Animal Nutrition
AgriScience 2
Animal Digestion Review
 Digestive system types
 Monogastric
 Polygastric
Ruminant Digestion
True Stomachs
 Monogastrics
 Stomach
 Poultry
 Proventriculus
 Ruminants
 Abomasum
Questions
1. Are horses nonruminants or ruminants?
2. Do we feed horses large amounts of
roughages or concentrates?
3. How do we justify this?
Cecums-The Blind Gut
 In most animals
 Is of very little importance
 Connected to the large intestine
 Very important in horses
 Contains bacteria, much like a rumen
 Breaks down roughages and is why horses
consume large amounts of roughages
 Not as efficient as a rumen
Essential Nutrients
Proteins
P
V
T
T
I
M
H
A
L
L
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Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Mehtionine
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine
Carbohydrates
 Composed of sugars, starches, and fiber
 Provide energy to animals
 Glucose, sucrose,lactose,galactose
Fats and oils
Only needed in small amounts
 Found in adequate amounts in most proteins
Vitamins
 Are catalysts for other body processes
 Fat soluble- A, D, E, K,
 Water Soluble- C, B complex, B12
Minerals
 Are a main component of the skeletal
system and chemical processes in body.
 Major- Ca, P, NaCl
 Trace-Fe, Ca, Mn, I, Co, S, Mg, Zn, K, Bo
Animal Feedstuffs-Sources
of Nutrients Ash
Organic
matter
Dry
Matter
Protein
Carbohydr
ates
Vitamins
Crude
fiber
NFE
Water
Simple
sugars
Complex
sugars
Starches
Fats
Cellulose
Roughages
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Contain more than 18% fiber when dry
Dry Forages-Hay, Stover
Ensiled forages-Silage
Green Forages-Pasture, Greenchop
Roughages
 Two types of plants
 Legumes
 Alfalfa
 Clovers
 Soybeans
 Non-legumes
 Corn silage
 Grasses
 Grain straw
Concentrates
 Contain less than 18% fiber when dry
 Two types
 Energy feeds
 Less than 20% protein
 Corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat
 Protein supplements
 More than 20% protein
 Animal proteins
 Vegetable proteins
Nutrient content of Feeds
analysis
 Do activity
Ration Characteristics
 Ration
 Feed given to an animal during a 24hr.
period
 Balanced Ration
 All the nutrients the animal needs in the right
proportions and amounts for a 24 hr period.
 Palatable
 The food must taste good in order for the
animal to eat it
Ration Functions
Maintenance Ration
 Is used to maintain the life of the animal
 Energy for functioning of the body and body
organs
 These activities are grouped to make up
what is called basal metabolism
 All rations use some of their energy for
maintenance of the animal
 If all of the ration is being used for
maintenance their will not be energy for any
other life processes
Growth Ration
 Used for growth of animals
 Help animals become mature
 Increase size of muscles, bones, organs,
and connective tissues
 If an animal does not get a proper growth
ration when they are young they will likely
not be productive when they become
mature
Fattening Ration
 Extra food in the ration that is not used
for maintenance or growth
 Stored in the tissues
 Fat within the muscles is called?
 Marbling
Production
 Production is for animals who are feeding
their young
 Production of milk for young in mammals
 Eggs for birds such as chickens
 Wool for sheep
 Production requires extra nutrients
Reproduction
 Animal may become sterile if it does not
get enough nutrition
 What does sterile mean?
 Animal cannot be bred
 In animals already pregnant if there is
not enough nutrition then…
 Could have an abortion
 Most of the growth of the fetus takes place
in the last trimester of the pregnancy
Work
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When do animals do work?
Oxen pulling a plow (old days)
Horses when they are riden
Animals sweat when they work and this
takes extra energy
Developing a
Feeding Program
Sampling & Analyzing
Feeds
 To properly balance a ration you must
know the composition of the feed
 When getting feeds sampled take a
representative sample
 Make samples random
Feed Additives
 Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotics- made from bacteria
 Chemoantibacterials-chemicals
 Anthelmintics- kill parasites
 Hormones/Hormone-like
 Miscellaneous-
Life Cycle Feeding
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Pre-Weaning
Grower
Finishing
Pre-Breeding
Gestation
Lactation
Developing a
Balanced Ration
Dry Matter Basis vs. Asfed Basis
 100 percent dry matter
 Data presented as all moisture is removed
from the feed
 As-fed Basis
 Data collected with average amount of
moisture in the feed
Conversions
 As-fed to dry matter basis
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A=B x C
 Dry matter to as-fed basis
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B= A/C
 Where
 A=pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis
 B=pounds of feed on as-fed basis
 C=% dry matter in the feed
Balance on Protein
 Total Protein
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Amount of protein in the ration
Crude Protein
Metabolizable Protein
Digestible Protein
Gross Energy
total intake
Balance on Energy
Digestible Energy
Energy in Feces
Metabolizable
Energy
Urine and
methane loss
Net Energy
Heat Increment
Energy for
production
Energy for
Maintenance
Heat of
Metabolism
Heat of
Fermentation
Balance on TDN
 Total Digestible Nutrients- TDN
 = total of digestible protein, nitrogen-free
extract, digestible crude fiber, and 2.25
times the digestible fat
Balancing RationsPearson Square
Steps
 Draw a square with lines connecting the
opposite corners.
 Write the % protein need in the center of
the square where the lines cross.
 Write the feeds to be used and their
crude protein percents at the left-hand
corners of the square.
Steps
 Subtract the smaller number from the
larger along the diagonal lines.
 Write the difference at the opposite end
of the diagonals.
 Difference in #’s on the left should equal
the sum of #’s on the right
Steps
 Divide parts of each feed by the total
parts to find the percents of each feed in
the ration. (you will have to take the
number you find and multiply by 100 to
find the percent)
 In other words divide each number on the
right by the sum of the numbers on the
right.
Pearson Square
8.9
45.814=31.8
14
45.8
45.8-8.9=36.9
14-8.9=5.1
31.8+5.1=36.9
Steps
 31.8/36.9=86.2% Corn
 5.1/36.9=13.8% Soybean oil meal