck
Trapezius middle
Spinous process of the Medial border of the
fibers
7th cervical and upper acromion process and
3 thoracic vertebrae
superior border of the
scapular spine
Trapezius lower fibers Spinous process of
Triangular space the
4th to 12th thoracic
the base of the
vertebrae
scapular spine
Rhomboids
Spinous process of
Medial boarder of the
the 7th cervical and
scapula, inerior to the
first 5 thoracic
scapular spine
vertebrae
Levator Scapulae
Transverse processes
Medical boarder of
of the upper 4 cervical the scapula from the
vertebrae
superior angle to the
scapular spine
Pectoralis Major
Medial half of the
Flat tendon 2 or 3
Upper fibers
anterior surface of the inches wide to later
clavicle
lip of the
intertubercular groove
of the humerus
Pectoralis Major
Anterior surface of
Flat tendon 2 or 3
Lower fibers
costal cartilages of
inches wide to later
first six ribs, and
lip of the
adjoining portion of
intertubercular groove
sternum
of the humerus
Subscapularis
Anterior surface of
Lesser tubercle of the
the subscapular fossa humerus
Corocobrachialis
Coracoid process of
the scapula
Middle of the medial
border of the humeral
shaft
Innervation
Medial pectoral nerve
(C1 and T1)
Long thoracic nerve
(C5-C7)
Spinal accessory
nerve and braches of
C3 and C4
Dorsal scapular nerve
(C5)
Dorsal scapular nerve
C5 and branches of
C3 and C4
Lateral pectoral verve
(C5, C6, C7)
Medial pectoral nerve
(C8, T1)
Upper and lower
subscapular newve
(C5, C6)
Musculotaneous nerve
(C5, C6, C7)
Deltoid anterior
Deltoid middle
Deltoid posterior
Supraspinatus
Latissimus dorsi
Teres Major
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Anterior lateral thrid
of the clavicle
Lateral aspect of the
acromion
Inferior edge of spine
of scapula
Neduak twi-thirds of
supraspinous fossa
Posterior crest of
ilium, back of sacrum
an sspinous processes
of lumbar and lower
siz thoracic vertebrae,
slips from lower three
ribs
Posteriorly on the
inferior third of the
lateral border of the
scapula and just
superior to the inferior
angle
Infraspinous fossa just
below spine of
scapula
Posteriorly on upper
and middle aspect of
lateral border of
scapula
Deltoid tuberosity on
the lateral humerus
Axillary nerve
(C5, C6)
Superiorly on the
greater tubercle of the
humerus
Medial side of
intertubercular groove
of humerus, just
anterior to the
insertion of the teres
major
Suprascapula nerve
(C5)
Medial lip of the
intertubercular groove
of the humerus, just
posterior to the
interion of the
latissimus dorsi
Posteriorly on the
greater tubercle of the
humerus
Posteriorly on the
greater tubercle of the
humerus
Lower subscapular
nerve (C5, C6)
Thoracodorsal
(C6, C7, C8)
Suprascapula nerve
(C5, C6)
Axillary nerve
(C5, C6)
Exercise and Flexibility Training
Periodization Training Schedule
One macrocycle per year (general prep, sport specific prep, competition and transition) with
mesocycles of 1 - 2 months and microcycles of one to two weeks duration.
General Prep phase - increase overall fitness level with aerobic and flexibility exercise along
with sets of high volume low intensity upper body exercise: 4 sets 15 RM
Sport Specific phase - in conjunction with lower body exercises, stepwise progression thru the
shoulder/chest/back exercises below moving from high volume, moderate intensity 3 sets 10 RM
to low volume high intensity 1 - 3 sets 1- 3 RM
Competition phase - maintenance exercise with a gradual tapering of the load
Transition phase - cross training
Flexibility - hold each for 30 sec
Forearm to forearm shoulder stretch
Behind the back towel pull
Press forward with clasped hands
Wall pushups
Doorway stretch
Strength - select 3-5 to perform 3 days a week with a 24 hour recovery / rest day
1 Arm Shoulder Press (do both arms) activating core muscles and improving joint proprioception
Stability Ball pushups
Single Arm pushups
Internal Rotation with resistance
External Rotation with dumbbells
Empty can raises
Rows (wide rows, bentover rows, bentover reverse grip rows and seated cable rows)
Reverse Fly
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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