Animal Nutrition AgriScience 2 Animal Digestion Review Digestive system types Monogastric Polygastric Ruminant Digestion True Stomachs Monogastrics Stomach Poultry Proventriculus Ruminants Abomasum Questions 1. Are horses nonruminants or ruminants? 2. Do we feed horses large amounts of roughages or concentrates? 3. How do we justify this? Cecums-The Blind Gut In most animals Is of very little importance Connected to the large intestine Very important in horses Contains bacteria, much like a rumen Breaks down roughages and is why horses consume large amounts of roughages Not as efficient as a rumen Essential Nutrients Proteins P V T T I M H A L L Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Mehtionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine Carbohydrates Composed of sugars, starches, and fiber Provide energy to animals Glucose, sucrose,lactose,galactose Fats and oils Only needed in small amounts Found in adequate amounts in most proteins Vitamins Are catalysts for other body processes Fat soluble- A, D, E, K, Water Soluble- C, B complex, B12 Minerals Are a main component of the skeletal system and chemical processes in body. Major- Ca, P, NaCl Trace-Fe, Ca, Mn, I, Co, S, Mg, Zn, K, Bo Animal Feedstuffs-Sources of Nutrients Ash Organic matter Dry Matter Protein Carbohydr ates Vitamins Crude fiber NFE Water Simple sugars Complex sugars Starches Fats Cellulose Roughages Contain more than 18% fiber when dry Dry Forages-Hay, Stover Ensiled forages-Silage Green Forages-Pasture, Greenchop Roughages Two types of plants Legumes Alfalfa Clovers Soybeans Non-legumes Corn silage Grasses Grain straw Concentrates Contain less than 18% fiber when dry Two types Energy feeds Less than 20% protein Corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat Protein supplements More than 20% protein Animal proteins Vegetable proteins Nutrient content of Feeds analysis Do activity Ration Characteristics Ration Feed given to an animal during a 24hr. period Balanced Ration All the nutrients the animal needs in the right proportions and amounts for a 24 hr period. Palatable The food must taste good in order for the animal to eat it Ration Functions Maintenance Ration Is used to maintain the life of the animal Energy for functioning of the body and body organs These activities are grouped to make up what is called basal metabolism All rations use some of their energy for maintenance of the animal If all of the ration is being used for maintenance their will not be energy for any other life processes Growth Ration Used for growth of animals Help animals become mature Increase size of muscles, bones, organs, and connective tissues If an animal does not get a proper growth ration when they are young they will likely not be productive when they become mature Fattening Ration Extra food in the ration that is not used for maintenance or growth Stored in the tissues Fat within the muscles is called? Marbling Production Production is for animals who are feeding their young Production of milk for young in mammals Eggs for birds such as chickens Wool for sheep Production requires extra nutrients Reproduction Animal may become sterile if it does not get enough nutrition What does sterile mean? Animal cannot be bred In animals already pregnant if there is not enough nutrition then… Could have an abortion Most of the growth of the fetus takes place in the last trimester of the pregnancy Work When do animals do work? Oxen pulling a plow (old days) Horses when they are riden Animals sweat when they work and this takes extra energy Developing a Feeding Program Sampling & Analyzing Feeds To properly balance a ration you must know the composition of the feed When getting feeds sampled take a representative sample Make samples random Feed Additives Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotics- made from bacteria Chemoantibacterials-chemicals Anthelmintics- kill parasites Hormones/Hormone-like Miscellaneous- Life Cycle Feeding Pre-Weaning Grower Finishing Pre-Breeding Gestation Lactation Developing a Balanced Ration Dry Matter Basis vs. Asfed Basis 100 percent dry matter Data presented as all moisture is removed from the feed As-fed Basis Data collected with average amount of moisture in the feed Conversions As-fed to dry matter basis A=B x C Dry matter to as-fed basis B= A/C Where A=pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis B=pounds of feed on as-fed basis C=% dry matter in the feed Balance on Protein Total Protein Amount of protein in the ration Crude Protein Metabolizable Protein Digestible Protein Gross Energy total intake Balance on Energy Digestible Energy Energy in Feces Metabolizable Energy Urine and methane loss Net Energy Heat Increment Energy for production Energy for Maintenance Heat of Metabolism Heat of Fermentation Balance on TDN Total Digestible Nutrients- TDN = total of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, digestible crude fiber, and 2.25 times the digestible fat Balancing RationsPearson Square Steps Draw a square with lines connecting the opposite corners. Write the % protein need in the center of the square where the lines cross. Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein percents at the left-hand corners of the square. Steps Subtract the smaller number from the larger along the diagonal lines. Write the difference at the opposite end of the diagonals. Difference in #’s on the left should equal the sum of #’s on the right Steps Divide parts of each feed by the total parts to find the percents of each feed in the ration. (you will have to take the number you find and multiply by 100 to find the percent) In other words divide each number on the right by the sum of the numbers on the right. Pearson Square 8.9 45.814=31.8 14 45.8 45.8-8.9=36.9 14-8.9=5.1 31.8+5.1=36.9 Steps 31.8/36.9=86.2% Corn 5.1/36.9=13.8% Soybean oil meal